All the types of the cardiac Function test require diagnosing various disorders.

1. Cardiac function Test

2. Content
• DEFINITION
• ECG
• PHYSICAL Examination
• Labotary Tests (cholesterol,LDH,CPK)
• Cardiac Imaging
• Echocardiography, CT Scan,MRI,Cardiac
Catheterization,Nuclear imaging.

3. Introduction
• Definition:- This cardiac test are methods of
identifying heart condition associated with the
healthy & unhealthy pathological heart
function.

4. Vital Sign’s
• BP Both arms hypertension
hypotension,orthostatic
hypotension
• HR Tachycardia
bradycardia
• Rhythm Regular, Regular irregular
irregularly irregular
• Respiration Tachypnea
• Temperature Fever

5. ECG

6. Electro cardiac graph
• It is most common and most routine test.
• It is very easy and quick, way to assess the
heart’s function.
• By this technique the electric activities of the
heart studied, detect abnormal cardiac rhythm
and myocardium damage.
• Risk associated with ECG are minimal and
rare.

7. Its Represent
P Wave = Atrial Depolarisation
QRS = Ventricular depolarisation
T = Repolarisation of the ventricles.

9. Procedure
Patient lays on bed
 Small pads are placed on
arms, legs & chest to help
with the conduction
electrical impulses.
Several electrodes are
attached to the small pads.
The electrodes hooks to
the machine which traces
your heart activity on to a
paper.

10. Diagnosis
• To look for cause of chest pain.
• To Evalute problems which may be heart-related,
dizziness or fainting.
• To identify the irregular heartbeats.
• To help determine the overall health of the heart
prior to procedures such as heart attack
myocardial infraction,endocarditis.
• To see how an implanted pacemaker is working.
• To determine how well certain heart medication
are working.

11. Certain Factors affect or may interfere
the result of the ECG
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen )
• Movement during the procedure
• Certain medications
• Electrolyte imbalances, such as too much or
too little potassium, magnesium,ans calcium in
the blood.

12. Sign & symptoms
• Heart Rate
• Heart rhythm
• Conduction abnormalities
• Incresed thickness of heart muscle.
• Damage heart muscle.
• Acutely impairment blood flow to heart
muscle.
• Sign of abnormal cardiac rhythm disturbances.

13. Physical Examination
• Blood pressure (Direct method)
• Palpation (Indirect method)
• Auscltation
• Heart sound variation.

14. Blood pressure
Arterial Blood pressure
Definition:- Arterial blood pressure can be
defines as the lateral pressure exerted by the
moving column of blood on the walls of the
arteries.
• Two measurements
• Systolic blood pressure
• Diastolic blood pressure

15. Continue…
1. Systolic blood pressure:-
Contraction phase
ejection phase
It is force exerted by arterial
wall during systole. it is
maximum pressure during
ventricle contraction.
2. Diastolic blood pressure:-
Relaxing phase
filling phase
is the force exerted by blood
against arterial wall during
diastole. it is the maximum
pressure when the ventricles
are relaxed.

16. Continue…..
• Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg
(millimeters of mercury)
• Here, systolic pressure is 120 mmHg & diastolic
pressure is 80 mmHg.
• Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic &
diastolic pressure
• The normal pulse pressure is 40 mmHg.

17. cardiac enzyme test
• Enzyme levels to assess how well the body’s system
are functioning.
• Test performed to help diagnose a heart attack and to
determine the extent of damage to the heart muscle.
• The main enzyme are
• 1)Creatinine kinase (CK)
• 2) Cardiac troponin
(Combination of troponin and ck level is more
specific to heart).

18. serum CREATININE kINASE
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS creatine
phosphokinase (CPK) or phospho-creatine kinase.
• It is iso enzyme play important role in the
intracellular energy transport from mitochondria to
myofibrils &other side of energy utilization.
• CK Consists of two protein subunits (for muscle & B
( for brain) which combine to form three isoenzyme
forms:-
• CK,MB,CK-MM,CK-BB.

19. CREATININE KINASE (CK-MB)
• CK –MB is a primary indicator used to diagnose a
heart damage ,it is exists in highest amount in the
heart.
• CK-MB Is the substance that rises if heart muscle is
damaged.
• CK-MB levels increase to normal levels about six
hours after a person has had a heart attack.
• Normal range 5 to 25IU/L.

20. Cardiac Troponin
• There are two types Troponin T (Ctnt) Troponin I
• That is integral to muscles contraction in skeletal
muscle and cardiac muscle but not smooth muscle.
• This protein control the interactions of two other
substance ( actin &myosin) that cause the heart
muscle to contract.
• Normal levels in the blood are very low, but they rise
sharply and quickly in response to a heart muscle
injury, within two or three hours after the beginning
of a heart attack.

21. • Cardiac troponin will also rise in response to angina.
• It is sensitive to damage than CK,valuable at
detecting ,mild heart attack & early stage.
• Elevated value are specific to a heart injury.

22. Aspartate Transaminase
• It is also known as serum glutamate oxaloacetate
trasnaminase (SGOT).
• It is present in high concentrations in cells of cardiac
muscle, skeleton muscle damage to any of theses
tissue may increase plasma AST Value.
• It convert amino acids to amino acid residues, which
is vital to energy production.

23. Cholestrol
• Cholesterol is a substance (a steroid) that is essential
for life. It forms the membranes for cells in all organs
and tissues in the body. It is used to
make hormones that are essential for development,
growth, and reproduction.
• It forms bile acids that are needed to absorb nutrients
from food. The test for cholesterol measures total
cholesterol that is carried in the blood by lipoproteins

24. • A small amount of cholesterol circulates in the blood
in complex particles called lipoproteins. Each particle
contains a combination of protein, cholesterol,
triglyceride, and phospholipid molecules and
• The particles are classified by their density into high-
density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins
(LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
HDL-C particles, sometimes called "good"
cholesterol, carry excess cholesterol away for
disposal and LDL-C particles, or "bad" cholesterol,
deposit cholesterol in tissues and organs.

25. Continue..
The extra cholesterol in the
blood may be deposited
in plaques on the walls of
blood vessels. Plaques can
narrow or eventually block
the opening of blood
vessels, leading to
hardening of the arteries
(atherosclerosis) and
increased risk of numerous
health problems,
including heart
disease and stroke.

26. PROCEDURE
• fasting blood test measure the cholestrol &
triglyceride level in the blood.only water is
premitted.
• This test also called lipoprotein profile.

27. Treatment
Surgery: Severe cases of
atherosclerosis may be treated by
surgical procedures, such as
angioplasty or coronary artery
bypass grafting (CABG).
Angioplasty involves expanding
the artery and opening the
blockage so that the blood can
flow through properly again.
CABG is another form of
surgery that can improve blood
flow to the heart by using arteries
from other parts of the body to
bypass a narrowed coronary
artery.

28. Cardiac Imaging
• Cardiac imaging is a subspecialty of diagnostic
radiology.
• A cardiac radiologist supervises or performs and then
interprets medical images to diagnose diseases of the
heart such as heart disease, leaky heart valves and
defects in the size and shape of the heart.
• A cardiac radiologist uses imaging techniques such as
X-rays, ultrasound (echocardiograms), CT (computed
tomography) scans and MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging) scans

29. MRL (magnetic resonance imaging)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan
that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to
produce detailed images of the inside of the body.
• An MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful
magnets. You lie inside the tube during the scan.

30. (MRI) scan is a painless procedure
that lasts 15 to 90 minutes,
depending on the size of the area
being scanned and the number
of images being taken.
On the day of your MRI scan, you
should be able to eat, drink and take
any medication as usual, unless
advised otherwise.
In some cases, you may be asked not
to eat or drink anything for up to
four hours before the scan, and
sometimes you may be asked to
drink a fairly large amount of water
beforehand. This depends on the
area being scanned.

31. PROCEDURE CONTINUE
• An MRI scanner is a short cylinder that's open at both
ends. You'll lie on a motorised bed that's moved
inside the scanner. You'll enter the scanner either head
first or feet first, depending on the part of your body
being scanned.
• A computer is used to operate the MRI scanner,
which is located in a different room to keep it away
from the magnetic field generated by the scanner.

32. CT SCAN (CAT)
• CT (CAT) COMPUTRIZIED AXIAL
TOMOGRAPHY:-
• It uses a combination of X-rays and a computer to
create pictures of organs, bones, and other tissues. It
shows more detail than a regular X-ray.
• They use a narrow X-ray beam that circles around one
part of the body.
• The table slowly moves through inside of the machine.
• This provides a series of images from many different
angles. A computer uses this information to create a
cross-sectional picture.

33. Ct scan

34. Nuclear image
• Nuclear medicine imaging uses small amounts of
radioactive materials called radiotracers that are
typically injected into the bloodstream, inhaled or
swallowed.
• The radiotracer travels through the area being
examined and gives off energy in the form of gamma
rays which are detected by a special camera and a
computer to create images of the inside of your body

35. • Nuclear medicine is a branch of medical imaging that
uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose
and determine the severity of or treat a variety of
diseases, including many types of cancers, heart disease
etc.
• Depending on the type of nuclear medicine exam, the
radiotracer is either injected into the body, swallowed
or inhaled as a gas and eventually accumulates in the
organ or area of the body being examined. Radioactive
emissions from the radiotracer are detected by a special
camera or imaging device that produces pictures and
provides molecular information.

36. Cardiac cathetrization
During cardiac catheterization, a long thin tube
called a catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in
your groin, neck or arm and threaded through your
blood vessels to your heart. Using this catheter,
doctors can then do diagnostic tests as part of a
cardiac catheterization.
Once you have checked in for your catheterization,
you'll have your blood pressure and pulse checked.
You'll be asked to use the toilet to empty your
bladder.
Cardiac catheterization is usually performed while
you're awake, but sedated. However, certain
procedures, such as ablation, valve repair or valve
replacement, may be performed under general
anesthesia.
An IV line will be inserted in your hand or arm, and
will be used to give you any additional medications
you might need during your procedure. You will also
have monitors (electrodes) placed on your chest to
check your heartbeat during the test.