This document provides an introduction to a course on terminal service systems management. It outlines 7 topics that will be covered in the course, including terminal service systems components, passenger processing, baggage handling, and passenger flow management. It states the total workload is 110 hours and there will be no exam, only a certificate of completion. The document also lists learning outcomes for students completing the course.

1. This course is prepared under the Erasmus+ KA-210-YOU Project titled
«Skilling Youth for the Next Generation Air Transport Management»
Terminal Service Systems
Management
Introduction to the course, Capacity definitions, Airport
definitions
Allan Nõmmik

2. Introduction to the course 2
Terminal Service Systems Management
Course Subject 1 Introduction to the course, Capacity definitions, Airport definitions
Course Subject 2 Terminal service systems components
Course Subject 3 Passenger processing
Course Subject 4 Baggage handling
Course Subject 5 Passenger flow management at different service stages
Course Subject 6 Emergency response planning
Course Subject 7 Developing terminal service strategies, terminal capacity planning
Total Workload 110 h
Course Evaluation No exam, only Certiticate of Completion will be provided.
Participant University in
Charge
Estonian Aviation Academy
Course Coordinator(s) Kristjan Roosipõld, Allan Nõmmik

3. • Knows the basic requirements for airport terminal planning, construction and operation
• Knows the general layout of a modern airport and its most important elements
• Describes the relationship between airport and ground handling providers and their
operations in general.
• Describes the purpose and is able to apply the components of Safety, Risk, and Quality
Management Systems involving various players involved in the airport environment.
• Describes the key aspects of civil aviation security, from its general international principles
to the implementation of local-level measures designed at preventing and responding to
threats, unlawful acts and fraud against people, aircraft, airports and navigation facilities.
• Explains the impact of future technological improvements on airport and ground handling
business ensuring sustainable operations.
• Is able to analyze from a global perspective how airport operators and ground handling
companies will cope with the challenge of uncertainty.
Introduction to the course 3
The student having covered the subject course:

4. • Capacity is the ability to receive or serve or contain
• Static capacity: potential of facility (infrastructure)
• Dynamic capacity: ability to serve (infrastructure + flow
management)
Capacity definitions 4
Capacity

5. • Theoretical Capacity is defined as “the maximum number of
aircraft / passengers /cargo that the airport is able to process
per unit of time without considering the quality of services”
• Potential Capacity is defined as “the maximum number of
aircraft / passengers/ cargo that the airport is able to
process per unit of time for given levels of demand
(arrivals)”
Capacity definitions 5
Airport Capacity Categorization
Source: P.S.Senguttuvan. 2006. Economics of the Airport Capacity System in the Growing
Demand of Air Traffic – A Global View, Transport Research Annual Forum, New York University

6. • Practical Capacity is defined as “the maximum number of
aircraft / passengers /cargo which can be processed per unit of
time for a given mean delay level”
• Operational Capacity is defined as “the maximum number of
aircraft / passengers /cargo which can be processed per unit of
time for a given maximum delay”
Capacity definitions 6
Airport Capacity Categorization (2)
Source: P.S.Senguttuvan. 2006. Economics of the Airport Capacity System in the Growing Demand
of Air Traffic – A Global View, Transport Research Annual Forum, New York University

7. In practice, however, you can also meet other approaches (tehnican,
acceptable, allow) such as the one given:
J. Boonstra, J. Turkenburg & J.C. de Wit, 2016, Airport Capacity –
Looking Beyond the Runway. Luchtvaartfeiten.nl / AviationFacts.eu
• Technical capacity is defined as the maximum number of aircraft or
passengers that can be accommodated in a certain period of time
when there is continuous demand. It is affected by the physical
constraints of the available infrastructure, such as the maximum
throughput figure of a runway or the maximum number of
passengers based on the limited terminal space available
Capacity definitions 7
Defined by capacity as a constraining
element

8. • Acceptable capacity is the maximum number of aircraft or
passengers than can be accommodated in a certain period of
time, taking into account a maximum allowable delay or waiting
time per step in the airport process. It is defined by the
acceptable Level of Service (LoS). This applies to departing
passengers and flights as well as arriving ones: waiting times at
the baggage claim area is another example of how service
levels determine acceptable capacity.
• Allowed capacity is defined by regulations and legislation that
balance economic importance against any nuisance that may
be caused for local residents.
Capacity definitions 8
Defined by capacity as a constraining
element (2)

9. Level Category:
overdesign
optimum
sub-optimum
under-provided
Service levels defined based on the combination of two factors:
provided space per passenger
maximum waiting time
Capacity definitions 9
IATA: Levels of Service Concept

10. • The LoS framework is reflected
in a space – time concept
• to be used for defining the LoS
at processing facilities and
corresponding waiting areas.
Capacity definitions 10
IATA/ACI
Level of Service - Concept
Source: IATA. 2015. AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN SUPPLEMENT

11. • Simulation helps not only to plan and evaluate but also to
understand processes in dynamics (e.g., dynamic capacity of
an airport terminal)
Capacity definitions 11
Simulation advantages
Airports can ensure efficient, safe, and
enjoyable travel experiences for
passengers while also improving their own
operational efficiency, productivity and
sustainability. As technology continues to
advance, the application of simulation in
airport terminal planning is expected to
evolve and further revolutionize the aviation
industry.

12. • Describe, how different capacities could be measured?
• What difficulties might it face?
• How, for example, could simulation help overcome the
difficulties?
12
Task 1-1
Capacity definitions

13. • Airport - legislation approach
• Airport - transport mode approach
• Airport - business (commercial) approach
• Airport - social-economic approach
• Airport - environmental approach
Airport definitions 13
Airport definitions....

14. • International regulations (ICAO,..).
• Local (state) regulations, mainly based on the international
regulations
• Airport security (In order that does not happen)
• Civil and military airports (Annex 14 vs STANAGs)
• Ensuring aviation safety, SMS
Airport definitions 14
Airport - legislation approach

15. Aerodrome- A defined area on land or water (including any
buildings, installations, and equipment) intended to be used
either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft. (ICAO)
Airport - An area of land or other hard surface, excluding water,
that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of
aircraft, including any buildings and facilities (FAA)
Airport definitions 15
Airport - legislation approach

16. • Historic overview
• Airport is infrastructure object (hub, gateway, regional)
• Airport system capacity
• Quality of service at airport
• Airport planning
Airport definitions 16
Airport - transport mode approach

17. Historic overview
• From singles private flights to the global air transportation
system (hub and spoke network)
• From unequipped airfield to modern hub-airports
• From unregulated airspace to the Single European Sky
• From regulated to liberalized market
Airport definitions 17
Airport - transport mode approach

18. • Functionality (hub/non hub)
• Location (agglomeration/remote; core/periphery)
• Size (big/small number of passengers served)
• Role in air transport system (global/local) or (main/secondary).
• Mission: cargo, passengers, general aviation, other mission like
state aviation base, agriculture aviation etc..
Airport definitions 18
Airports

19. • Hub - The role of an airport within a carrier-specific network
(SAS-Kopenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm; Istanbul –Turkish
Airlines).
• Hub – Gateway (Gateway as term historically mainly in US).
The role of an airport within a carrier-independent system of air
transport, thanks for geographic location, regulation, history etc.
Example: Lisbon airport is european gateway to Brasil.
• Non hub, regional airport.
Airport definitions 19
Airport

20. Airport definitions 20
FAA (US) Airport Categories
* In Europe mainly is use the termin „passener turnover“
(boardings + unboardings)

21. • Passengers
• Movements (aircraft classification!)
• Cargo
• ...?
• Connectivity: other transport modes, access system, other
airports, airspace
Airport definitions 21
Airport system capacity

22. • Implementation of new technologies, including cost-benefit analysis
• Airport and airlines relations keeping
• Capacity constraints (incl. new or for this airport „new“ aircraft)
• Finance (sources), non-aviation revenues
• Adaptation to new legislation
• Safety, security (international and local standards and recommended
practices)
• Integration to the transport system
• Environmental friendly (EU green transition)
• Connection with society (incl. stakeholders)
• Management of passengers’ behavior
Airport definitions 22
Challenges of airport management

23. • Airport maintenance incl aircraft removal
• Communications including electricity, water, sewage, fuel…
• Waste management
• Rescue and fire fighting
Airport definitions 23
Support service

24. • Ground access system
• Passenger terminal
• Airside area: (aircraft delays, etc)
Airport definitions 24
Quality of service at airport

25. Airport definitions 25
Safety Management System
A concept of accident causation
Latent conditions trajectory
Defences
People Accident
Workplace
Organization
Source: James Reason, ICAO

26. Taking for the basis the FAA airport categories calculate the
parameters to determine the size of the airport Europe
Please find out in Europe:
• 2 examples of HUB-gateway airports,
• 3 – HUB airports (incl. one of them could be one of the biggest and
one of smallest measured by annual passenger turnover)
• 5 regional airports, one of them could be as big in passenger
turnover as you know or able to find
collect data of the selected airports: the largest airlines, the number of
gates, the number of check-in desks, etc.
Airport definitions 26
Task 1-2

27. • AIRPORT- airport commercial enterprize which might to be in profit
• Airport – ownership or assets
• Clients: airlines (traditional or LCC) and passengers; shops, car
rentals, agencies (cargo) etc.
• Business model: pax, cargo, etc
• Financing: loan, privatization etc
• Competitors? Is it possible?
• Forecasting (how?)
• Cost efficiency.. What is it and how to measure?
• Marketing for airports.. For whom and how?
Airport definitions 27
Airport - commercial approach

28. Taking for the basis the FAA airport categories calculate the of
different airports in Europe
Please find out in Europe:
• 2 examples of HUB-gateway airports,
• 3 – HUB airports (incl. one of them could be one of the biggest and
one of smallest measured by annual passenger turnover)
• 5 regional airports, one of them could be as big in passenger
turnover as you know or able to find
collect data of the selected airports: the largest airlines, the number of
gates, the number of check-in desks, etc.
Airport definitions 28
Task 1-2

29. Airport definitions 29
Airport - social-economic approach
• Functioning of the state/local economy
• Ensuring population's mobility
• Developing and re-structuring of economy
• Labor units (partner or enemy?)
• Catchment area. 1h drive or 2h drive or
some another calculation? How to
measure? Catchment area vs area of
positive influence for local economy, same
or not?

30. Airport defintions 30
Growth together with economy
- air transport has a catalytic role in economy,
when economy and air transport growth together
are in close synergy;
- the impact of intensive growth of air transport is
minimal;
- well-developed air transport system with lots of
destinations/flights, frequency, low prices will be
the competitive advantage to economy.
- keep in mind that air transport is only one of the
preconditions for economic development (same as
high speed internet, good educational system, low
taxes etc.)
Employment in tertiary (services, new technologies)
sector
Saturation level
International air services
Source: Button, K.; Taylor, S. 2000. International Air Transportation and Economic Development, ERSA 40th European Congress, 29th
August - 1st September, Barcelona.

31. • Restrictions for the aircraft/engine types (local and international
regulations), noise charges like a opportunity
• Restrictions for the operation time and trajectory of
departures/arrivals
• Restrictions for development of an airport (LHR)
• Restrictions for using infrastructure (LGW second runway)
• The fines and other losses and liabilities
• Pressure of society for removal of the airport
Airport definitions 31
Airport – environmental approach

32. • Well known:
• noise caused by air traffic
• air pollution
• But..
• de-icing of aircraft, airfield
• oil and fuel handling
• passenger and aircraft handling (incl. airport access system)
• aircraft maintenance
• maintenance of airport territory
• waste
Airport definitions 32
Negative environmental impact will come
from:

33. ● Find in the EU regulation (Communication from the Commission — Guidelines on State aid to
airports and airlines) rules for support airpots. Answer for the questions:
● Why does the EU limit state aid to airports?
● Describe including numerically the return to scale effect for airports
● What size airports can make a profit?
● Planning of airport (new airport.. Is it possible in Europe?)
33
Task 1-3
Airport definitions