Glumiflorae-fossil record, life history, ecology, position in different classification. 2 families- cyperaceae, gramineae, important genera

1. JAI NARAIN VYAS UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
TOPIC – PHYLOGENY OF GLUMIFLORAE
Submitted to -
Dr. Seema Sen
Submitted by -
Anmol Mertiya
(M.sc Previous 2nd Sem)
PAPER 201- Taxonomy & Diversity Of Seed Plants

2. GLUMIFLORAE
 Easily recognised by “grassy ” appearance.
 Flowering petals produces many tiny flowers without showy petals.
 Single most important group on planet providing- 4 highest grossing crops.
1. Corn
2. Rice
3. Wheat
4. Barley
 Has ecological importance in maintaining soil stability & providing turf.
 It is an order of Blooming Plants.
 In today’s world, they are clearly the most influential group of organisms on the
planet.
“Gluma”= husk + “Florae”= flowers

3. FOSSIL RECORD
It has a fossil record dating back to Cretaceous period.
Consist of primarily small fruits & seeds.
Today, facing a preservational bias as they grow
primarily in dry environments.
There are macrofossils by Oligocene with rise to
dominance of grasslands.

4. LIFE HISTORY & ECOLOGY
 Most continents are populated by stands of grasses,
rushes, sedges, cat-tails.
 Animals depend upon graminoids for shelter & food.
 Birds depend for nesting materials & for cover.
 Prairie & Savanna grasses provide both food & cover
for rodents.
 Ungulates undergone much structural evolution as
result of spreading grasslands in Cenozoic.
 Example- Modern-day horse.

5. POSITION OF GLUMIFLORAE
• George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker jointly
published a monumental work “Genera Plantarum” in 3
volumes.
• They placed Ranales in beginning & grasses at the end.
• Divided seed plants into –
 3 classes
3 subclasses
21 series
 25 cohorts
202 orders
BENTHAM & HOOKER’S (1862-83)

6. SERIES 15
SERIES 21
CLASS III MONOCOTYLEDONS
MICROSPERMAE
GLUMACEAE
ORDERS – 196,197,198,199, 200
199TH ORDER
CYPERACEAE
200TH ORDER
GRAMINEAE

7. ENGLER AND PRANTL
CLASSIFICATION
•Adolf Engler & Karl E Prantl did the enormous
work in a detailed book titled-
“Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” (1887-1915)
•Based on intricacy of flower, fruit and seed
development.
•Monocots are more primitive than dicots.

8. ANGIOSPERMS 2 CLASSES
MONOCOTS DICOTS
11 ORDERS 45 FAMILIES 44 ORDERS 261 FAMILIES
ORDER 9 - GLUMIFLORAE
FAMILY 1. Gramineae 2. Cyperaceae
SUB- FAMILY 1. Pooideae
2. Panicoideae
1. Scirpoideae
2. Rhynchosporoideae
3. Caricoideae

9. HUTCHINSON’S SYSTEM
•John Hutchinson (1884-1972) proposed a phylogenetic
system in 2 volumes.
•He published as The families of flowering plants, arranged
according to a new system based on their probable
phylogeny (two volumes) - in three editions.
•Considered angiosperms to be monophyletic from
gymnosperms.
•Three lines of monocot evolution-
1) Calyciflorae
2) Corolliflorae
3) Glumiflorae

10. SUBPHYLUM MONOCOTYLEDONS
DIVISION- 3 GLUMIFLORAE
ORDER- 109
JUNACALES
406. Junaceae
407. Thurniaceae
408. Centrolepidaceae
409. Restionaceae
FAMILIES
ORDER- 110
CYPERALES
ORDER- 111
GRAMINALES
FAMILIES FAMILIES
410. Cyperaceae
411. Gramineae
(Poaceae)

11. WETTSTEIN SYSYTEM
•The main groups were according to Richard
Wettstein’s - Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik
(1901-24).
•Wettstein was a pioneer of the integration of
phylogeny with traditional taxonomy and published
a great many new names and combinations.
•He was responsible for the Botanical Garden of the
University of Vienna.

12. CLASSIS
2 MONOCOTYLEDONES
1 DICOTYLEDONES
4th ORDO 5th ORDO
GLUMIFLORAE
CYPERALES
CYPERACEAE
GRAMINEAE
{POACEAE}
FAMILIA FAMILIA

13. TAKHTAJAN SYSTEM
• It was published by Armen Takhtajan in several
versions from 1950 onwards.
• It ususally compared to Cronquist system &
admits paraphyletic groups.
• There are 3 systems in this-
i. 1966 SYSTEM
ii. 1997 SYSTEM
iii. 2009 SYSTEM

14. CLASS LILIOPSIDA
{MONOCOTYLEDONS}
SUB-CLASS COMMELINIDEAE
SUPERORDER (7) 6TH
JUNACEAE
7TH
POANAE
ORDER 1. JUNACALES
2. CYPERALES
1. FLAGELLARIALES
2. RESTIONALES
3. CENTROLEPIDALES
4. POALES

15. CRONQUIST SYSTEM
• Arthur Cronquist presented an elaborate
interpretation of his concept pf classification.
• It was-
I. “The evolution & classification of flowering plants” (1968)
II. “An integrated system of classification of flowering plants”
(1981)
• Provided charts to show relationship of orders
within carious subclasses.

16. CLASS LILIOPSIDA
{MONOCOTYLEDONS}
SUB-CLASS COMMELINIDEAE
{7 ORDERS}
4TH ORDER 5TH ORDER
JUNCALES CYPERALES
FAMILY 1. JUNCEAE
2. THURNIACEAE
1. CYPERACEAE
2. POACEAE

17. APG SYSTEM
• APG- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System
• First version of modern, mostly molecular- based system of
plant taxonomy.
• Published in-
i. APG I in 1998
ii. APG II IN 2003
iii. APG III in 2009
iv. APG IV in 2016
• Major outcome of this classification is disappearance of
traditional divisions of flowering plants i.e. monocots &
dicots.
• Monocots are recognised as a clade but dicots are not.

18. CLADE COMMELINOIDS
{MONOCOTYLEDONS}
ORDER
POALES
FAMILY TOTAL 16
3RD
FAMILY
10TH
FAMILY
CYPERACEAE
POACEAE

19. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)
• DISTRIBUTION-
Throughout world
Dominant in temperate zones
70 genera & 4000 species
India – 441 species
• ECONOMIC USE-
Used as fodder, food, medicine, poison, as sand binders,
matting purpose, aromatic scented oils, as ornaments.

20. IMPORTANT GENERA
• Cyperus rotundus (ordinary sedge)- weed of
cultivated lands.
• Carex- leaves are sharp,saw-like edges
• Eriophorum comosum (cotton sedge)- glaborous
herb for stuffing.
• Frimbistylis- weed having glaborous stem.
• Scirpus- club rush or bull rush

21. Cyperus rotundus
(nut grass)
Carex
(sedge)

22. Eriophorum comosum
(cotton sedge)
Frimbistylis
Scirpus
(bul rush)

23. POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
•DISTRIBUTION-
Cosmopolitan in distribution
620 genera & 6000 species
India – 900 species
These are hydrophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes.
•ECONOMIC USE-
Used as fodder, food, as sugar, aromatic oils, paper
industry, alcohol, beverages, ropes, bamboo in building
material, boat making, carts, pipes etc.

24. IMPORTANT GENERA
• Triticum aestivum (wheat)
• Avena sativa (oat)
• Bambusa (bamboo)
• Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)
• Pennisetum americanus (bajra)
• Panicum (panic grass)
• Poa
• Zea mays (corn)
• Oryza sativa (rice)
• Secale cereale (rye)
• Hordeum vulgare (barley)
• Cynodon dactylon (bermuda grass)
• Cymbopogon (lemon grass)
• Sorghum vulgare (jowar)

26. REFERENCES
• Bentham, G and J.D.Hooker,1862. Genera plantarum 3vols,Reeve &
Co., London
• Bessey, C.E., 1915 Phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants, Ann.
Mo. Bot. Gard,2:109-164.
• Engler, A.W & K.Prantl, 1887-1915 Die Naturlichen
Pflanzenfamilien, 23, vols. Leipzig.
• Hutchinson, J., 1969, Evolution & Phylogeny of the Flowering
Plants, Academic Press, London.
• Sharma,O.P. Plant taxonomy (second edition)2010. The Mac Graw
Hill Company, Kolkata.
• Singh, V & D.K.Jain 1981. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Rastogi
Publications, Meerut.