GPB-366 PPT-New-VYP (Upto Mid-term)-1.pdf

L1.1. WHEAT
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

L1.1. WHEAT
Botanical name:
1. Triticum aestivum L. Hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42). (Bread Wheat)
2. Triticum durum Tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28).
3. Triticum monococcum L., Diploid (2n = 2x = 14).
Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
Centres of origin: Near East is the centre of origin of Bread wheat. South Western Asia (Iran, Iraq,
Afganistan) is considered as centre of origin and genetic diversity of wheat.
Place of origin:
Diploid (2n=14) : Asia minor
Tetraploid (2n=28) : Abyssinia, North Africa
Hexaploid (2n=42) : Central Asia (Bread Wheat)
Distribution of species: Wheat is cultivated in USA, U.K., Russia, Ukrain, China, Japan,
Argentina, Canada, Mexico, India, Pakistan, Europe and many other countries. The U.P., M.P.,
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar and Gujarat are the major wheat growing states.
Wild relatives:
1. Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) (CMS source) Tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28).
2. Aegilops tauschii Coss Diploid (2n = 2x = 14).
3. Aegilops speltoides Diploid (2n = 2x = 14).
4. Aegilops ovate Diploid (2n = 2x = 14).
5. Aegilops squarrosa Diploid (2n = 2x = 14).
6. Aegilops curiflarum Diploid (2n = 2x = 14).

Currently accepted evolutionary history of hexaploid wheat:
Unknown spp.
(♀)
(n=7, BB)
X Triticum Monococum var. Urartu (♂)
(n=7, AA)
↓
F1 Hybrid AB
Spontaneous
chromosome
doubling ↓
AABB (♀)
(n=14)
Tetraploid wheat
X AE. Tauschii (n=7, DD)
(♂)
↓
F1 Hybrid ABD
(Triploid,2n=3x=21, sterile)
↓ Spontaneous chromosome
doubling
AABBDD
(n=21)
Amphidiploid
Hexaploid bread
wheat
(Triticum aestivum)
(2n=6x=42, Fertile)
Amphidiploid : Allopolyploid having two copies of each of the two or more different genomes present.
Thusamphidiploidhas the somatic chromosomecomplement of two or more diploid species.

FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. Inflorescence of wheat is called Ear or Head. In botanical it is
called as spike.
2. The unit is called spikelet. The sessile spikelets are arranged
acropetally in zig-zag manner on mother axis i.e. rachis.
3. Each spikelet consists of pair of outer glumes which encloses 3
to 5 florets. Central one or two are sterile and remaining florets
are fertile.
4. Each floret consists of outer glumes represented as scales,
awned lemma (flowering glume) and a palea.
5. The lemma and palea enclose three stamens (having thread like
filaments and versatile anthers),single carpel (with bifid stigma)
and two lodicules. The lodicules help for opening of flowers.
6.After fertilization, ovary develops into caryopsis, which is a
single seeded fruit with pericarp.
7. Flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic.
8. Wheat stamens are small and produce about 1000-4000 pollen
grains per anther.

Flowering: Wheat is self-pollinated crop due to
chasmogamous or cleistogamous nature of
flower. Cross pollination may take place up to 1-
2%. Blooming starts after emergence of spike
from flag leaf. It starts in the main stem (mother
tiller) followed by the other tiller in the order of
development. Flowering in a spike begins in the
upper part of the spike and proceeds in both
directions. Blooming is continued throughout the
day and 3-5 days are required to complete it in a
spike. Immature green coloured anthers turn
yellow when matured. The stigmatic lobes are
closed together in young bud but separate out at
maturity. The lodicules absorb moisture and
swells due to which glumes are separated apart
in 20 minutes. The filaments elongate and
anthers dehisce within 2-3 minutes and at same
time stigma becomes receptive. The glumes are
again closed at the end of 15-20 min. Pollens
are viable for only 15 to 30 minutes and stigmas
remain receptive for 4 to 5 days and may
prolong to 13 days depending upon the
environment.

Anthesis
• Blooming starts several days after the wheat spike emerges.The flowers on
the main stem (culm) bloom first and those on the tillers later, in order of the
tiller formation.
• Flower maturity starts from the middle part of the spike and proceeds in both
directions.
• Flowering continues throughout the day and takes 2-3 days for a spike to
finish blooming
• The glumes normally open during the flowering process. The anthers protrude
(emerge) from the glumes and part of the pollens shed outside the flowers.
• If the conditions are unfavourable for the opening of the glumes the anthers
may shed their pollen without being extruded (emerged).
Stigmas are receptive for 4 to 5 days under different condition but pollen is
viable for 15 to 30 min.
• Pollen remains viable for a very short period, usually not more than 15-30
minutes. Therefore, fresh pollen is essential for obtaining good seed set when
making crosses.

Selfing technique:
•The spike is to be covered with butter paper bag prior to flowering to avoid the
crossing and then labelled it.
•Emasculation technique:
•Select spike in which anthesis will occur one or two days later.
•Remove awns with the help of scissors in such a way that small portion of glume,
lemma and palea is also cut. This will ease the removal of anthers.
•One fourth (1/4) lower and upper florets are removed. Keep 16-20 spikelets only with
the help of fine forceps, remove all three anthers in the evening or early morning.
•Take care that stigma should not be injured.
Crossing technique:
•Check the emasculated spike with a magnifying lance to ensure no anther left in the
floret.
•Bagging and labelling is done.
•Pollination is done on the next morning or on the 2nd day depending upon the
weather condition and stigma receptivity.
•Select the spike for pollination from pollen parent and remove it from plant. Keep the
spike in the sunlight for 10-15 minutes. Anthers will burst and pollen grains will be
released.
•The pollen grains are dusted on all the sides of emasculated spike.
•Bag the pollinated spike and label it properly.

Breeding objectives:
i) High grain yield potential with wider adaptability.
ii) Early maturity with short duration.
iii) Photo and thermo-insensitive varieties.
iv) Resistant to diseases like rust, loose smut, leaf blight etc.
and pests like aphids, armyworms and gujia weevil etc.
v) Responsive to high doses of fertilizers.
vi) Semi-dwarf varieties having synchronies productive
tillers.
vii) Resistant to water logging and shattering.
viii) Good milling and baking quality i.e. suitable for
chapatti and bread making.
ix) Amber grain colour and grain with high protein and
lysine content.
x) Heat, Salt and drought tolerant varieties.

Breeding objectives: (In detail)
(1) Higher yield: High yield depends on
a) The number of heads / unit area
b) The number of grains / head.
c) The average weight of grain
While breeding for high yielding varieties all the above three
components must be
looked into. Omitting any one of them may not yield results.
(2) Lodging Resistance
This is achieved after the identification of dwarfing gene in
Japanese variety Norin10. Most of our dwarf wheats are two gene
dwarfs. E.g. Sonara 63, sonara 64, kalyan sona. Emphasis is now
on triple gene dwarfs.

(3) Breeding for Quality:
a) Breeding for physical quality: The objective is to develop a variety
with well accepted physical characteristics like colour vitreousness,
texture/hardness, appearance, grain weight, test weight etc.
b) Breeding for chemical composition:
i. Starch composition: Modification of functionality of starch and
amylase and amylopectin content as per desirable end product such as
noodles, pasta, thickness, binding agents, bread etc. If the objective is to
produce starch with no amylase, then breeding for waxy type wheat would be
necessary
ii. Protein content: Wheat grain has a special significance of breeding
for high protein and low protein for bread and biscuit purposes respectively
and also for different end products.
iii. Nutritional quality: Wheat grains are deficient in lysine content.
Efforts are needed to improve lysine as well as high protein content to
improve nutritional quality of wheat.
iv. Breeding for market quality market quality: Includesphysical
characteristics, flour recovery milling quality, dough quality as well as gluten
content useful for specific product.

(4) Disease resistance: Rust is the major disease.
The black or stem rust, brown leaf rust and yellow
or stripe rust are important ones. There are different
races of rust. So while breeding for rust resistance
horizontal resistance is to be looked into. Back cross
method of breeding and development of multi lines
are the methods.
(5) Insect resistant: The termites, aphids,
armyworm, American pod borer and brown mite
are the major pest of wheat which are mostly
controlled by chemically.
(6) Early maturity
(7) Drought resistance
(8) Winter hardiness

BREEDING PROCEDURES:
1. Introduction :
Semi dwarf wheat from Mexico,Sonara63, Sonara 64, Mayo 64,Lerma Roja 64
2. Pure line selection:
Earlier varieties like P4, P6, P12 evolvedat Pusa institute are resultof pure line
selectionfrom local population.
3. Hybridizationand selection
a) Inter varietal:
A number of successful derivativeswere developedat IARI New Delhi and
Punjab. NP-809 - New pusa multiple cross derivative.
However all these varietieswere lodging and poor yielder when compared to
other countries.Hence the wheat hybridizationprogramme was changed .
b) Inter specificcrosses
To get Hessian fly resistance.So also for rust resistance.
c) Back cross method of breeding
Rust resistance in Chinese spring fromThatcher.

BREEDING PROCEDURES:
4. Hybrid wheat :
At Kansas Agri. Expt. Station USA male sterile lines were identified by
crossing T. timophevi x T. aestivum .
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan did extensive work on this with gamma rays.
Sharbati Sonara with increased protein content was evolved.
6. Development of multilines
Borlaug developed multilines against rust. MLKS 15 was developed at
IARI.
Multiline is a mixture of pure lines which are phenotypically similar
but genotypically dissimilar.
Each line is produced by separate back cross method of breeding. Each
line having resistance against a particular race of a disease.

BREEDING CENTERS:
- International Maize and Wheat improvement Centre (CIMMYT)
Mexico.
-ICAR- - Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research
(IIWBR), Karnal.
-All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project (AICWIP) – Karnal
(earlier New. Delhi)
-MPKV- Agricultural Research Station, Niphad.
PRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENT:
The semi dwarf varieties of wheat have been developed through the
use of Japanese line Norin 10 as a source of dwarfing gene Rht1 & Rht2
which led to “green revolution” in wheat production.
The productivity of Semi dwarf varieties is about two and half times
more than old tall growing varieties. More over these varieties are
highly resistant to lodging and are highly responsive to fertilizer doses.

L1.2. OAT

L1.2. OAT
Botanical name: Avena sativa L., Hexaploid (2n=6x=42).
Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
Centres of origin: Near East or Mediterranean or Asia minor
Distribution of species: Oat is cultivated in Northwest Europe,
Russia, Canada, Poland, and Australia. In India, it is cultivated in
Jammu and Kashmir and Himalayan regions.
Wild relatives:
1. Avena fatua L.: It contains seed dormancy regulation genes.
2. Avena barbata, Tetraploid (2n=4x=28): It can survive under mesic and xeric
environments. It contains genes for multiple herbicide resistance and leaf rust
resistance.
3. Avena strigosa, Diploid (2n=2x=14): It contains genes for multiple herbicide
resistanceand leaf rust resistance.
4. Avena sterilis Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

Floral biology: oat
Inflorescences:
•Inflorescences of the oat plant is a panicle
composed of a central loose, open rachis
with five to seven nodes, from which
branches arise bearing spikelets.
•Each lateral branch terminates in a single
apical spikelet. Other spikelets are born on
second or third order of branches.
•Each panicle may have 20 to 50 spikelets.
•Spikelets consist of 3 to 4 florets enclosed
in two empty glumes, with the tip of one
glumes extending slightly above the other.
Florets within each spikelet are arranged
alternatively upon a central axis (rachilla)
and usually the two basal florets are fertile
but the third or fourth floret is sterile.

Florets:
•The florets are perfect zygomorphic, bracteate and
hypogynous.
•It consists of a lemma and a palea, two lodicules, three
stamensand one pistil.
•Glumes are the two outer bracts of the spikelet. They are
broadly lanceolate, pointed, boat shaped, usually glabrous
and arched. The glumes may be pale, yellow or red.
•Lemma is a rigid structure which encloses the rachilla at the
base of the flower. Its primary function is to protect the
caryopsis. Lemma varies in colour from white, yellow, grey or
red to black. It may be awned or awnless.
•One membranous palea is present opposite to lemma.
Primary function of palea is to protect the caryopsis.
•Two small, smooth, pointed and shinning lodicules are
present at the base inside the floret.
•Androecium consists of three stamens.
•Gynoecium consists of single carpel with small hairy ovary,
short style and bifid stigma.
•A single sessile ovule is located inside the ovary.
Anthesis: Self-pollination is the rule but cross-pollination may range from 0.5-1.0
per cent.
The stigma becomes receptive one day before anthesis and remains receptive for five
days. Anthers dehisce the pollens just before or during opening of the floret.

MAJOR BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1) Breeding for high yield.
2) Breeding for adaptability, salinity, water stress and temperature
3) Winter hardiness & forage production.
4)Good quality varieties with high protien content and large grain in order to meet to
needs for oat-flake processing.
5)Lodging and shattering resistance :
Oats must stand in the field until harvested, without loss either from lodging or
shattering, if high yields are to be obtained.
6.Breeding for disease resistance
- Rusts , Crown rust, Stem rust, Smuts, Powdery mildew
7. Improved value of the oats for human consumption.
8.Improved value of oats for ruminants:
9.Improvements in naked oats for non-ruminants and industrial fractionation

1. Greater economic competitiveness of oats: Obtained through breeding for higher yields
(components of higher yield are spikes per unit, kernels per spike, 1000-grain weights); stiff straw
(resistance to lodging); high resistance to diseases such as mildew, crown rust and oat mosaic
virus; growing in cool and high altitude mountain regions with a mixed system cropping and animal
husbandry, etc.
2. Improved value of the oats for human consumption: By selecting for important components
of milling quality such as high kernel content, hullability, low proportion of screenings and minimum
grain blackening and breakage. Increased beta glucan content is another desirable target which
contributes to the health claims attributed to oats.
3. Improved value of oats for ruminants: High metabolisable energy is targeted by breeding oats
with thinner husks or with lower lignin content, above average oil content and tall height (>120 cm).
4. Improvements in naked oats for non-ruminants and industrial fractionation: Targets are for
higher yield, oil and protein content (>17%). An additional target is lower trichome density to reduce
irritation at harvesting and subsequent grain handling.
5. Reduced environmental input: An understanding of nitrogen and water use by oats to enable
selection of and breeding for more efficient varieties which will contribute to sustainable agriculture.
Characteristics of oats for rain fed areas:
good tillering ability, both high grain and vegetative harvest indices, longer growing period, growing slowly at
the seedling stage, fast grain-filling rates, taller plant heights, large spikes, well-developed root systems.
Characteristics of oats for irrigated conditions:
Shorter growing times (90 days) and short statures (95-100 cm), lodging resistance, uniform tillering with
more florets and kernels, tolerance to high water and fertility conditions, a good combination of yield
components (4.8- 6.7 million spikes per hectare, 35-50 seeds per spike, and a 1000-grain weight of more
than 20 g), Resistance or tolerance to Smut, rust, and BYDV diseases and aphids.

Breeding methods:
1. Introduction: Weston 11, Kent.
2. Pure line selection: HFO - 114 (Haryana Javi - 114).
3. Pedigree method: OS-6, OS-7, OL-9, Bundel Jai-822, UPO–
212, OL-125, Haryana Javi-8 (HJ -8), Bundel Jai 992 (JHO 99-2),
Bundel Jai 2004 (JHO 2000-4), Bundel Jai 991 (JHO 99-1),
Bundel Jai 2001-3 (JHO 2001-3).
4. Selection from germplasm: Bundel Jai- 851.
5. Mutation breeding: Yanhong 3, Fuza 2 and naked variety
“1809” were selected following gamma irradiation in China.
6. Some other varieties are Palampur-1, Algerian, Brunker-10,
UPO-94, Sabzaar (SKO-7), JO-1 and Harita (RO -19) released
for Maharashtra in 2007.

L.1.3. BARLEY

L.1.3. BARLEY
Botanical name: Hordeum vulgare,
Chromosome Number: (2n=2x=14).
Family: Poaceae (Gramineae), Sub-family: Pooideae
Centres of origin: Near East or Middle East or Ethiopia.
Distribution of species: Barley is cultivated in Russia, France, Germany,
Ukraine, Canada, Spain, U.K, and Turkey. In India, major barley producing states
are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh.
Wild relatives: Hordeum spontaneum - contains genes for
drought tolerance.

FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. Inflorescence of barley is called Ear or Head. In botanical it is
called as spike.
2. The unit is called spikelet.
3. Each floret consist of lemma, palea, androecium and gynoecium.
4. Flowers are bisexual and zygomorphic.
5. Each floret has three stamens with large anthers and a pistil
bearing bifid feathery stigma.
6. Barley stamens are small and produce about 1000-4000 pollen
grains per anther.

•Each spikelet is single flowered and
consists of two glumes and a floret.
•In six-rowed barley, three spikelets are
attached at each node of the rachis, and
these triplets alternate from side to side of
the rachis.
•In two rowed barely, only the central
spikelet of a triplet is fertile.
•The flower is enclosed in lemma and
palea.
•The pistil has a two branched feathery
stigmas.
•Three anthers are attached to the long
slender filaments.
•The spike of barely besides being
characterized as six-row and two-row, is
also described as hooded vs. awned.
•The hood is a three-lobed appendage at
the tip of the lemma.
•The hood may be either slightly elevated
on a short awn segment or sessile.

Fertility of the lateral spikelets forms the
basis of barley classification and the
cultivated barley may be classified into
three main groups viz.,
i) Six rowed barley (H. vulgare L. emend,
Lam) In six-row barley, all of the spikelets in
a triplet are fertile and able to develop
grains. The central seeds are round and flat
but lateral seeds are slightly asymmetric and
smaller. In two-row barley, only central
spikelet is both male and female fertile. Each
spike may carry 25-60 kernels in six-rowed
varieties or 15-30 kernels in two-rowed
varieties.
ii) Two rowed barley (H. distichum, L.
emend, Lam) The two lateral spikelets are
smaller and sterile as they have reduced
stamens and a rudimentary ovary and
stigma. Thus only a single flat seed is
produced at each node of the spike. . Each
spike may carry 15-30 kernels in two-rowed
varieties.
iii) Irregular barley (H. irregular, E. Aberg
and Wiebe) Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

Breeding Objectives :
i) Breeding for high yield
ii) Breeding for adaptability, salinity, water stress and
temperature.
iii) Breeding for earliness, lodging and shattering
resistance.
iii) Resistance to yellow rust, aphid and nematode
iv) Improvement in nutritional quality
v) Improvement in attributes related to malt industry

ACHIEVEMENTS OF BARLEY :
1. K603 K257/C135 2000 NEPZ
2. BH393 California/ mariout 2001 Haryana
3. NBBNOB(020) Ratna K-425/Jyoti 2001 UP
4. RD3592 RD2503/UBL9 2003 Rajastan
5. K713 RD2540/BH407 2004 NEPZ

IMPROVED VARIETIES / HYBRIDS :
1 Ratna, Jyoti, Kailas Hulled varieties
2 Karan-750, Amber, Himadri Huskless varieties
3 C-138, RS-6, RD-57, RD-137, Clipper Malting varieties
4 Karan 16, Karan 18, 19, Jyoti Salt tolerant varieties
karan-3,4 Amber, Azad
5 Kailash, Himani, Dolma, NP-100, Suitable for hilly areas
6 Rajkiran Nematode resistant variety
7 Nilam and Karan 19 Better chappati making
quality for barley varieties

L.2.PULSES
CHICKPEA

L.2.PULSES
CHICKPEA
NAME - Cicer arietnum,L.
FAMILY – Leguminoceae
CHROMOSOMENO. – 2n=16
ORIGIN -
The chickpea is most probably originatedin an area of present day south-
easternTurkey and adjoining Syria.
RELATED SPECIES - C. reticulatum,C. pinnatifidum,C. songaricum
Two main categoriesof Chickpea are recognizedwhich are distinguished mainly
by their seed characteristics.They are
1) Desi types, which are relativelysmaller,angular seeds with rough yellowto
brown colouredtestas.
2) Kabuli types, with large,more rounded and cream colouredseeds.

There are two main kinds of chickpea.
I. Desi (microsperma): It has small, darker seeds and a rough coat, cultivated
mostly found in Mediterranean to central Asia. Desi types are generally
smaller in stature with small leaflets and pods and posses predominantly pink
colour flower.
II. Kabuli (macrosperma): It has cream or beige colored, larger seeds and a
smoother coat, mainly found in the western Mediterranean region. Kabuli type
are generally taller with has white flowers.

WILD SPECIES
The wild species of Cicer (Proginator)closelyrelated to chickpea are :
i) C. bijugum
ii) C. echinospermum
iii) C. ecticulatum
FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. The flowers are papilionaceous.
2. They are solitary in axillary racemes.
3. Double flowers are rare,but are very much sought after by the breeders as
possible sources of yield increase.
4. The calyx has five deep lancelolate teeth. Peduncle and calyx are hairy.
5. Generally,corollais white.
6. The vexillum is obovate,8-11 mm long and 7-10 mm wide.(The posteror large
bilobed petal of the papilinaceous corollais called standard or vexillium)
7. Wings are obovate,8-9 mm long. The keel is 6-8 mm long.
8. Number of pods/plant is highly variable,generally between30 and 150
depending on the year, location,sowing time and other factors.

Floral biology:
•The flower is typically papilionaceous, zygomorphic, solitary, axillary, polypetalous
and bisexual with vaxillary aestivation.
•However, cultivars with two or three flowers are known. The peduncle is short jointed
and arises from the leaf axils opposite to the leaf. Peduncle and calyx are hairy. The
flowers are small, white and violet.
•Each flower has 5 sepals, 5 petals, 10 stamens and the carpel with its style is born
laterally on the ovary.
•Calyx: The calyx (8 to 10 mm) is composed of five partly joined sepals which makes
it gamosepalous. The two sepals are large and three are small. The calyx tube is
oblique, lanceolate and densely covered with hairs.
•Corolla: The vexillum is obovate, 8-11 mm long and 7-10 mm wide. Wings are obovate,
8-9 mm long and keel is 6-8 mm long. The corolla may be greenish white, purplish pink,
red or blue in colour. The standard petal is broad and clawed, the wings are free and the
keel incurved. Thus corolla consists of 5 petals (2+2+1).
•Androecium: The androecium is composed of 10 stamens i.e. nine fused and one is
free (9+1, diadelphous condition). The length of stamens varies from 6 to 8 mm. The
anthers are bi-celled, orange and basifixed.
•Gynoecium: The gynoecium consists of a superior ovary with a terminal slightly curved
or upturned style and blunt knot-like stigma. The ovary is ovate, pubescent, 2-3 mm
long, 1-1.5 mm wide and has 1-3 ovules or rarely 4. Generally style is glabrous and 3-4
mm long. The stigma is globose type

Selfing Technique: Covering the flowers with paper bag.
Emasculation:
Emasculation is generally performed in the afternoon. The flowers
in hooded bud stage are
selected for emasculation.
Crossing technique:
•Pollination is carried out next day morning. The white bud stage
is most suitable for crossing because at this stage, stigma is most
receptive and pollen viability is high.
•However, crossing attempts involving either emasculation or no
emasculation have given erratic results (23 to 98% hybrid seed)
and this compounded by the low rate of natural seed set (18 to
52%) due to flower drops.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES
(i) Increased seed yield.
(ii) Increased biomass, tall, erect and compact cultivars
(iii) Resistance to diseases
(a) Ascochyta blight.
(b) Fusarium wilt.
(c) Root rot.
(d) Botrytis grey mould
(iv) Resistance to insect pests:
(a) Pod borer.
(v) Tolerance to stress environments:
(a) Cold
(b) Heat
(c) Drought
(d) Saline and alkaline soils.
(vi) Mechanical Harvesting

1. High yield: There is need for bringing a drastic change in the plant type of
chickpea for bringing a breakthrough in chickpea
2. Early maturity: Short duration cultivars (90 to 120) escape terminal drought and
heat stresses at critical pod development stages and enhance opportunities for inclusion
of chickpea in different cropping systems.
3. Increased biomass, Medium tall, erect and compact cultivars
4. Resistance to diseases and insect pests: Fusarium wilt, dry root rots,
ascochyta blight, botrytis gray mold, stunt, pod borer, root rot.
5. Tolerance to stress environments i.e. cold, heat, drought and saline and alkaline
soil.
6. Market preferred seed traits: Mostly medium sized seed (16 to 22 g 100-seed-1)
usually with golden yellow seed coat colour of desi types are mostly preferred. Kabuli
type having seed size >30 gm 100-seed-1 or diameter 8-9 mm are mostly preferred.
7. Nutritional quality: Breeding for high protein, methionine, beta-carotene, zinc,
iron, linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fibres content.

BREEDING PROCEDURES
1. Pedigree method: for resistance breeding (disease, insect,
nematode)
2. Modified bulk method: for stress situations (drought, cold, heat,
iron deficiency)
3. Back cross method: for interspecific hybridization. Limited backcross
(one or two) for desi x kabuli introgression and also for resistance
breeding. Resistance to fusarium wild can be easily transferred from
desi to kabuli type
4. Somaclonal variation: through plant tissue culture appears to be a
potential tool for generation and exploitation of useful variability.

1 BDN-9-3 Early, wilt resistant,droughttolerant
2 BDNG-797 Early, wilt resistantand high yielding
3 Phule Vikrant Yellowishbrown, medium size seeds,wilt resistant
4 Phule Vikram Tall growth habit, suitable for mechanical harvesting,
medium size, yellowishbrownseeds.
5 Himali Extra bold seeded kabuli variety,wilt resistant
6 Kripa Extra large seededkabuli variety,milky white seed colour
7 Digvijay High yield potential,bold seeds,wilt resistant
8 Rajas Yellowishbrown bold seeds, wilt resistant
9 Vihar Extra bold seeded kabuli variety,wilt resistant
10 Virat Extra bold seeded kabuli variety,wilt resistant
11 Vishal Attractive yellowishbrown bold seeds, wilt resistant
12 Vijay High yield potential,wilt resistant,drought tolerant

13 BDNG-798 Kabuli, medium bold
14 Jaki-9218 Deshi, high yielding, wilt tolerant
15 ICCV 2 Early, kabuli type
16 Hirwa Chaffa (AKGS-1) Greenseeded
17 PKV Harita Wilt and drought tolerant, recommendedfor
rainfed cultivation,greenseeded.
18 PKV Kanchan Wilt tolerant, recommendedfor irrigatedcondition
for Vidharbha region
19 Gulak 1 Bold seeded, wilt tolerant,pink seeded, suitable
for roastedpurpose
20 PKV Kabuli- 4 Extra large seeded,kabuli, wilt tolerant, suitable
for export purpose.

OILSEED CROPS
L-3.1. SUNFLOWER

OILSEED CROPS
L-3.1. SUNFLOWER
NAME – Helianthus annus, L.
FAMILY – Composite
ORIGIN – America
DISTRUBUTUION –
USSR,Romania, Canada, UAS, in India this crop is introdecedin 1969 From
USSR.In India it is cultivatedin Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra and Andhra
pradesh, Punjab,and Hariyana.
WILD SPECIES -
Helianthus hirsutus, Helianthus rigidus
The genus Helianthus comprises of 67 species. Two species H. annus and H.
tuberosus are cultivated as foodplants genus has basic chromosomenumber
of 17 and diploid, tetraploid and hexaploidspecies are found.,

L-3.1.SUNFLOWER
(Helianthus annus)
Botanical name : Helianthus annus
Family : Compositae
Genus : Helianthus
Species : H. annus (2n = 2x = 34)
H. tuberosus (2n = 6x = 102)
Chromosome No. : 2n = 2x = 34
ORIGIN – America
DISTRUBUTUION –
USSR, Romania, Canada, UAS, in India this crop is introdeced in 1969 From
USSR.In India it is cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra and Andhra
pradesh, Punjab,and Hariyana.
Wild relatives :
H. Decapitulus H. rigids H. annus sub spp. annus
H. annus sub spp. Lenticularis H. annus sub spp. jaegeri

Cultivated species :
•Sunflower (Helianthus annus, 2n=2x=34) is an important oilseed crop after soybean
and palm in the world and accounts for about 12.8% of the world production of edible oil.
Its oil content ranges from 46 to 52% and is of high quality having non-cholesterol
and anticholesterol properties.
•The genus Helianthus comprises 67 species native to the Americas.
•Two species, H. annuus and H. tuberosus are cultivated as food plants and several
species are grown as ornamentals.
•H. annuus, the common sunflower cultivated for oil is diploid (2n=34) and
•H. tuberosus is hexaploid (2n=102) and is cultivated for tubers.
H. tuberosus hexaploid (2n=6x=102)

FLORAL BIOLOGY
•The inflorescence is a capitulum or head, characteristic of composite family.
•The number of flowers in oilseedcultivars may vary from700 to 3000.
•The flower of the outer whorl of the head are called as ray florets.
•They have five elongatedpetals which are united to form straplike
structures.
•They have vestigeal styles and stigmas and no anthers.
•The other flowers arrangedin concentric rings over the remainder of the
head are called as disc flowers.
•Five anthers are united to forma tube with separate filamentattached to
the base of the corollatube.
•Inside the anther tube, there is the style,terminating in a stigma which is
divided.
•The receptive surfaces of stigma remainin close contact in bud stage.
•The achene or the fruit of the sunflower consists of a seed oftencalled the
kernel.
•The adhering pericarp is usually called the hull.
•The seed consists of seed coat, endospermand embryo.
•Major part of embryo is in the formof cotyledons.

Inflorescence: The inflorescence is heterogamous
capitulum or head The shape of head may be concave,
convex or flat attached to main stem at varying angles.
Head is surrounded by involucre of bracts (phyllaries)
which vary in size and shape. Sunflower head consists of
two types of flowers, viz., disc florets and ray florets
which are arranged in concentric circles on receptacle.
Ray florets: Present in peripheral region, braceate,
sessile,incomplete Zygomorphic, unisexual, unisexual,
pstillate, pentamorphous, epigynous,cyclic.
Calyx-sepals-2,reduced to papus
Corolla-petals-5,gamopetalous, valvate,ugulate
Androecium-absent
Gynoecium-Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior,
basal placentation
Disc florets: Situated in the centre of inflorescence,
bracteate. Disc florate are sessile, tubular, bisexual,
actinomorphicepigynous,cyclic.
Calyx-Sepals-2,reducedto papus
Corolla-Petals-5,gamopetalous, tubular
Androecium: Stamens-5, syngenesious i.e. anthers fused
to form tube around the style, epipetalous basified,
introse.
Gyonoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferiorone
chambered, basalplacentaton, style short,stigma bified.
Fruit-Cypsela type

Selfing technique:
Self pollination is achieved by placing a muslin cloth bag over the head before anthesis.
Seed set can be increased by rubbing pollen from the newly opened inner florets on the
stigma of outer florets with a cotton pad or with a soft brush. Seed setting under bags
without rubbing with brush indicates the extent of self fertility.
Crossing techniques:
•Sunflower is protoandrous, in which the androecium matures earlier than the
gynoecium. There is a time lag of 18-24 hours in the maturity of male and female parts.
Because of this, cross-pollination is favoured by insects, particularly bees which play an
important role in pollination and fertilization.
• A single head produces 350 to 2000 seeds. The seed is called achene and consists of
outer pericarp, thin and papery inner seed coat and embryo.
• For attempting crossing in sunflower, the heads must be covered with bags prior to
flowing to prevent natural cross-pollination.
•For emasculation, the anthers of the disc florets of the female parent are removed with
the help of forceps early in the morning before they have dehisced and before the
stigmas have extended far enough into the anther tubes.
•Pollination is carried out the day after emasculation when the stigmatic lobes have
separated and the receptive surfaces are exposed. For this purpose, the pollen is
collected from the heads covered with bags before flowering and applied with a brush or
a piece of cotton to the female parent.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES
i) High seed yield(head size,seeds/head,seed size)
ii) Early maturity
iii) Lodging resistantdwarf plant type
iv) Uniformity of plant type
v) High oil percentage, protein%
vi) Wider adaptability.
vi) Tolerance to stress conditions
vii) Resistance to bird damage
viii)Resistance to diseases- Leaf spots,Rust,Root rot and damping of, Stem rot, Head
rot, Powdery mildew.
ix) Resistance to insect pest: Head damaging pest, grasshopper, jassids, leaf eating

1. Higher yield: Higher diameter of capitulum, higher number
of disc floret and high test weight contribute towards higher
yield.
2. Early maturity: Suitable for dry land and in spring situation.
3. Lodging resistance and dwarf type
4. Breeding varieties with high oil content: Complex character
yield and oil content are negatively correlated, to increase oil
content the shell must be thin. Breeding for high oleic acid and
linoleic acid and low chlorogenic acid
5. Breeding for self fertile lines: Protoandry and self-
incompatability mechanism
operates in sunflower. Hence hand pollination is necessary. To
avoid this self fertile lines should be evolved.
6. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stress:
• Disease: Alterneria blight, rust and downy mildew.
• Abiotic stress: Drought and salinity tolerance.
7. Resistance to bird damage

BREEDING METHODS
1. Introduction : Morden from Canada.
2. Mass selection: Ec 68414 from Russia. Co1 mass selection from
Morden. Useful for characters which are highly heritable. E.g.
Plant height, disease resistance.
3. Hybridization and selection
a) Intervarietal
b) Interspecific :
Wild species of North American origin and best Soviet varieties
were crossed and number of varieties were evolved.
They are resistant to Verticillium wilt .
4. Mutation
Co3 (Mutant from Co2 thro’ gamma rays)

5. Head to row and remnant seed method
Developed by Pustovoit in Russia. By this method oil content is
increased. In this method the following are the steps:
a) From open pollinated type a large no (10,000 to 12,000) plants
are selected based on Head size.
b) The selected lines are analysed for oil content and high oil
content lines are isolated (1000 plants).
c) Part of the seed reserved and the part is sown in progeny rows
along with check to estimate yield.
d) Second season testing is also done. The best lines are
identified.
a. The remnant seed of elite plants which give high yield were
raised in isolation and multiplied for crossing interse next season.
b. The multiplied lines also tested for oil content and high yielding
high oil content lines were raised in isolation and crossed interse.

6. Populationimprovement
By mass selection,recurrentselectionand use of male sterile lines
population can be
improvedand utilizedfor breeding.
7. Heterosisbreeding :
Developmentof inbred lines and crossing them to harness heterosis was
firstdone as early as 1920 in Russia. During 1970 cytoplasmic geneicmale
sterility was identifiedin wild types and obsolete cultivars.Nowthis system
is being extensively used for production of hybrids.
Firsthybrid BSH 1, APSH – 11
A number of CGMS lines were bred by Governmentas well as private seed
growers and are utilisednow.
Male sterility can also be inducted by GA 100 ppm.
Steps
1. Developmentof inbreds.
2. Conversionof inbreds into CGMS lines and R
3. lines.Evaluationof inbreds for combining ability.
4. Production of hybrids.

Breeding Methods:
1. Hybridization
2. Mass selection: This method is used to eliminate plants with
undesirable traits and maintaining the varietal population.
3. Pustovoit’s method of reserves: Thismethod is a form of recurrent
selection method also popularly known as varietal renovation method. This
method has been successfully used for developing open-pollinated varieties.
4. Development of synthetic and composite varieties
5. Backcross method
6. Mutation Breeding:A wide range of variability for oil content, fatty acid
composition, morphological characteristics, test weight, hull content and
flowering has been reported in mutants.
7. Molecular breeding: this includes:
• Genetic transformation of disease resistance
• Gene tagging for high oleic production
• Molecular characterization of sunflower species and domestic cultivars
HeterosisBreeding:
• Hybrid cultivars have distinct advantages over open pollinated varieties in
form of production stability, response to high-input, high self fertility, uniformity
in growth and maturity.
• CGMS system is used for commercial hybrid seed production in sunflower.

BREEDING CENTRE
Directorate of oil seed Research (DOR) Hyderabad.
All India coordinated sunflower improvement project (Bangalore)
PRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
Varieties EC 68414, EC 68415, Mordern, Co-1, surya
Hybrids BSH-1, KBSH-1, LSH-1, APSH-1 LDMRSH-1, 3

1 LSH-1 Downy mildew resistant,rainfed
2 LSH-2 Downy mildew resistant,rainfed
3. LS-11 High yielding having high oil content
4. SS-56 Suitable for rainfedconditions, oil content 32-35 %
5. Bhanu Tolerant to drought, oil content 35-36 %
6 Phule Raviraj (Hybrid) Oil content 34 %, big head size with central
filling head,tolerantto bud necrosis and alternaria
7 Bhaskar Early maturing, high yield,oil content 37-38 %, dark
black shiny seeds.
8 PKVSH952 92-95 days duration, Black seeded,38-40 % oil (seeds),
with 15-18 q/ha yield potential

2. SAFFLOWER

2. SAFFLOWER
NAME - Carthamum tinctorius,L.
FAMILY – Compositae
CHROMOSOME NO. – 2n=24
ORIGIN -
Safflower has been grown for many centuries from Egypt in
north Africa eastward to India. Safflower is believed to have two
centers of origin, Ethiopia & Afghanistan.
DISTRIBUTION
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, USA, Egypt middle east in India,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka together accounts for
more than 90 per cent of country’s area

RELATED SPECIES
➢The wild species Carthamus oxycanthus is found in many
parts of Punjab.
➢It is a dwarf bushy plant, very spiny, forming small achenes.
➢The oil content is 15 to 16 percent.
CULTIVATED SPECIES –
Carthamum tinctorius L (2n = 2X = 24)
WILD SPECIES
C. palaestinus, C. oxycantha, C. lanatus, C. flavenscens

FLORAL BIOLOGY
➢It is often cross-pollinatedcrop.
➢Marginal florets openfirstfollowedby floretsin central
➢ (centripetal order).
➢It is completedwithin 1 to 5 days.
➢The opening of florets takes place in the morning hours between9 to
10 a.m.
➢The style elongates and stigmaemerges fromcorollatube.
➢At the same time, corollaopens and anthesis takes place.
➢However,hairy portionof style is still within tube

BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1) High seed yield of oil contents
2) Wide adaptability
3) Development of early and non-spiny varieties
4) Tolerance / Resistance to Diseases & Pest
5) Tolerance to abiotic stresses:
6) Development of appraisal type genotypes (to
accommodate more plant population)
7) Development of stable GMS lines
8) Improvement in oil quality
(Breeding Methods same as a Sunflower)

ACHIEVEMENTS
1) Pure line selection: N7, N 62-8, Bhima (81), Manjira
2) Pedigree selection after hybridization: Tarea Annegiri 1, Girna
3) Development of Commercial hybrids by using GMS: DSH 129

1 Bhima Moderately tolerantto aphid and fusarium wilt, oil
content 29-30 %, tolerantto moisture stress.
2 Girna Moderately tolerantto aphid and Fusarium wilt, oil
content 28-30 %.
3 Phule Kusuma Moderately tolerantto aphid, oil content 30 %
4 Phule Chandrabhaga Moderately tolerantto aphid, oil content 29 %
5 SSF-658 (Non spiny) Moderatelytolerantto aphid and Fusarium wilt, oil
content 28 %
6 Sharda (PBN-12) High yielding,tolerant to drought Fusarium wilt and
aphids.

LINSEED (Flax)

LINSEED (Flax)
NAME- Linum Usitatissimum,L.
FAMILY – Linaceae
ORIGIN – South WesternAsia
DISTRIBUTION –
Linum usitatissimum is now grownwidely in many parts of the world,
including the tropics.
Fibre flax is cultivatedin cool and humid temperate climates,whereas
linseedis grown in warmer climates.
Socio-economics also affectthe distribution; EasternEurope and the
Russian Federationproduce mainly fibre flax, Canada and the northern
United States mainly linseed.
WILD RELATIVES - Linum bienne, Linum floccosum,Linum mysorense,Linum
hirsutum, linum nervosum, Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

VARIETIES –
Surbhi (KI-1), Nagarkot(KL-31), Jeevan (DPL-21), Janaki (KL-43), Himalini,
FLORAL BIOLOGY –
Inflorescence - Racemose or cymose,scorpioid(Flax), rarely solitary.
Flower - Showy, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, pentamerous,
hypogynous.
Calyx - Sepals 5, polysepalous,or more or less connate, usually
persistent,very rarely caduous, imbricate,quincunical, rarely valvate.
Corolla- Petals 5, variouslycoloured,oftenmore or less clawed,
polypetalous,
Fugucious, caducous, sometimes with ligule like appendages, usually with
pocket like slits above the bases, imbricate or twisted.

Flower: The flowers are pentamarous i.e. 5 free persistent sepals, 5 free
petals, 5 stamens and gynoecium with 5 slender styles are present.
Calyx: Sepals are 5 in number and are ovate, ciliate, three-nerved,
acuminate and persistent.
Corolla: Petals are 5 in number with different colours like white, blue violet,
purple or pink.
The petal shape varies from sub-linear (narrow and free) to broad
(overlapped) with equal length and breadth.
Androecium: Stamens are 5 in number. The filaments are white or white
with blue or purple shades. The anthers are either white or white with a blue
line or blue. Pollen grains are blue, yellow or white.
Gynoecium: Gynoecium has 5 slender styles and 5-celled ovary. Each
locule is divided into two by a false septum, resulting in a ten-roomed
capsule, each containing one ovule developing into one embryo. The ovules
are pendulous, anatropous and are situated in the inner angle of the locules,
two in each. The styles are free at base with loose union at the stigma. The
styles are white with blue or purple shades.

➢Androecium - Stamens 10 usually, outer whorl being reduced to staminodes
and inner one united at the base to forma ring, on the inner side of which is a
disc or nector secreting glands, staminodes lie opposite to the petals; anthers
elliptic, introrse,bithecal, connective often apically acute.
Disc absent or interstaminal,free of adnate to staminal tube or
extrastaminal forming a ing being united with the staminal tube.
➢Gynoecium - Carpels 2-5, syncarpous, ovary superior,2-5, syncarpous,
ovary superior, 2-5 locular each locule further divided by false septum, so
ovary cells or locules increased in number.
➢Styles as many as ovary chambers or fewer or more free, axile
placentation, ovules are 2 in each chamber; stigma terminal.
➢Pollination- Entomophilous,insects are attracted by colouredand
honey glands.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES –
1. High yielding varieties with high oil content for rainfed
conditions.
2. Development of short duration varieties (105 days).
3. Linseed varieties resistance to pest and Diseases.
4. Screening of Germplasm under abiotic stress.
5. Maintenance, evaluation and utilization of germplasm.

2. RAPESEED

2. RAPESEED
NAME – Brsassicanapus,L.
FAMILY – Brassicacea
ORIGIN - Europe region
WILD SPECIES - B.oleracea,B.rapa
DISTRIBUTION - Canada, India, China, France, Australia, U.K, etc...
FLORAL BIOLOGY –
1. ConsistsTap rootsystemwithsucculent, straightand cylindrical stem.
2. The inflorescence is racemose And the flowering is inderterminate with
beginning at the lowestbud of the main raceme.
3. The syncarpous ovary develops into pod with two carpels separated by a
false septum.

Black Mustard
Ethopian Mustard Indian Mustard
Wild Cabbage Oilseed rape Field Mustard
‘U’ Triangle proposed by N. U in 1935 showing relationship between diploid
and naturally occurring amphidiploid species of Brassica
‘Evolution of Amphidiploid Brassica Species’

According to this scheme,
B. juncea (n=18) is an amhidiploid
from interspecific cross
B. nigra (n=8) x B. camperstris (n=10),
B. Napus (n=19) is an amhidiplod the
cross
B. oleracea (n=9) x B. compestris and
B. Caranata (n=17) is an amhidiploid
from the cross
B. nigra (n=8) x B. oleracea (n=9)

1. High yield.
2. Early maturity.
3. High oil content.
4. Resistance to diseases.
5. Resistance to pests.
6. Low erucic acid and glucosinolates.

MUSTARD

MUSTARD
Name – Brassica spp
Family – Brassicaceae
Chromosome No. – 2n=36
Origin – India
Distribution:
China, Canada, India, Europe, Pakistan, collectively contribute 90 per
cent of the global production. In India Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Assam, Bihar and West Bengal.

Emasculated flower Pollination

Flower: The flowers are pentamarous i.e. 5 free persistent sepals, 5 free
petals, 5 stamens and gynoecium with 5 slender styles are present.
Calyx: Sepals are 5 in number and are ovate, ciliate, three-nerved,
acuminate and persistent.
Corolla: Petals are 5 in number with different colours like white, blue violet,
purple or pink. The petal shape varies from sub-linear (narrow and free) to
broad (overlapped) with equal length and breadth.
Androecium: Stamens are 5 in number. The filaments are white or white
with blue or purple shades. The anthers are either white or white with a blue
line or blue. Pollen grains are blue, yellow or white.
Gynoecium: Gynoecium has 5 slender styles and 5-celled ovary. Each
locule is divided into two by a false septum, resulting in a ten-roomed
capsule, each containing one ovule developing into one embryo. The ovules
are pendulous, anatropous and are situated in the inner angle of the locules,
two in each. The styles are free at base with loose union at the stigma. The
styles are white with blue or purple shades.

Floral Biology –
1. Their presence or absence may be a goodtaxonomic character.
2. A simple and well known example may be that of B. oleracea,B. nigra and
B.campestris where the firstis completedglabrous and the two others
hairy.
3. The amphidiploids where one of the parents is B. oleracea (i.e. B. carinata
and B. napus) are only very slightly hairy (Gomez Campo, 1980).
4. The flower has typical cruciferae formula(K2 + 2, C4, A2 + 4, G (2)).
5. The inflorescence is racemose and flowering is indeterminate beginning at
the lowestbud on the main raceme.
6. The syncarpous ovary develops into a pod (silique) with two carpels
separated by a false septum.

Anthesis:
•The flowers begin to open from 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon.
•The flowers continue to open till 3-4 days and on the 4th to 5th
day, the petals and sepals are shed.
•As the flowers open, the anthers begin to dehisce from the
apex downwards.
•At the time of dehiscence, the pollen liberating sides of the
anthers, remain towards the stigma and slightly shaking of the
flowers by wind etc. is sufficient to accomplish the transfer of
pollen.
•Large numbers of bees visit the flowers soon after they open
and certain amount of cross-pollination takes place.
Selfing technique: Selfing is carried out using muslin cloth
bags effectively. Either the whole plant or a branch is bagged
to ensure self pollination.

Emasculation:
•When the plant just commences its peak-bloom period, a lateral
shoot without any fruit of the first or second order is chosen.
•About six to eight buds, likely to open on the following day or a
after that, are left for emasculation and other are removed.
•The stamens are removed with help of fine forceps or with a pair
of scissors.
•After removal of stamens, the opened buds are closed gently by
rubbing the forceps along the sepals in an upward direction and
cover the emasculated bud by muslin cloth or paper bag.
Crossing technique:
•Ripen anthers from fresh flower are collected in the morning
(around 7 am) of the next day and placed under sun rays for
dehiscence.
•Pollination is made by dusting pollens to stigma.
•After pollination the flowers are again bagged.

Breeding objectives
1. High yield
2. Early maturity
3. High oil
4. Low erucic acid and glucosinolates
5. Resistance to diseases
6. Resistance to insects pest

1. Higher seed yield per unit area: By increased number of
branch, pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed size. Further
yield can be increased by increase in biomass, harvest index and
maximum light penetration of crop canopy
2. Early maturity: Need to develop early maturing varieties for
multiple cropping sequence with higher per day productivity.
3. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stress:
• Important Diseases: Alternaria blight, white rust, powdery
mildew, downy mildew collar Rot, white stem rot and wilt.
• Important Pest: Aphids, saw fly, painted bug, leaf miner and
Bihar hairy caterpiller- so far no resistance source identified.
• Abiotic stress: Drought, salinity and frost resistance is needed
to prevent yield losses. Winter hardiness is very important.
4. Shattering resistance: It is necessary to breed the varieties
in which siliquae hold the seed for sufficient time after maturity.

5. Higher oil content (45 per cent) and oil quality:
•Erucic acid and glucosinolate and fibre are the antinutritional factors in
seed oil and seed meal (deoiled cake), respectively.
•Glucosinolate is a group of compounds that give the characteristics flavor to
vegetable and condiment. In meal, it is relatively high, therefore, restricted to
use in cattle feed.
• Low Erucic acid (<2 %) in seed oil and low glucosinolate (<30 μ moles
glucosinolate/g) of deoiled cake and low fiber is designated as “Canola”
(commonly known as triple low ‘000”) are considered as ideal for consumption
as food and feed.
•It necessary to develop varieties are having high oil content, high protein with
higher quality,high crude fibre, low Erucic acid (<2 %) low glucosinolate (<10
μ moles glucosinolate/g) and low fiber.
•High content of long chain fatty acid, erucic acid up to 50 per cent is
desirable in oil, which is used as lubricant. But for the edible purpose it
should be low.
• Linolenic acid should be reduced (<3%) as it very unstable and is easily
oxidized to give unpleasant smelling substance in oil.

Breeding methods
1. Introduction - Regina from Sweeden
2. Simple selection
3. Hybridizationand selection
Intervarietal
a) Bulk method
b) Pedigree method
c) single seed descent
Inter specific
4. Back cross method
5. Populationimprovement
RecurrentSelection,mass selection
6. Heterosisbreeding CMS lines
7. Mutationbreeding
8. Tissue culture technique for productionof homozygous diploids
Saline resistance screening.Induction of mutation in haploids.
9. Embryo rescue technique for inter specificcrosses.

Breeding methods:
1. Hybridization: It is used to combine the desirable characteristics of two or more
genotypes through inter-varietal or inter-specific crosses.
2. Mass selection: Mass selection is used to increase the frequency of desirable
genotypes in population in both self-pollinated and cross-pollinated Brassicas, but
there is no recombination among selected genotypes in case of self-pollinated
Brassicas.
3. Pure line selection: Several successful varieties have been developed by using
pure line selection in land races of yellow sarson, Indian-mustard, karan, rai and gobhi
sarson.
4. Bulk method: This method can effectively use for improvement of those
characters whose expression is depend on occurrence of favourable environment such
as frost, drought, disease and pest.
5. Pedigree selection: It is the most commonly used selection method for cultivar
development in self-pollinated Brassicas.
6. Backcrossing: This method is used to transfer a range of traits, such as low
erucic acid, low glucosinolets, seed colour, disease resistance, male sterility and fertility
restorer genes.
7. Recurrent Selection: This method is used in cross-pollinated Brassicas such as
toria, brown sarson, black mustard and taramira for increasing seed yield and oil
content by increasing frequency of desirable alleles through selection of superior
recombinants.

8. Developmentof synthetic and Composite varieties: Synthetic and
composite varieties are developed in self-incompatible and cross-pollinated
Brassicas to exploit part of available heterosis.
9. Hybrid breeding: This method is used to exploithigh heterosis for seed
yield in hand bred F1 obtained by employing CGMS system.
10. Polyploidy breeding: This method can be used widen the genetic base
of digenomic species.
11. Mutation breeding: Thismethod is generally used for rectification of a
single deficiency or creation of a single desired characteristics in otherwise
agronomically superior variety. The traits such as yellow seededness coupled
with high oil content has been improved through induced mutation.
12. Anther and microspore culture techniques
13. Re-synthesis of amphidiploids: This technique could be used to widen
the genetic base of natural amphidiploids
14. Molecular breeding: This technique has following uses:
• Molecular markers can be used to identify somatic hybrids, cybrids,
somaclones and cytoplasmic lines in oilseed Brassicas.
• Identification of genes responsible for specific traits such as high erucic acid.
• Genetic modification through genetic engineering technique e.g.
Barnase-Barstar reproductive system which induced male sterility and
fertilityrestoration.

BREEDING CENTRES:
ICAR-DRMR
ICAR-Directorate of Rapseed-Mustard Research, – Bharatpur
(Rajasthan)
Varieties Kranti, RLM 198, Krishna, Varun, Pusa Kalyani etc.

Genetically Modified (GM) Mustard hybrid in India:
•The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of
Government of India has approved the environmental release of
Genetically Modified (GM) Mustard hybrid DMH-11 and its parental
lines on 18th October, 2022 for its seed production and testing as per
existing ICAR guidelines and conditions imposed by the GEAC.
•Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11, otherwise known as DMH-11, is
a genetically modified hybrid variety of the mustard species Brassica
juncea.
•It was developed by Professor Deepak Pental from the University of
Delhi, with the aim of reducing India's demand for edible oil imports.
•DMH-11 was created through transgenic technology, primarily
involving the Bar, Barnase and Barstar gene system. It is a genetically
modified variant of Herbicide Tolerant (HT) mustard.
•DMH-11 is a result of a cross between Indian mustard variety
‘Varuna’ and East European ‘Early Heera-2’ mustard.

•It contains two alien genes (‘barnase’ and ‘barstar’) isolated
from a soil bacterium called Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that
enable breeding of high-yielding commercial mustard hybrids.
•Barnase in Varuna induces a temporary sterility because of
which it can’t naturally self-pollinate. Barstar in
Heera blocks the effect of barnase allowing seeds to be
produced.
•DMH-11 has shown approximately 28% more yield than
the national check and 37 % more than the zonal checks and
its use has been claimed and approved by the GEAC.
•“Bar gene” maintains the genetic purity of hybrid seed. The
insertion of the third gene Bar, enables DMH - 11 to
produce phosphinothricin-N- acetyl-transferase, the enzyme
responsible for glyphosate resistance.

Transgenic Male sterility Maintainace &
hybrid production

FODDER CROPS
NAPIER

FODDER CROPS
1. NAPIER
NAME - Pennisetum purpureum,L
FAMILY – Poaceae
CHROMOSOME NO. - 2n =27,28,56
ORIGIN - Cross land of Africa (Tropical Africa)
WILD RELETIVES - P. polystachion (mission grass)
P. macrourum (sueamp grass)
P. pedicellatum (deenanth grass)
P. Benthamii
DISTRIBUSTION :- China,India,USA,Srilanka,Bangladesh

FLOWER BIOLOGY
1. The inflorescence is a stiff terminal bristly spike, up to 15-20 cm
in length, yellow-brown to purplish in colour.
2. Spikelets are arranged around a hairy axis, and fall at maturity.
3. Spikelets are 4-6 mm long and surrounded by 2 cm long plumose
bristles.
4. There is little or no seed formation.
5. When seeds are present they are very small (3 million seeds/kg)
P. purpureum relies on wind to achieve cross-pollination,
due to asynchrony of male and female flower parts.
6. However, this is also an apomictic species which can produce
seed by this asexual method of reproduction (Brown and
Emery, 1958; Stevens, 2012).
7. The species is an inconsistent seed producer and in some habitats
it rarely develops seeds, possibly due to low pollen viability
(Tropical Forages, 2013).
8. When seeds are produced they are dispersed by wind (Francis,
1992), but are often off.

BREEDING OBJECTIVE
1. High yield
2. High protein contain
3. Disease resistance
4. Pest resistance
5. Drawfness
6. High vigorous
7. Abiotic and biotic stress resistance
8. Early maturity Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

CONVENTIONAL BREEDING
➢Napier grass is a cross-pollinating allotetraploid species with
a chromosome number of 2n = 4x = 28 (genome A’A’BB).
➢Although there is no clear information on the genetic origin
of allotetraploidy in Napier grass, the A’A’ genome has been
reported to be homologous to the AA genome of pearl millet
(Pennisetum glaucum (L.)) and the A’ chromosomes are larger
than the B chromosomes, which contribute genes controlling
the perennial growth habit .
➢To date, Napier grass ‘improvement’ has mainly been based
on the evaluation and selection of existing accessions for
traits of interest.

➢For example,accessions were screenedfor resistance to diseases,and
Napier grass head smut- and stunt-resistantlines were identifiedfromthe
existing collections.
➢Plant breeding and selectionin Napier grass has primarily been aimed at
improving differentagronomictraits such as disease resistance,yield,
nutritional quality, growthhabit (dwarfing), palatability and abiotic stress
tolerance.
➢ Napier grass is cross-compatiblewith the closely relatedspecies pearl
millet(Pennisetum glaucum) (2n = 2x = 14, genome AA) the resultant
hybrids are triploidand sterileand can only be propagated by vegetative
means which, although labour intensive,ensure a trueto- type variety.
➢A number of agronomically importanttraits, nutritional quality and
palatability for example,have been introgressedinto the genome of Napier
grass frompearl milletthrough conventional plant breeding and hybrids
have become a crucial part of the forage cropvalue chain in Africa, Asia and
South America.

2. BAJRA

2. BAJRA
NAME – Pearl millet ,
Cenchrus americanus, commonly known as the synonym Pennisetum
glaucum
FAMILY – Poaceae/Graminea
CHROMOSOME NUMBER – 2n=14
ORIGIN - Originated in India or Africa, W. Africa
NEW VARIETIES
NBH-149, VBH-4 developedfor Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat,
Maharashtra are capable of producing 14% higher yield.
ICM4-155 gave higher yield than the standard check and adopted for all
growing tracts of India. Also MH-306, NH-338 and hybrid like MP-204, MP205
have been identified.

DISTRIBUTION:
➢Bajra is widely grown in Africa and Asia since pre historic times.
➢The important pearl millet growing countries are India, China, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Sudan,Egypt and Arabia India is the largest producer of pearl
millet in the world.
➢Principal pearl millet growing states are Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Karnataka which accounts for 90 % of
the total area and 86% of production
➢In Karnataka, bajra is extensively cultivated as a rainfed crop in red, black
and sandy soils during kharif season.

Fascicle has three pairs of spikelets, each having two florets,
lower being staminate and upper being bisexual.

1.The main rachis bears numerous rachila arranged spirally.
2.The number of spikelet per rachila maybe 25.
3.Each spikelet contains two florets,with a short membranous Outer
glumeand a longer inner glume.
4.Lower floret usually male, consisting of an oblong pointed Lemma
enclosing 3 stamens and lodicules absent occasionallySterlie.
5. Upper floret with a broad pointed leathery lemma ,which may be
hairy or hairless at tip , a thin oval palea , 3 stamens with long
filaments and bilobed , dorsifixed,versatile anthers and ovary with 2
styles jointed at base of the fruit (Caryopsis) .
6.The styles begin to produce 2-3 days later (protogynous), first at the
inflorescence and proceed downwards over a Period of 24 hours
and it takes two days to complete The entire spike .
7.Exerted stigma remains receptive for 12- 24 hours .
8. The anther emergence starts from middle of the spike and Proceeds
upwards and downwards.
9. Anthesis occurs throughout the day and night with the peak Between
8.00 PM to 2.00 AM

FLORAL BIOLOGY
1. Inflorescence is a spike, terminal, drooping.
2. The spikelets are oval or elliptical in shape with two to three
bristles.
3. The spikelets contain two flowers partially protected by two
membranous glumes.
4. Lower floret with L1 and P1, sterile; upper floret with L2, P2,
stamens three, styles two, fruit a caryopsis.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES :
1. Breeding for high grain yield To get high yields the following plant
characters are necessary
a) more number of tillers
b) well filled, compact, long panicle.
c) heavy grains.
d) Uniformity of ripening. 41 Under irrigated conditions photo insensitivity
and early maturity are essential for multiple and relay cropping.
2. Breeding for improved grain quality. .
3. Breeding for drought tolerance.
4. Breeding for disease resistance.
5. Breeding for alternate source of cytoplasm in male sterile lines.
6. Breeding for sweet comb to have high forage value.

BREEDING PROCEDURES
1. Introduction : Hybrid bajra from Punjab.
Tift 23 A from USA
2. Selection : Mass selection : Co 2, Co 3
3. Hybridisation and selection
Interspecific hybridisation.
Pennisetum glaucum x P.purpureum
Cumbu napier hybrids.

4. Heterosis breeding : Hybrid bajra
In earlier days before the identificationof male sterilelines utilising the
protogynous nature hybrids were released.The hybrids were produced by
sowing both parents in the ratio of 1:1.
After the discoveryof cytoplasmic genicmale sterile line Tift 23A by
Burton in Tifton, Georgialedto developmentof hybrids. Earlier hybrids of
India viz., HB1, HB2 to HB5 were produced utilizing Tift 23 A. But due to
susceptibility to downy mildewthey went out of cultivation.Even before
the discovery of CGMS lines by Burton it was discoveredby
Madhava Menon and his coworkers at Coimbatore.Unfortunately due to
failure of publishing it was not recognized.
To over come the problemof downy mildewmale sterile lines L 111Aand
732 A were isolatedand at presentused in breeding programme.
There are number of CMS lines developedby private agencies like Nath
seeds, Mahyco,Mahendra.

5. Population improvement :
ICRISAT entry WCC 75 is an example for population improvement.This
was developedfrom worldcomposite by recurrentselectionmethod. It
was developedfrom derivatives of numerous crosses betweendiverse
sources of germplasm and Nigerianearly maturing land races known as
‘Gero’millets.Another example is ICMV 155 of ICRISAT.
6. Synthetic varieties :
Synthetics are produced by crossing in isolationa number of lines tested
for their GCA. E.g. ICMS 7703.
It is a resultof crossing between7 inbred lines of India x African crosses.
7. Mutation breeding
At IARI Tift 23 A was gamma irradiatedand 5071 A resistantto downy
mildewwas evolved.With this the hybrid NHB 3 was evolved(5071 A x J
104)

BREEDING CENTERS:
1. International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT,) Hyderabad
2. ICAR-AICRP on Pearl Millet, Jodhapur (Rajasthan)
3 ICAR-IIMR, Hyderabad
IIMR-Indian Institute of Millet Research, Hyderabad
(research on all sorghum and all millets)
Varieties: PS B – 8, PSB 15, mukta
Hybrids : HHB 45, HHB 50 from Hissan GHB 30, GHB – 27 from
Gujarat

SORGHUM

3. SORGHUM
NAME – Sorghum bicolor L.
FAMILY – Poaceae/Gramneae
CHROMOSOME NUMBER – 2n=20
ORIGIN – Northeastern Africa or at the Egyptian
RELATED VARIETIES
In Tamil Nadu , CO 25 CO26, CO 27 ,K5, K7, CO 19, CO 21, K9,
BSR 1, CO 26, K4, K8,CO 25, APK 1, K 10, Paiyur 1 and 2 are the
popular varieties for grain purpose ,while CO 20
and CO 28 is a fodder sorghum

FLORAL BIOLOGY
➢Sorghumis an oftencross-pollinatedcrop.
➢The extent of out crossing is 6-45% and depends on nature of earhead.
➢In loose panicles the cross-pollinationis more and less in compact panicle.
➢Spikelets occur in pairs on the lateral branches of the panicle.
➢One is sessile while the other spikelet is pedicelled.
➢Sessile is bisexual and pedicelledspikeletis male or sterile.
➢Sessile spikeletis comparatively larger than staminate spikeletand each
spikelethas two florets.
➢Flower opening starts after 2 to 4 days of emergence of panicle fromthe
boot leaf.
➢Flowering starts from the tip of the panicle and proceeds downwards
(basipetal).
➢Flowering completesin 7 days.
➢The pollenis viable for 10 to 20 minutes under field conditions.
➢Fertile pollenwill be lemonyellowin colour.
➢Older pollengrains will normally turn to orange.
➢Receptivity of stigma starts two days before opening and remains for
several days ( 5 days).
➢lower opening and anthesis will be from2.00 am to 8.00 am.

BREEDING OBJECTIVES
1. Breeding for high grain yield To get high yields the following plant
characters are necessary a) more number of tillers
b) well filled,compact, long panicle.
c) heavy grains.
d) Uniformity of ripening.41 Under irrigatedconditions photo
insensitivity and early maturity are essential for multiple and relay
cropping.
2. Breeding for improvedgrain quality.
3. Breeding for drought tolerance.
4. Breeding for disease resistance.
5. Breeding for alternate source of cytoplasmin male sterile lines.
6. Breeding for sweet cumbu to have high forage value

BREEDING PROCEDURE
Sorghum is often cross pollinated crop. So to maintain varietal
purity isolation distance of 400 meters is necessary. Compared to
other often pollinated crop like red gram, maintenance of inbreds
is easy in sorghum. By putting brown paper and selfing the genetic
purity can be maintained.
1. Introduction : Varieties of milo and kafir sorghum introduced
from USA are used in conversion programme to convert the local
long duration photo sensitive varieties to short duration, non-
photo sensitive lines.
2. Selection : Old varieties like Co1, Co2, Co4 are all selection made
from local land races.
3.Hybridization and selection
a) Inter varietal
(IS 4283 x Co 21) x CS 3541, Three way cross derivative Co 25 (MS
8271 x IS 3691) -
Single cross derivative Co26
b) Inter specific
Co 27 Sorghum. (Co11 x S.halapense)

4. Heterosis breeding :
Use of CMS lines. - CSH 5 2077 A x CS 3541
5. Mutation breeding :
X ray mutant fromCSV 5 (148) Co 19 is a natural mutant from Co 2
6. Back cross method :
By followingbackcrossmethod of breedingsorghum conversionprogrammewas
initiated.
The long duration photosensitive germplasmwas converted in to photo insensitive
short duration sorghums.This was done at USA Similar programmewas done at
ICRISAT also.
7. Population improvement:
With the use of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility as well as genic male sterility we
can go for population improvement.The local land races can be used as pollinators
and by half sib familyselection, we can isolate lines. We can follow recurrent
selection idea to develop superior inbreds.
8. Use of Apomictic lines :
Some apomictic lines have been identified which can be utilised in breeding
programme and by vegetative propagationwe can fix up heterosis.E.g. R473 from
Hydrabad.

BREEDER CENTERS:
International sorghum improvement work is carried out by ICRISAT
(International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics)-
Hyderabad
ICAR-IIMR, Hyderabad
IIMR-Indian Institute of Millet Research, Hyderabad
(research on all sorghum and all millets)
PRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENTS:
Hybrids are developed by using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
combined kafir 60
Varieties: CSV1 CSV-2, CSV-4, M35-1, CSV-13
Hybrids: CSH-1, CSH-2, 3 etc for kharif and CSH 7, 12, 13 for Rabi

MAIZE

4. MAIZE
NAME - zea mays,L
FAMILY- Poaceae
CHROMOSOME NUMBER: 2n=20
CENTRE OF ORIGIN: Central America,mexico
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES: USA,india,china,france.
Proginator : zea tunicata & zea teosinte
WILD RELATIVES
It has two close relatives,
➢Gama grass tripsacum ;(2n=36;72)
➢Teosinte (2n=20)
➢Teosinte is the closest relatives of maize and crosses
readily with it Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

Coix:
•Commanly called as Adlay millet or coix millet.
•Botanically, coix belongs to the tribe Maydeae of family
poeacae and classified as close relative to maize.
•This annual grass is native to India , China and Malsyia and
has been grown extensively in South east asia from several
thousand years.
•Coix has considered as a good potential germplasm
resource for maize Improvement because it is tolerant to
lateritic solis, low pH, has low variation in photoperiod, less
prone to attck by virus and less suceptible to watrerlogging.

FLORAL BIOLOGY
Maize is tall determinate annual plant producing large ,narrow
,opposite leaves borne alternately along the length of a solid
stem.
➢ Maize is a monoceous plant.
➢ Maize is protoandrous plant.
➢Male flower is called as tassel.
➢ Female flower is called cob.
MAIZE VARIETIES
1. African tall
2. APFM-8
3. J-1006
4. Pratap makka chari 6
5. Shakti, Ratan and Protina are three important lysine rich
varieties varieies Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

1. Reduce internodal Length.
2. Branching habit.
3. Increasing nutrient content in leaves.
4. Resistance to disease and pest.
5. Fertilize response activity.
6. Non logging.

BREEDING METHODS:
1. Introduction :
Initially the varieties were all introduced one.
Sikkim primitive 1
Sikkim primitive 2.
Mexican line were first introduced during 16th century by
Portugeese
2. Mass Selection : Prior to 1945 mass selection was the only
method used for maize
improvement.
KT 1 - U. P.
RAS 1 - Rajasthan.
By adopting mass selection technique it is possible to get yield
increase by 19% per cycle.

3. Ear to Row Selection :
First proposed by Hopkins for improving oil and protein content
of maize.
This method involves selection of a number of phenotypically
desirable ears out of a population grown in
isolation. The selected cobs are harvested on single plant basis
and keeping part of the seeds and remaining sown in rows.
Based on the best performing rows during next season the
reserve seeds are sown.
This method is suitable for characters having high heritability
like oil content and protein content. But it was not helpful to get
increased yield.

4.Modified Ear to Row method :
Proposedby Lonnquist: Mostsuccessful method of progeny selection
I. The progeny test consist of a replicated yield trial in place of single
row so that environmental effects can be separated and the actual
value of each progeny can be more accurately estimated.
II. In this case progenies from the selected plants are planted in a
replicated yield trial as well as in crossing block (recombination or
seed production plot). The progenies in a crossing blocks are
detasseled, they are pollinated by pollen from the rows of a
random bulk from all the progenies of selected plants planted after
every 2-3 progeny rows. Superior progenies are selected and their
seeds are harvested separately. Progenies from the selected plants
are handled in the same way as outlined above.
In this Scheme:
1.The evaluationof progeniesis based on replicatedtrials
2.The source of pollenis controlled.
3.Each selectioncycle is completedin one year.
•Seeds of progeny test are obtained by mating the selected plants in
pairs so that the plants within a progeny are full-sibs i.e. have both the
parents in common.This is commonly known as full-sibfamily selection.

5. Hybridization and Selection
Not popular since isolationof superior recombinants was not made.
6. Heterosis breeding :
•Instead of using CGMS lines,detasseling the female inbredline is followedin India.
•Since use of CGMS line is costlier comparedto detasseling it is not followed.
•Crossing the inbreds of indigenous x exotic originresultedin release of best hybrids.
•Indian x Indian - 24 to 43% yieldincrease.
•Indian x U.S. dent – 58 % yield increase.
•Indian dent x Caribbean Flint – 47 to 54 % yieldincrease.
1. Single cross hybrid
2. Three way cross hybrids - Ganga -5, Trishulatha.
3. Double cross hybrids - COH 3
4. Double top cross hybrid - White kernel hybrids - Ganga safed 2, Histarch,Ganga 4.
7. Population Improvement:
Recurrentselectiontechnique was initiated by Dhawan in 1963. The initial synthesis
of composites were done fromhigh yielding inter varietal crosseswhich exhibited
minimum inbreeding depression.
Kisan, Jawahar, Vikram,Sona, Vijay,Amber.

BERSEEM

5. BERSEEM
BOTANICAL NAME - Trifolium alexandrium,L.
FAMILY – Leguminosae
CHROMOSOME NO. - 2n = 16
ORIGIN - Asia minor and from there it was introduced to Egypt
CULTIVATED SPECIES - Trifolium which consists of nearly 290 species as most
important forage legumes.Berseem doesn't have original wild forms.
Shaftal (T. resupinatum)
White clover (T. repens)
Red clover (T. pratense)
Crimson clover (T. incarnatum)
Alsike clover (T. hybridum)
Subterraneum clover (T. subterraneum)

FLORAL BIOLOGY –
➢Berseem known as king of fodder crops.
➢It is popular among livestock farmers of the world.
➢It is a fast growing annual crop with 30-60 cm plant height.
➢The stem is hollow and succulent.
➢Roots do not extend beyond two feet in general and contains
nodules.
➢Inflorescence is head and each inflorescence contains around 100
papilionaceous flowers,white in colour with around 1cm length.
➢Seed is egg shaped, yellowish in colour and is of around 2mm in
length.
➢In berseem white coloured flowers are produced in cluster which are
hermaphrodite in nature with five fused sepals and five free petals.
➢The stamens are always ten in number and their filaments are fused
in a group of 9+1.
➢Berseem is a cross pollinated plant and is entomophilous in nature.

BREEDING OBJECTIVE
➢High yield.
➢High protein contain.
➢Disease and Pest resistance.
➢Drawfness .
➢High vigorous.
➢Abiotic and biotic stress resistance.
➢Early maturity.
➢Regeneration capacity allowing 2-3 cuts. Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A.C., Dhule

ACHIEVEMENTS
Mescavi Varieties under this group develop short side branches
at the base of the stem in advanced stage of its growth.
Varieties: Wardan, JB-1, JB-2, JB-3, UPB-103.
Fahl Develop small side branches in the upper portion of the
stem very freely. They give only one cut.
Saidi They develop shoots for a short time. Develops branches
at upper portion less freely then in fahl.
Varieties: Khandwari, pusa giant, ICFRI-99-1, IGFRI-54, Jawahar.

VARIETIES
Diploid varieties like Meskavi, Fahali, Sauidi, Zaidi, BL-1,
BL-2, BL-10, BL-22, BL-30,BL-92, JB-3, JB-4, IGFRI-S-99-1,
UPB-101, UPB-103, UPB-104, UPB-1905, and Khadrabi are
very popular
Newly evolved high yielding tetraploid varieties like Pusa
Giant, T-526,T-724, T-780, T-529, T-560, T-561, T-674, T-
678, T-730 etc. are very promising and give about 50 per
cent higher fodder yield.

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