its karigouda r jattagi

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4. UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES,
BAGALKOT
KRC College of Horticulture Arabhavi
Karigouda R Jattagi
UHS17PGM872
M. Sc. (Hort.)
Vegetable Science
Seminar-I
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5. 5
Introduction
FactorzImpact of climate change on vegetable production
Strategies for mitigation
Case studies
Conclusion
Factors effecting climate change
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6. WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE...????
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7. Climate- data.0rg11/15/2019 Dept of Vsc

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9. RAIN SHOCKED INDIAN FARMERS
• AUGUST 27, 2008Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh received 110 mm
rain fall in a single day ( average rainfall in entire August is 89 mm).
• June 28, 2008 Mahasamund district in Chattisgarh, received 183 mm rainfall
that day was more than the 150.5 mm rainfall usually received in the month of
June and it was followed by 16 days dry spell.
• July 26, 2005  a record breaking 944 mm rainfall flooded Mumbai. Mumbai
usually gets 600 mm rain over June and July.
• September 2, 2006  Barmer district of Rajasthan received 577 mm of rains
over 3 days. This was more than twice the average rainfall in a year. Farmers lost
crops worth Rs. 1, 300 Crores and 75, 000 farm animals.
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In Karnataka under normal rainfall situation July, August and
September months receive good amount of rainfall.
In the recent years, July rains are decreasing and August rains are
increasing. Because of this normal sowing of crops are affected.
Even rabi sowings are also delayed due to late rains and crops are
facing either excess moisture or deficit of moisture in their life
cycle.
(Anon., 2010)

10. • TEMPERATURE STRESS
• DROUGHT
• FLOODING
• OTHER STRESS FACTORS LIKE CARBON DIOXIDE
• AIR POLLUTANTS AND UV RADIATION
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11. TEMPERATURE STRESS
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13. Optimum temperature requirement for
successful cultivation of vegetable crops
OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE VEGETABLE CROPS
25-27°C Okra,watermelon,muskmelon,chilli,s
weet potato, yam, cassava, amaranth,
cluster bean
20-25°C Tomato,brinjal,sweet pepper, lima
bean, French bean, hyacinth bean,
cow pea, palak, spinach, cucumber,
pointed gourd, bottle gourd, ridge
gourd, snake gourd, drumstick,
elephant foot yam,
18-25°C Pea, broad bean, cauliflower,chinese
cabbage,Broccoli,brussels sprout,
kale,knol khol,carrot, beet, asparagus
HAZRA AND SOM,2015
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14.  Luck et al., (2010) expected 16% decline in tuber yield of
potato by 2050 in West Bengal if any special strategies are
not adapted to high temperature.
In most of the genotypes
of potato tuber size
declines when the night
temperature is more than
21 °C
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15. TOMATO
• Destruction of lycopene
pigment
• High temperatures above 25
°C affect pollination and fruit
set in tomato (Kalloo et al.,
2001).
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16. Interplay
High
Low
Long
Short
♀ to
♂ to
Temperature Photoperiod Shift
♂
♀
 Germination will not occur at 42° C in watermelon, summer
squash, winter squash and pumpkin seeds (Kurtar, 2010).
CUCURBITS
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17. OKRA
• Flower drop in okra is recorded at high temperatures above
42°C (Dhankhar and Mishra, 2001).
RICEYNESS LEAFY CURDS
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CAULIFLOWER
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18. DROUGHT
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19. The ability of a plant to produce its economic
product with minimum loss under water deficit
environment in relation to the water-constraint-
free management is referred as drought
tolerance.
(Mitra,2001)
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20. Drought - major abiotic stress that affect agriculture in
45% of the world.(Foolad,2007)
 Drought stress is the major abiotic stress for many
Indian states viz. Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, Haryana
and Andhra Pradesh .
(Mitra, 2001).
 About two thirds of the geographic area of India
receives low rainfall (less than 1000 mm), which is also
characterized by uneven and erratic distributions.
 Out of net sown area of 140 million hectares about 68
% is vulnerable to drought conditions and about 50 %
of such vulnerable area is classified as ‘severe’, where
frequency of drought is almost regular.
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21.  Reduced crop, rangeland, and
forest productivity
 ‚Reduced water levels
 ‚Increased fire hazard
 ‚Damage to wildlife and fish
habitat
 ‚Increased livestock and
wildlife mortality rates
 ‚Increased insect infestations
 ‚Increased plant disease
 ‚Increased wind erosion
 Reduced income for farmers
and agribusiness
 ‚Risk of foreclosures on bank
loans to farmers and
businesses
 ‚Increased prices for food and
timber
 ‚Increased unemployment
 ‚Reduced tax revenues
 ‚Increased crime and
insecurity
 ‚Migration
Direct Impact
Indirect Impact
Impact of Drought
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22. • Different tissues or organs of the plant will
respond differently to drought stress
• The pattern of responses that a plant chooses
to trigger has been collectively referred to as
drought resistance
• Responses fall into three categories namely
• Drought escape
• Dehydration avoidance
• Dehydration tolerance
•
Response of plant to drought stress
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23. • As succulent leaves are commercial products in leafy
vegetables like amaranthus, palak and spinach, the drought
conditions reduce their water content thereby reduces their
quality (AVRDC)
23
•In tomato, water stress accompanied by temperature above 28°C
induced about 30-45% flower drop in different cultivars
(Srinivasa Rao 1995).
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24. EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON PLANTS
Crop growth and yield
Water relations
Nutrient relations
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Oxidative damage
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25. Crop growth and yield
Figure :Mechanisms of growth reduction under drought stress11/15/2019 25Dept of Vsc

26. Figure . Photosynthesis under drought stress
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27. FLOODING
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29. • The severity of flooding symptoms such as wilting and death
of tomato plants increases with high temperature (Kuo et al.
1982).
• Flooded soils of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) caused
losses due to rotting at harvest and increased shrinkage in
storage (Thompson et al. 1992).
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30. 30
CARBONDIOXIDE
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31. • Potato plants grown under elevated CO₂ may have larger
photosynthetic rates up to some extent, later on with increase
in CO₂ concentration the photosynthetic rates will come down.
(Burke et al., 2001).
UV RADIATION
Exposure to higher level of UV-B significantly reduces dry
weight, leaf area and plant height in many vegetables .
(Hao et al., 1997).
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32. STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATION
• GRAFTING
• CLIMATE RESISTANT CROP VARIETIES
• CROP DIVERSIFICATON
• PROTECTED CULTIVATION
• ANTITRANSPIRANTS
• BIOFERTILIZERS
• USE OF WILD SPECIES IN BREEDING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
CLIMATE RESISTANCE VARIETY
• OTHER AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
• WEATHER FORECASTING
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33. High temperature tolerance
SCION ROOTSTOCK EFFECT REFERENCE
Eggplant heat-tolerant
rootstock (cv.
Nianmaoquie)
Prolonged growth
stage and yield
increase up to 10%
Wang et al.,
2007
Tomato eggplants At higher
temperature
seemed to be more
promising.
Gruda et al.
,2009
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34. Low temperature tolerance
SCION ROOTSTOCK EFFECT REFERENCE
Tomato S. habrochaites Higher yields
even at 100C to
130C
Okimura et al.,
1986
Cucumber squash Tolerate low
temperature
Shibuya et al.,
2007
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35. Flood tolerance
SCION ROOTSTOCK EFFECT REFERANCE
Bitter melon Luffa cylindrica Flooding
tolerance
Liao and Lin.
1996
Tomatoes Eggplants ‘EG195’
or ‘EG203
Flooding
tolerance
AVRDC, 2003,
2009
Pepper Chilli accessions
‘PP0237-7502’,
‘PP0242-62’ and
‘Lee B’
Flooding
tolerance
AVRDC, 2003,
2009
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37. CLIMATE RESILIENT VARIETIES
Pusa Hybrid-1
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High temperature tolerance
Pusa Barkha
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38. Effect of high temperature on tuberization in two potato cultivars Kufri
Surya (KS) and Kufri Chandramukhi (KCM).
Anupama shing et. al (2015)
38
Kufri Surya
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39. Pusa Kesar Pusa Chetki
Arka kanti
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40. Kufri Arun Kufri Anand
Tolerance to frost
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41. Drought tolerance
Arka meghali Arka vikas
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42. Vegetable
Crops
Drought tolerant genotypes/species References
Tomato S. habrochaites (EC- 520061), S. pennelli, S.pimpinellifoloium(PI-
205009, EC- 65992, PanAmerican),, S. esculentumvar. cerasiforme, S.
hirsutum, S. cheesmanii, S. chilense, S. sitiens, Arka vikas
Rai et al. (2011)
Brinjal S. microcarpon, S. gilo S. macrosperma, S. integrifolium,
Bundelkhand Deshi, S. sodomaeum
Rai et al. (2011)
Chilli C. chinense, C. baccatum var. pendulum, C. eximium
Arka Lohit
Kumar and Singh (2006)
Potato S. acaule, S. demissum and S. stenotonum, Alpha, Bintje
S.ajanhuiri, S.curtilobum, S.xjuzepczukii .
Arvin and Donnelly
(2008)
Ross (1986)
Okra A. caillei, A. rugosus, A. Tuberosus,A.crinitus Charrler (1984).
Onion Allium fistulosum, A. munzii, Arka Kalyan Singh (2010)
French bean P. acutifolius Kavar et al. (2011)
Water melon Citrullus colocynthis Dane et al. (2007)
Cucumis Spp. Cucumis melo var. momordica ,VRSM- 58, INGR-98015 (AHS-
10),Cucumis melo ,SC-15 ,Cucumis melo var. callosus, Cucumis
pubescens,
Rai et al. (2008)
Pandey et al. (2011)
Winter Squash Cucurbita maxima Rai et al. (2008)
Drought tolerant species and genotypes of vegetables
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43. Sree Sahya
Rajendra Sakarkand-92
Sree Nandini
Suitable for flood prone area
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44. NURSERY STAGE TRANPLANTING TRELLISING
FLOWERING STAGEFRUITING STAGE
PRODUCE
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45. BIOFERTILIZERS
 Tomato seeds treated with Trichoderma harzianum increases
their photosynthetic rate and increases tolerance to high
temperature, (Rawat et al., 2011)
Antitranspirants
•(Sheikh et al.,1978) reported that
kaolinite reduced transpiration by
33% in stressed chilli plants and
also improved the water use
efficiency.
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46. Other agronomic practices
Netting
Shelter belts
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47. Solanum chessmani Solanum pennellii
Use of wild species in breeding for
development of climate resistance variety
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48. Solanum habrochaites Solanum macrocarpum Abealmoschus angulosus
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49. i) Identify tomato genotypes with high-temperature tolerance
ii) Distinguish agronomically superior genotypes under heat stress
Objective:
Case study-1
Alsamir et al., (2017)
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50. Control - 26/20°C day/night heat stress- 42/26°C day/night
Parameters:
 Electrolyte leakage (EL)
 Number of flowers and fruits
 Fruit yield/plant and shoot biomass
 Agronomic superiority index (Ag Index)
Materials and Methods
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51. Table 1: List of tomato genotypes evaluated in the experiments.
checks
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52. Figure 2: The responses of genotypes to high-temperature stress for EL and Ag Index
LA4284
..seminar hugarhyper link.docx
The means for each trait are presented
 Two genotypes, LA4284 and LA3847, identified as highly
desirable based on the Ag Index had relatively low EL values
and were therefore classified as suitable for future genetic
improvement.
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53. Objective:
Increasing Drought Tolerance of Tomato
Plants by Grafting
H. Altunlu (2012)
 Effect of grafting tomato cultivars onto commercially available
different tomato rootstocks against drought stress
Case study-2
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54. Materials and Methods:
(1) Testing rootstocks
 10 Different rootstock
genotypes
1) Beaufort
2) Maxifort
3) Unifort
4) Yedi
5) Kemerit
6) King Kong
7) Spirit
8) Resistar
9) 500292 and
10) Toro
(2) Testing tomato cultivars
 12 Tomato cultivars from different genotypes in
respect to their fruit weights
Cherry (10-25 g): Sweet 100, AG1015, M25
Cocktail (25-65 g): AG1051, Elettro, M28
Mid-jumbo (100-140 g): Filinta, Petrus, Sırma
Jumbo (over 180 g): Alyans, Borneo, Ceylin
(3) Testing grafted tomato plants
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55. Table 2. Drought tolerance of the tested rootstock genotypes.
Table 3. Drought tolerance of the tested tomato cultivars.
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56. Table 4. Drought tolerance of grafted tomato plants.
 The grafting may increase resistance of tomato plants
against drought stress depending on the genotype of the
rootstock.
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57. The effects of antitranspirants on leaf water status,
stomatal resistance and yield in tomato
Srinivasa rao (1985)
•Effect of antitranspirants sprayed at two growth stages, on
stomatal resistance and yield in three tomato cultivars.
Objective:
Case study-3
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58. Table-5: Stomatal diffusive resistance as affected by different
treatments (s cm-1)
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59. Table-6: Yield per plot (kg) as itifluenced by different
treatments (25 plants/ plot)
The increased yield in plants treated with antitranspirants may be
due to the improved plant water balance, as seen by the increased
stomatal diffusive resistanc, which in turn conserves the available
water in the soil-plant system.
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60. Development and evaluation of drought resistant mutant germ-
plasm of Vigna unguiculata
Ronde and Spreeth (2007)
Case study-4
• Improve the drought tolerance and yield of the cowpea
Objective:
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61. 61
International institute of tropical agriculture, Nigeria
1. control line IT96D-602 (drought tolerant) and
2. parent line of the mutants IT93K129-4
Table 7: Mean dry land seed yield of cowpea mutant lines.
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62. WEATHER FORECASTING
Climate-smart agriculture
(CSA)
•Concept given by – food and
agriculture organization.
•Is a concept of integrating
strategy and developing
techniques in agriculture
against climate change.
1) Indian meteorological department
3) Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology (IITM) in Pune
2) National Centre for Medium
Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)
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63. Conclusion
• Climate change is projected to impact the Agri-horticultural
crops are no exception.
• The impacts can be at any stage of crop growth and
development, thus influencing the yield and quality.
• Agriculture intelligence system needs to be strengthened.
• Hence, there is a need to conduct focused research to generate
information on impacts of climate change and derive its
mitigation options.
• Climate change is making scientists review their research
agenda towards Abiotic stress in Agri-horticulural crops.
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