Climate change

2. Prepared by:
Yuvraj B.K.
Roll no: AEC-09M-2017
Department of Agricultural Economics and Agri-business
Management
Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur

3.  Climate change is the change of climate which is attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition
to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods (UNFCCC).
 Greenhouse Gases, containing mostly water vapor, carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), hydrocarbons, and nitrous
oxide (N2O), trap some of the energy received from the sun
and thus act as a thermostat controlling the earth's climate

4. contd….
 Global average surface temperature has increased by about
0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with an average of 0.06°C/year
 It is predicted that the average global temperature will
increase by 1.4 to 5.8ºC over the next hundred years
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found
that the mean global surface temperature increased by 0.74°C
during the 20th century. Since 1971, rates of land surface
temperature have been increasing at the alarming rate of
between 0.23 and 0.28°C per decade

5. General:
 Twelve warmest year since1980 to 2017 (2016 was the
warmest year)
 Late or pre-monsoon, unusual precipitation, decreased rainy
days and intense rainfall events caused more runoff and low
groundwater recharge.
 Mosquito from Terai and Mid-hill being able to survive in
high- hills (Ilam, Mustang and Helambu area)
 Extreme fog conditions have recently been observed in the
terai regions

6. Contd….
Agriculture:
 Early Maturity of the crops due to increase in temperature
may help to have more crops in the same crop cycle (NARC
annual report)
 Shifting of climatic zones has been observed in the country.
Extinction of natural vegetation: local basmati rice varieties,
some local wheat, maize and other agricultural crops was also
observed
 Eastern Terai faced rain deficit in the year 2005/06 by early
monsoon and crop production reduced by 12.5% on national
basis. Nearly 10% of agri- land were left fallow due to rain
deficit but mid western Terai faced heavy rain with floods,
which reduced production by 30% in the year (Regmi, 2012)

7.  An average increase in Earth’s temperature during the last century
 Migrating birds are forced to change their time and place of
migration
 Melting of glaciers will lead to higher sea level, which will cause
floods and put many low elevation regions at risk of disappearing
under water
 Longer summer can disrupt animal habitation
 New and widespread disease because of warm climate
 Damage crops due to sudden climate change and floods
 Average precipitation increase around the world
 Droughts, heat waves, extreme winters and storms, hurricanes,
typhoons
 More wildfires

8.  Global warming
 Early decades of the twenty-first century will see a moderate
warming of 1-2oC resulting in reduction of crop yields in
seasonally dry and tropical regions, while crop and pasture yields
in temperate regions may benefit
 Further warming in the second half of the century will negatively
affect all regions, although agriculture in many developing
countries in semi-tropical and tropical regions will bear the brunt
of the effects
 Extreme climatic events
 Increased frequency and severity of extreme climate events, such
as more heat stress, droughts and flooding
 Increase negative impacts on agriculture, forestry and fisheries in
all regions
 In particular, it will modify the risks of fires, pest and pathogen
outbreaks, with negative consequences for food, fiber and forestry

9. contd…
 Undernourishment
 Number of undernourished is likely to increase by 5-170 million
people by 2080, with respect to a baseline with no climate change.
Even small amounts of warming will increase risk of hunger in
poor developing countries, due to negative impacts on food
production and availability. Most of the increases are projected in
sub-Saharan Africa.
 Food stability, utilization and access
 Decreased stability of food security, access to and utilization of
food in many regions already vulnerable are likely to be disrupted
by more frequent and severe climate extremes
 Utilization of food may be affected negatively by increases in crop,
livestock and human pests and diseases, as well as by reduced
water availability and water quality, of importance for food
preparation (Easterling, et al., 2007).


10. In agriculture
 Altering inputs, varieties and species of increased resistance
to heat shock, drought, flooding and salinization; altering
fertilizer rates to maintain grain or fruit quality; altering
amounts and timing of irrigation and other water
management; altering the timing or location of cropping
activities
 Managing river basins for more efficient delivery of irrigation
services and prevent water logging, erosion and nutrient
leaching; making wider use of technologies to “harvest” water
and conserve soil moisture; use and transport water more
effectively

11. contd…
 Diversifying income through the integration of activities such
as livestock raising, fish production in rice paddies, etc
 Increasing use of climate forecasting technology to reduce
production risk
 Introducing forest conservation, agroforestry and forest-based
enterprises for diversification of rural incomes
 Matching livestock stocking rates with pasture production,
altered pasture rotation, modification of grazing times,
alteration of forage and animal species/breeds, integration
within livestock/crop systems including the use of adapted
forage crops, re-assessing fertilizer applications and the use of
supplementary feeds and concentrates

12.  Reducing methane emissions via integrated rice and livestock
systems traditionally found in West Africa, India, Indonesia and
Vietnam, is a mitigation strategy that also results in better
irrigation water efficiency
 Reducing N2O emissions can lead to improved groundwater
quality and reduced loss of biodiversity
 Integrating animal manure waste management systems
 Restoring land by controlled grazing can lead to soil carbon
sequestration
 Practicing agroforestry can promote soil carbon sequestration
while also improving agro-ecosystem function and resilience to
climate extremes by enriching soil fertility and soil water
retention
 Rainwater storage: RWS can increase annual household income
from agriculture and livestock husbandry by over 130 percent
(Kattel, 2015)

13.  Enhancing adaptive capacity
 National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA): The main content
of the NAPAs is a list of ranked priority adaptation activities and
projects with short profiles of each. This list is used to inform the
state in its decision making on the allocation of resources for
adaptation program.
 Local Adaptation Plan for Action (LAPA): In the LAPA
framework, District Local Development Office is the main
government institution to implement adaptation program by
coordinating different government and non-government line
agencies at the local level.
 Awareness generation and advocacy: Creation of community
awareness on climate change among the indigenous community
(specially for poor, women, dalits and disadvantaged groups)
should be focused in the future courses of action

14. contd…
 Community-based Adaptation: Risk communication products
designed to support adaptation decisions and targeted to
decision-makers and vulnerable groups, should be developed,
tested, and disseminated by each pilot action to engage civil
society in the development of adaptation strategies
 Research on climate change
 Policy: Policy plays the vital role to reduce the adverse climate
change in both local, district and national levels. Avoided
deforestation, promoted afforestation and reforestation,
biodiversity –friendly and climate-friendly energy, capacity
building and community engagement and bio fuels and agro
energy expansion should be considered and implemented as a
policy level recommendation

15.  Climate change is the serious problem which is affecting the
many sectors like agriculture, forestry, tourism, human health,
biodiversity, snow cover etc.
 Information on climate change impacts needs to be translated
from the scientific research domain into language and time
scales relevant for policy makers
 Research on potential impacts of climate change needs to be
investigated and suitable adaptation technology should be
administered

16. References:
Easterling, W.E., Aggarwal, P.K. ,Batima, P.,Brander, K.M., Erda, L.,
Howden, S.M., Kirilenko, A., Morton, J., Soussana, J.-F., Schmidhuber,
J. & Tubiello, F.N. 2007. Food, fibre and forest products. Climate
Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of
WG II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, M.L. Parry, O.F.
Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, eds.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 273-313.
IPCC. (2007). Mitigation in the short and medium term (until 2030). In
IPCC, Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007:
Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Kattel, R. R. (2015). Rainwater Harvesting and Rural Livelihoods in
Nepal. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and
Environmental Economics (SANDEE).
Regmi, B. R., & Karki, G. (2012). Local adaptation plans in Nepal.
Retrieved april 18, 2016, from www.tiempocyberclimate.org

17. Some pictures which shows the effects of climate change