education

1. 1. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
N
o
Name Educational
level
Email Telephone Departmen
t
Specialization
1 Tigis Birhanu) MSC tigistbirhanu72
l@gmail.com
0918030936 HWRE Environmental
Engineering
2. CO- INVESTIGATORS:
N Name Edu. level Email Telephone Department Specialization
1 Ashenafi Zinabie MSC ashezinabie@gmail.com 0920984333 HWRE Water Supply
Engineering
2 Mohammed Jemal MSC mam.jem21@gmail.com 0921252253 HWRE Hydraulic
Engineering
3 Mussie Admas MSC
museadmas1@gmail.co
m
0942054292 HWRE Hydraulic
Engineering
4 Habtamu Desalegn MSC hdesalegn88@gmail.com 0925010698 HWRE Hydraulic
Engineering
5 Eyob Temesgen MSC eyobtemesgen7@gmail.c
om
0912803580 HWRE Hydrology
Engineering
6 Fentahun Dessie Msc cand. fentshdes21@gmail.com 0923543378 HWRE Hydraulic
Engineering

2. 1. Background
Poverty and war are interdependent: poverty is a cause as well as a consequence of civil war.
War is a development issue (Goodhand, 2003). War kills, and its consequences extend far
beyond deaths in battle. Armed conflict often leads to forced migration, long-term refugee
problems, and the destruction of infrastructure. Social, political, and economic institutions can be
permanently damaged (Justino, 2012). The consequences of war, especially civil war, for
development are profound. Due to this war they have destruction of infrastructure ( water supply
source, hand dug well, water supply distribution network, pumps, water storage tanks and
different sanitary installations, school, hospital, road, company, university….), social and
economic destruction occurred in the Amhara region.
The terrorist TPLF group are damaged different water supply infrastructures such as water
supply sources, hand dug well, water supply distribution network, pumps, water storage tanks
and different sanitary installations in urban and rural community, schools, colleges, health
centers, industry, university so it brings social and economic destruction occurred in the Amhara
region. Water is one of the necessities for human being and for all living things. Water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are immediate priorities for human survival and dignity in
emergencies so people have no clean water and no sanitation’s due to the terrorist TPLF group
are damaged the water supply infrastructures hence the community is highly affected to scarcity
of water supply, risk of disease and the risk of transmission of disease. The team needs access to
installations. They must be able to enter pumping stations, fittings, pipes works and so forth to
repair war damage, make normal “technical” repairs, carry out routine maintenance and operate
equipment the water supply infrastructures.
Operation and maintenance of a water supply system refers to all the activities needed to run
the system continuously to provide the necessary service. The two words are very frequently
used together and the abbreviation ‘O&M’ is widely used. The overall aim of operation and
maintenance is to ensure an efficient, effective and sustainable system (Castro et al., 2009).
‘Efficient’means being able to accomplish something with the least waste of time, effort and
resources; ‘effective’ means being successful in producing the intended result; and ‘sustainable’
means able to be maintained at the best level over time – in this case, the supply of water.

3. Operation
Operation refers to the routine activities and procedures that are implemented to ensure that the
water supply system is working efficiently. The activities that contribute to the operation of a
water utility are undertaken by technicians and engineers who have responsibility for controlling
the functions of the system The components of the system that they look after, such as the
treatment plants, process units and all the equipment and facilities (for example, offices and
laboratories) are called the assets. For each asset there will be operating guidelines to follow. For
instance, a water pump should only be operated for a limited number of hours per day and this
must not be exceeded, otherwise it will be exposed to overheating and eventually to failure. The
pump should also be run long enough to fill the service reservoir (which you learned about in
Study Session 1). If not, there will not be enough water for distribution to customers.
Maintenance
Maintenance (Figure 6.4) refers to planned technical activities or activities carried out in
response to a breakdown, to ensure that assets are functioning effectively, and requires skills,
tools and spare parts (Carter, 2009). There are two types of maintenance:
 Corrective or breakdown maintenance: this is carried out when components fail and stop
working. Breakdown is common in many utilities in Ethiopia and occurs as a result of poor
preventive maintenance (explained next).
 Preventive maintenance: this is a regular, planned activity that takes place so that
breakdowns are avoided. Examples of preventive maintenance would include servicing of
equipment, inspecting equipment for wear and tear and replacing as necessary, cleaning and
greasing moving parts of equipment, and replacing items that have a limited lifespan.
Preventive maintenance is important because it ensures that the asset fulfils its service life. It
also prevents crises occurring and costly repairs (in terms of time and money) being needed.
If you consider the example of the pump mentioned in Section 6.2.1, regularly checking the
electrical parts, the components of the switch/operating board and inspection of power lines are
tasks that can be regarded as preventive maintenance. If the pump fails due to operational
problems or lack of preventive maintenance, it will have to be repaired or replaced – an example
of breakdown maintenance.

4. 2. Problem Statement
Scarcity of freshwater is an increasingly critical public health problem in many parts of the
world. World leaders, including United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, have urged that
this issue be given high priority. Inadequate access to safe freshwater contributes to waterborne
disease, malnutrition, poverty, economic and political instability, and conflict potentially violent
conflict between countries or groups within countries (Levy and Sidel, 2o11).
Water one of among the first elements of a country’s infrastructure to be put out of service. This
may be due to war damage, but systems may fail simply because technicians cannot get to
installations in order to operate and maintain it. Conflict almost always forces civilians to flee,
when they can. This can result in thousands of internally displaced persons arriving in an area
where the water and sanitation installations were designed for a few hundred. And then those
installations are shelled. And no-one can repair the damage because of the fighting. So people
have no clean water and no sanitation. They drink dirty water, so they pick up water-borne
diseases. They can’t wash, so they get hygiene-related diseases. Epidemics break out. People die.
In many conflicts, more civilians are killed by disease than by bullets (Gleick, 1996).
Generally the TPLF terrorist group damage different water supply components like hand dug
well, spring water source, water supply distribution network, water storage tankers and public tap
so the community have no clean water and no sanitation.
3. Objective
3.1 General objective
The Major objective of operation and maintenance of water supply and irrigation infrastructures
to provide sustainable, equitable, consistent, economic safe and adequate water. Operation of
system in general means ensuring effective routine running of system timely and daily.
3.2 Specific Objectives
1. Operation and maintenance water supply distribution network
2. Repair and maintain of hand dug wells
3. Maintenance of spring water
4. Operation and maintenance water storage tank and public tap

5. 5. Repair and development of irrigation infrastructures
6. Training and capacity building on water supply and irrigation system
7. Transfer and install hand wash equipment’s that were used in University of Gondar for
Covid -19 to refugee camp.
4. Methodology
TPLF Terrorist group have destroyed several government institutions and community facilities in
the Amhara region, particularly in the northern, southern Wollo zones and some of North
Gondar. Rural water facilities were destroyed, including fountains and hand dug well, pumps,
water supply distribution network, spring water sources, water storage tanks and public tap,
irrigation infrastructures and hospital facilities were completely destroyed and some of the
destroyed facilities are water distribution systems and internal and external sanitary systems, so
leaving hospitals and clinics vulnerable to water and access to safe sanitation shortages.
Therefore, the hospitals and clinics needs to be repaired in order to make it water efficient. As a
result, urban and rural communities, hospitals and clinics are scarcity access to safe drinking
water and are vulnerable to various diseases and the farmers did not harvest properly agricultural
products. Therefore, it needs to be repaired with the following methods as it needs maintenance
to make the community water user.
All the team members’ professionals involved to see how we can best support their efforts to
maintain water and sanitation services. We talk to the people in charge of water supply systems,
sanitation, health care centers and displaced persons camps, to ensure that our activities make a
real difference to people in need, regardless of which side they’re associated with.
1. Visiting water infrastructures of the area that have been affected by war.
2. Identify the major problems that will be maintained and resolve.
3. Formulate technical and non-technical teams.
4. Purchase materials that will be used for maintenance.
5. Following the standards of maintaining hydraulic structure.
6. Fixing the problems.
7. Train the society that is living in war affected area by following WHO and FAO guide
line.

6. Figure 1; Operation and maintenance of water supply system
Repair and maintain of hand dug wells
Step 1: Inventory of existing wells
The disaster may have contaminated or damaged a large number of wells. The first step must
be to select which wells should be repaired first. They are the ones that are used most and
that are easiest to repair
 The following actions should help you to make an informed selection.
 Meet with community leaders and ask them which wells serve each section of the
community.
 Select the most commonly used wells as a source for drinking water that provided a plentiful
supply.
 Check there are no obvious sources of contamination from nearby latrines, ponds or surface
water. Also map livestock areas (pig pens, cattle sheds, chicken coops) as potential sources
of contamination by animal waste.
 Assess the type and extent of damage to the top of the well and the lining.
 Ask the community about the original depth of the well. Use this to estimate the amount of
silt and debris in the well.

7.  Test the pump (if there is one) to see if it is still working. If not, determine the repairs
necessary.
 Estimate the resources needed for repairs (personnel, equipment, time and materials)
2 Rehabilitation and cleaning of wells
The amount of rehabilitation and cleaning required will depend on the amount of damage caused
by the TPLF terrorist group. Typically it will include the following steps:
1. Remove and repair/replace the pumping mechanism or lifting device.
2. Remove polluted water and debris from the well using either buckets or pumps. Special
care must be taken when using a pump to remove water from wells contaminated with
seawater.
3. Repair/reline the well walls to reduce sub-surface contamination.
4. Clean the well lining using a brush and chlorinated water.
5. Place a 150mm layer of gravel in the base of the well to protect it from disturbance.
6. Seal the top of the well using a clay sanitary seal.
7. Construct a drainage apron and head wall around the well to prevent surface water,
insects and rodents from entering the well. Provide a cover for the well.
It is an emergency approach designed to rehabilitate wells so that they produce water of a
similar quality to that supplied before the TPLF terrorist group damaged.
Repair and maintain of hand dug wells
Maintenance of spring water
Identify the damaged (collapse) hand dug well
Identify the materials for repair and maintain of hand dug wells
Lined (cased) by stones, brick, tile, or other material

8. Operation and maintenance water supply distribution network
Maintain spring water tank
Step 1: Inspect your gutters - (Good news! You can skip this step if you own a Pioneer Water Tank. ...
Step 2: Check all gaps and openings are sealed. ...
Step 3: Check outlets and access points. ...
Step 4: Inspect and assess the sediment level. ...
Step 5: Set a reminder.
Training and capacity building on water supply and irrigation system
Manitenance and operation will be started
Select technical profetionals
Maintenance of records and details of materials/tool/equipment purchase
Preparation of a plan involves list of routine tasks, specific tasks at regular
intervals including inspection of system and checklist for operation, supervision and
maintenance
Identify the damaged water supply distribution network of village/town starting
including watersource, head works, treatment and distribution network

9. 5. Project out put
The damaged hand dug wells will be maintained
Spring water source will be maintained and developed
Water supply distribution will be operated and functional
Water storage tank and public tap will be maintained and operated
The community will be aware on the consumption, importance of water supply and sanitation
The displaced community at refugee camp will get sufficient amount of access to water and
sanitation facility
Theoretical evaluations and project managements of water supply, sanitation system and
hygiene
Participating trainees on presentations(Give lectures about theoretical aspect to improve
sustainable uses of water supply, sanitation systems and hygiene )
Maintain and operate existing water supply and sanitation system(Discuss proper maintain,
operate and installation of existing and new water supply and sanitation systems for future
time)
Presentation by the trainer(Review basic terms water supply, sanitation and hygiene)
Concept delivery(Introducing water supply, sanitation system and hygiene)

10. 6. Team Roles and Responsibilities
Table 1: Study team-roles and responsibilities in undertaking and managing the study
Name Edu.
Level
Specialization Roles and responsibilities
Tigist Birhanu
Ashenafi Zinabie
Mohamed Jemal
Mossie Admas
Habtamu Desalegn
Lecturer
Environmental Eng’g
Water Supply Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
i. Feasibility study
ii. Site visit and data collection
Fentahun Dessie
Eyob Temesgen
Tigist Birhanu
Ashenafi Zinabie
Mohamed Jemal
Mossie Admas
Habtamu Desalegn
Lecturer
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydrology Eng’g
Environmental Eng’g
Water Supply Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Material selection and purchasing
Necessary layout, sketching and
marking activities on the parts to
be maintained
Fentahun Dessie
Eyob Temesgen
Tigist Birhanu
Ashenafi Zinabie
Mohamed Jemal
Mossie Admas
Habtamu Desalegn
Lecturer
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydrology Eng’g
Environmental Eng’g
Water Supply Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Operation and maintenance water
supply components(water supply
source, hand dug well, storage
tank, water tap, sanitary
installations
Tigist Birhanu
Ashenafi Zinabie
Mohamed Jemal
Mossie Admas
Habtamu Desalegn
Environmental Eng’g
Water Supply Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
.

11. Fentahun Dessie
Eyob Temesgen
Mohamed Jemal
Mossie Admas
Lecturer
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydrology Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Hydraulic Eng’g
Process and install the hand wash
equipment’s that were used in
University of Gondar for Covid -
19 to refugee camp
7. Budget
Table 7.1, Material cost
No. Item unit Quantity Unit
price
function Total price
1. Safety shoe No. 7 1500 7*1500 10,500
2. Stationeries and
documentation
No. - - 4000 4000
3. Water supply and sanitary
fittings (Elbow, Gate valve,
Reducer, cap, trap, Faucet,
flexible house)
No. 100 100 100*100 10,000
4. Plastic pipe liter 10 400 10*400 4000
Sub-total 28,500
Table 7.2, Personal cost
No. Activity Unit No of
days /
Amou
nt
Numb
er of
partic
ipants
Unit
price
(ETB)
Total
number/amount
total
Total price
(ETB)
1 Assessment to recognize
no of damages in water
supply and sanitary system
Day 20 5 409 5participants*409
birr/day*20 days
40,900
2 Material selection and
purchasing
Day 10 4 409 4participants *409
Birr/day* 10days
16,360
3 Maintenance of internal Day 15 5 409 5 participants 30,675

12. and external sanitary
system
*409 Birr/day*
15days
4 Maintain the damaged
spring water.
Day 25 5 409 5 participants *
409 Birr/day*
25days
51,125
5 Maintain the damaged
hand dug well
Day 20 6 409 6 participants *
409 Birr/day*
20days
49,080
6 Maintenance of water
supply accessories
Day 22 7 409 7 participants *
409 Birr/day*
22days
62,986
7 Process and install the
hand wash equipment’s
that were used in
University of Gondar for
Covid -19 to refugee camp
Day 10 4 409 4 participants
*409Birr/day* 10
days
16,360
8 Training for capacity
building on water supply
and sanitation(perdiam for
trainer)
Day 10 5 409 5 participants
*409Birr/day* 10
days
20,450
9 Trainee cost day 3 25 340 25trainee*340birr/
day*3 days
25,500
Sub-Total 313,436
Table 7.3, Transport cost
No. Budget line Comments Expenditure
Total cost (ETB)
1
Transport for feasibility study 5 person*1 round
trip*700 birr
3500
2
Transport for maintenance of sanitary system
5 person*1 round
trip*700 birr
3500
3
Transport for maintain the damaged spring
5 person*2 round
trip*700 birr
7,000

13. 4
Transport for maintenance of the damaged hand
dug well
6 person*2 round
trip*700 birr
8,400
5
Transport for Maintenance of water supply
accessories
7 person*1 round
trip*700 birr
4,900
6
Transport for capacity building training (perdiam
for trainer)
5 person*1 round
trip*700 birr
3500
Sub-total
30,800
Table 7.4 Overall cost
Material cost Personal cost Transport cost Sub-total Contingency (5%) Total
28,500 313,436 30,800 372,736 18,636.8 391,372.8