Ijciet 10 01_060

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 664-670, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_060
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
THE PERCEPTION STUDY OF WATER SUPPLY
AND DRAINAGE IN THE CITY OF
BHUBANESWAR
Sri Avijit Majumdar
Research Scholar,School of Management
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University,
Campus-7, Krishna Campus, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, Pin-751024
Dr. A.K. Nayak
Registrar, NISER
Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, Pin-752050
Dr. S.N. Misra
Dean & Professor, School of Management
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University,
Campus-7, Krishna Campus, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, Pin-751024
ABSTRACT:
The urban population of India was 37.11crs as per the Census count of 2011
showing a decadal growth of 31.82% in comparison to the on 12.3% and 17.7%
growth in rural population and overall population respectively (Planning
Commission, 2014). The maximum growth in population has been witnessed in class I
cities. Bhubaneswar is a Class-I as well as the largest and the most populous city of
Odisha. During the period 2001-11 the density of population in the city has increased
at a rapid pace of 24.86% to 3553 persons per sq km. Apart from natural growth
,rural urban migration to the city is being influenced by better infrastructure like
schools and colleges, hospitals, housing, roads, electricity, water supply, drainage
etc. All the above mentioned factors are simultaneously witnessing pressure due to
rising number of users. Water supply and organized drainage system are vital
components for any human settlement. Lack of quality water supply and poor
drainage and sewerage system can lead to multiple health hazards. An estimate puts
that globally 2.5 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water and
improved sanitation facilities (UNICEF /WHO, 2009). The above situation calls for
an urgent attention of the urban planners in our country to make adequate provision

Sri Avijit Majumdar, Dr. A.K. Nayak and Dr. S.N. Misra
for safe drinking water supply along with improved drainage and sanitation to ensure
the well-being of its inhabitants.
Keywords: Class-1 City, Density, Infrastructure, Drainage, Water Supply
Cite this Article:Sri Avijit Majumdar, Dr. A.K. Nayak and Dr. S.N. Misra, the
Perception Study of Water Supply and Drainage in the City Of Bhubaneswar.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp. 664–
670
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Water supply and Urbanization
Water and air are the two vital forces for any living organism. Due to increasing urbanization
there is pressure on the exiting source of water supply. India, which has 17% of world
population and has access to 4% renewable freshwater resource only (Ministry of Water
Resources, 2012). India has fallen into the league of water stressed countries as the
availability of water expressed in terms cubic meter per capita per year has dropped from
5177 in 1951 to 1588 in 2010 ( Central Water Commission, 2010) . There is unabated rise in
use of water for domestic and commercial purpose due to increased population in the urban
centers. In the larger urban centers there is greater dependency on surface water against
ground water (Mukherjee S, 2010). Climate change is going to be another crucial factor that
will affect availability of water in urban areas. The climate of the Indian subcontinent is
projected to become warmer and the monsoons more unpredictable, although it is also
expected to become wetter with fewer rainy days (IPCC Fourth Assessment report: climate
change, 2007). Another major concern is pollution of the water source due to release of
untreated waste and poor sanitation which has resulted into contamination of ground water.
The release of untreated waste directly into rivers and natural water bodies has resulted into
their contamination. For the period 1995-2011 the quality of water which is determined by
BOD level has gone down along with rise of total coliform and fecal coliform (Board, Central
Pollution Control, 2009). Thus management of quantity and quality of water supply in urban
areas is emerging as a challenge before the urban authorities. Table 1.1 below suggests that
over last two decades the proportion of population having access to improved quality water
has declined from 90% to 84%. Odisha’s status is relatively better in this regard. As per
NHFS-4(2015-16) the total number of households having access to improved drinking water
source has increased to 88.8% from 78.4% as per NFHS-3 (2005-06). Different measures are
adopted by people to meet with the challenge of quality and quantity of water for drinking
and household uses. Poor families use Jerry cans and other storage facilities to cope with the
challenge of storage of water. The middle-class invests money in sumps to pump water from
the ground and store the same in underground and overhead tanks. Contamination of water is
another challenge at the household level. The proliferation of pathogens during the process of
transmission of water from public source makes it unsafe for consumption on reaching
household. Many household depend on groundwater which is exposed to high amount of risk
as there is evidence of ground water aquifers of urban areas to be polluted. Majority of the
urban households in the middle and affluent class use water purifiers to cope up with such
risk. The above factors have pushed us have a view on the quality and quantity of water
supplied to the HHs in Bhubaneswar.

The Perception Study of Water Supply and Drainage in the City Of Bhubaneswar
Table Error! No text of specified style in document..1: Percentage of urban H.H having access to
improved water supply
Year
urban population as (%)
total population
improved
water
Piped
Other
improved
Unimproved
1990 26 90 52 38 10
2000 28 93 50 43 7
2008 29 96 48 48 4
2011 31 84 62 22 16
Source: Census 2001, Census 2011 and MDG
1.2. Drainage and Urbanization
With increasing urbanization there is rise in concretization of open surface due to which the
absorption of rainwater into the ground is obstructed. Construction activities have encroached
many natural drains and water detention ponds. Drainage engineers are notoriously
unsympathetic to the use of natural drainage patterns and, all too often, engineering designs
take little account of the existence of waterways and wetlands (Parkinson, 2002). Storm
drains are constructed to carry the water collected on roof tops, roads and pavement during
rainy season. Indian cities have inadequate sewerage system which results into flowing of
raw sewerage into open storm drains. The carrying capacity of storm drains also gets reduced
due to disposal of solid waste and garbage. Urban flood is a common feature of big Indian
cities during months of monsoon because of inadequate or poor maintenance of storm water
drains, improper planning, encroachment on drains and water bodies, occupation of low lying
areas, modification of catchments, and climate change (Ahmed Z, 2013) (Mujumdar, 2012).
Urban flood inflicts multiple woes to the inhabitants which manifests in the form of damage
to public and private property, eruption of water and vector borne diseases, disruption of
power and telecommunication services, traffic jams etc . Open drains carrying sewage can a
potential threat for spreading infection and breeding place for breeding of mosquitoes. There
is a dire need for a sustainable urban drainage system. The traditional drainage which is
getting eclipsed due to encroachment used to reduce the impact of storm water run-off and
save cities from the unsolicited impacts of urban flooding. Table 1.2 shows that in 2010 ,
only 59 % of India’s urban population had access to improved sanitation which is lower than
Asia-Pacific and world standards by 16.1 points and 20.4 points respectively.
Table Error! No text of specified style in document..2: Percentage of urban population with
improved sanitation
Year 1990 2000 2010
India 50 54 59
Asia & Pacific 65.3 69.3 75.1
World 75.7 77 79.4
Source: Statistical Year Book for Asia and Pacific, 2014, UNESCAP
1.3. Water supply and Drainage of Bhubaneswar City
Water supply in the city of Bhubaneswar is a function of P.H.E.D. The main aim and
objective of the organization, Public Health Engineer Organization (PHEO) is the inspection
& monitoring of water supply &sewerage system of all urban local bodies and census towns
of Odisha. There are 3 divisions of this organization cater to the needs of 67 wards in
Bhubaneswar. The total demand for water is 155 liters per capita per day. Table 2.1 reveal the

demand for water which was 130 MLD in 2011 is anticipated to go up to 160 MLD and 197
MLD by the end of 2019 and 2025 respectively. The total water supplied is 265 million liters
per day. 84 % of this requirement is met through surface water whereas the balance is being
met through ground water sources. 33 wards are fully covered by piped water supply and 34
are partially covered (CDD, 2017).
Table 2.1: Demand water supply to Bhubaneswar city (2011-2025)
Year Quantity (MLD)
2011 130
2019 160
2025 197
Source: Swachh city plan
Table 2.2: Water supply details in MLD –Bhubaneswar
Source Quantity (MLD)
Daya and Kuakhai 24.50
Kuakhai 110.47
Mahanadi at Mundali 101.2
Source: City Sanitation plan for Bhubaneswar
From the demand and supply figures it is apparent that the city of Bhubaneswar has
greater supply of water when compared with its demand due to which the city is yet to face
any crisis in terms of availability of water for HHs. However it is has been observed that bulk
of the requirement of water is drawn from surface water sources which are getting polluted
due to enhanced human activities. Table 2.4 reveals that 57.32% of the HHs in Bhubaneswar
receives piped water in the houses. Tube well/ Bore well along with wells both covered and
uncovered is the next major source of water contributing to 38.77% of water supply. The
quantity of piped water is less than the average Indian standard of 62%. The perception on
quality and quantity of the water supplied has been gauged.
Table 2.4: Sources of drinking water in the HH,s in Bhubaneswar (MC)
Total Number
of Households
Main Source of Drinking Water in Bhubaneswar (MC)
Tapwater
from
treated
source
Tapwat
er from
un-
treated
source
Cover
ed
well
Un-
cover
ed
well
Hand
-
pum
p
Tube
well /
Boreho
le
Spring
River
/
Cana
l
Tank
/
Pond
/
Lake
Other
sources
201873 109132 6591 14115 24363 5923 39791 97 471 188 1202
54.06% 3.26% 6.99% 12.07% 2.93% 19.71% 0.05% 0.23% 0.09% 0.60%
Source: census 2011, H.H table
2. METHODOLOGY
A sample of 204 Household was taken across 67 wards in the city of Bhubaneswar on a
random basis. Close-ended questions were asked and responses were tabulated on ordinal
scale on the quality and quantity of water supplied and the drainage system in the locality.

2.1. Perception study on Quality and Quantity of water available to H.H in
Bhubaneswar
It is observed from Table 2.5Error! Reference source not found. that almost a quarter of
the people are not dependent on the piped water supplied by the municipality. Among the
people who received tap water almost a quarter of them are not satisfied both in terms of
quality and quantity of piped water supplied to their houses. Quantity of water is yet not an
area of concern as almost two-third of the households has reported to be satisfied with the
quantity of water supplied. 54% of people are satisfied with the quality of water supplied by
PHED while nearly a quarter of people have reported about their dissatisfaction on the same.
Table 2.5 : Perception of HHs on quality and quantity of piped water supplied
Satisfaction level of Quality of water supplied
Satisfaction level of Quantity of water
supplied
Parameter No. Percentage No. Percentage
Highly dissatisfied 3 1.5 3 1.5
dissatisfied 35 17.2 33 16.2
Neutral 31 15.2 19 9.3
Satisfied 72 35.3 76 37.3
Highly satisfied 9 4.4 17 8.3
Not Applicable 54 26.5 56 27.5
Total 204 100 204 100
Source: Primary field survey (Not applicable refer to people who do not receive piped water
from municipality)
2.2. Drainage of Bhubaneswar City
The drainage network of Bhubaneswar is 340 km long flowing from west to east out of which
there are 10 natural drains with a total length of 71 km. These natural drains act as primary
drains which carry storm water from the secondary and tertiary drains before emptying into
the Gangua Nala. It is seen from Table 3.1 that nearly half of the city’s households do not
have access to closed drainage and one-third have any drainage.
Table 3.1 Percentage of H.H with drainage connectivity for waste water outlet
Total H.H Closed Drainage Open drainage No drainage
201873 92633 46559 62681
45.89% 23.06% 31.05%
Source: Census 2011, H.H table
As per the sanitation rating of 476 Class-I cities based on Swachh Bharat Indicators
Bhubaneswar’s rank was 331 (Ministry of Urban Development, 2016). The perception of
citizens of Bhubaneswar’s on the city’s drainage system has been done in the following
section.
2.3. Perception of Residents on Drainage of Bhubaneswar
As per the survey the proportion HHs who has access to closed drains in the city has
improved by almost 10 points in 2011. Nearly 14% of HHs in the city does not have any
drains while almost a quarter have open drains which are a concern from view point of health
and hygiene. However there is inadequacy of proportion of storm drains and their carrying

capacity as almost 58.6% of the HHs has reported water logging in their areas during the
rainy season. Nearly 43% of the respondents have expressed their dissatisfaction on the
drainage system in their locality.
Table 3.2 perception of Drainage system among HHs of Bhubaneswar
Drainage system No. %
No drain 28 13.8
Open drain 49 24.1
Underground 111 54.7
Covered with steel grill 12 5.9
Other 3 1.5
Total 203 100
Water-logged streets in during rainy season No. %
Yes 119 58.6
No 84 41.4
Total 203 100
Satisfaction level of drainage system No. %
Highly Dissatisfied 37 18.2
Dissatisfied 51 25.1
Neutral 38 18.7
Satisfied 73 36
Not Applicable 4 2
Total 203 100
Source: Primary survey
3. CONCLUSION
Bhubaneswar is one of the prominent and emerging cities of Odisha and India. The brunt of
rising population is clearly felt in the pressure on the existing water supply and drainage
infrastructure. Water supply still is within its limits as the city has yet not faced any water
crisis. The level of dissatisfaction particularly with regards to the drainage system is palpable.
Flooding of streets and houses in low-lying areas is a common sight during rainy season. It is
essential for the planners to give this issue the utmost priority and take steps to overhaul the
current drainage system.
REFERENCE:
[1] Ahmed, Z., Rao, D. R. M., Reddy, K.R.M. and Raj, Y. E. (2013). “Urban Flooding –
Case Study of Hyderabad”, Global Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, Vol.
2, No. 4, pp. 63–66, 2013
[2] Board, Central Pollution Control. (2009). Status of water supply, watewater generation
and treatment in Class-I & Class-II towns in India. New Delhi: CPCB. Retrieved from
Central Water Commission. (2010). Water and Related Statistics
[3] CDD. (2017). Preparation of City sanitation Plan for cities of Odisha, Sanitatuon Action
Plan -2017. Bhubaneswar: National Institute for Urban Affairs.
[4] Central Water Commission. (2010). Water and Related Statistics. Retrieved from
http://cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/Water%20and%20Related%20Statistics-2013.pdf

[5] HPEC. (2011). Urbanization. Govt of India.
[6] Inter Governmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report (2007).
Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/
[7] Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Govt of India. (2018). Retrieved October
Wednesday, 2018, from http://mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-
class.php
[8] Ministry of Urban Development. (2016). Handbook of Urban Statistics. MoUD and
NIUA. Retrieved from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/
handbook%20of%20urban%20statistics%202016.pdf
[9] Ministry of Water Resources. (2012). National Water Policy. Retrieved from
http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NWP2012Eng6495132651_1.pdf
[10] Mujumdar, P. (2012): Urban floods: Implications of climate change. ENSURE 2012.
[11] Mukherjee S, S. Z. (2010). Sustaining urban water supplies in India: Increasing role of
larger reservoirs. Water resources Management 9.
[12] Odisha State pollution Control Board. (2016). Water Quality of Major rivers in Odisha
(2011-15). Bhubaneswar: State Pollution Control Board. Retrieved from
http://ospcboard.org/wp-content/plugins/publication//uploads/files_
1501932744_1481204503.pdf
[13] Parkinson, J. (2002). Urban drainage in developing countries - Challenges and
opportunities. Water Lines, 20 (4).
[14] Planning Commission of India. (2014). Rural Urban Distribution of Population - India,
Census of India-2011. Planning Commission. Data Book of Planning Commission.
Retrieved from http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/data_2312/
DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf

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