Presentation is about all the types of soil and what are the features of each soil type

1. Introduction To Soil
Sciences

2.  Definition
 How Soil Is Classified
 Soil Survey
 Types Of Soil Survey
 Soil Order And Soil Groups
 Soil Orders And Soil Groups In Pakistan
 Land capability classification
 Its classes and sub-classes

3.  USDA soil taxonomy (ST) developed by United States
Department of Agriculture and the National
Cooperative Soil Survey provides an elaborate
classification of soil types according to several
parameters (most commonly their properties) and in
several levels: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup,
Family, and Series.
 The classification was originally developed by Guy
Donald Smith, former director of the U.S.D.A

4.  Soils are named and classified on the basis of physical
and chemical properties in their horizons (layers).
 Soil classification uses color, texture, structure, and
other properties of the soil into a classification system
to help people use soil information. This system also
provides a common language for scientists.

5. Soil are classified into groups and sub groups according to
some parameters such
 Parent material
 Time
 Climate
 Biological factors
 Topography

6.  Soil survey, soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil
types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-
encoding such information.
 It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily
from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical
geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use
patterns

7.  Single purpose soil survey
 Basic soil survey
 Exploratory survey
 Detailed soil survey
 Reconnaissance soil survey

8.  This survey carried out for single purpose and only those
soil characteristics which concern that purpose is
recorded.survey to assess soil salinity,waterlogging is the
example of single purpose survey

9.  A basic soil survey envisages collecting data on all
fundamental soil properties and classifying soils on the
basis of significant differences in any of the properties.
The differentiating criteria is selected in such a way to
represent all the soil properties.

10.  Expolatory survey is made to get a general idea of the soil
resources of a country or a large region. In this case,board
soil groups such as great groups are differentiated and
shown on soil maps. Sometimes soil groups are made on
the basis of soil texture,soil parent material,physiography

11.  In this, soil boundaries are plotted accurately on maps on
the basis of observations made throughout the surveyed
area. In this, geographical distribution of soil is also
described.
 Detailed soil surveys are important in the sense that they
provide information’s needed for planning land use and
management and formulating agricultural research and
extension programmers.

12.  In this, soil boundaries are plotted from the observations
made at intervals

13.  Soil taxonomy at the highest hierarchical level identifies
12 soil orders.
 Sixty-four suborders are recognized at the next level of
classification. There are about 300 great groups and
more than 2,400 subgroups.
 Soils within a subgroup that have similar physical and
chemical properties that affect their responses to
management and manipulation are families. The soil
series is the lowest category in the soil classification
system.

14.  Alfisols
 Andisols
 Aridisols
 Entisols
 Gelisols
 Histosols
 Inceptisols
 Mollisols
 Oxisols
 Spodosols
 Ultisols
 Vertisols

15.  Moderately weathered forest soils
 most widespread of soil orders (latitude)
 pale,grayish brown to bed
 fertile, depends on moisture & temp.

16.  Formed by weathering of volcanic material
 Very productive and fertile soil
 High nutrient holding capacity
 Occurs in areas with moderate to high rainfall and cool
temperature
 Highly erodible when slopes

17.  Last order in soil classification
 Recently developed soil
 Entisols makeup the second largest group of soils,occupying
16% of the earth surface
 Exhibit little to no soil development other than presence of an
identifiable topsoil horizon

18.  Desert Soils
 largest soil order, 19% earth (12% US)
 Lack organic matter of any significance
 Pale in color
 Area of high TEMP & low PRECIP
 contains salts,gypsum,carbonates,etc

19.  Formed in humid areas and are intensly weathered
 They typically contain a subsoil horizon that has an
appreciable amount of translocated clay, and are relatively
acidic
 Contains most of the nutrients
 Low fertility but become productive with addition of lime
and fertilizer

20.  Grassland Soils
 Most important agricultural soils
 dark, organic surface layer
 soft soils, rich in HUMUS, very fertile
 Fertile soil
 Found in dry climate

21.  Tropical Soils
 Heavy precip. leaches minerals from 'A' horizon
 Low in nutrients
 Dominated by iron oxides, quartz, kaolinite
 Highly weathered soil
 Have low fertility
 Found in 8% of the glacier-free earth surface

22.  Exhibit the moderate degree of soil development
 Have wide range of characteristics
 Occur over a wide range of parent material,climatic
conditions
 Occupy the 17% of the glacier-free earth surface

23.  Clay-rich soil conatain a type of expensive clay
 Highly fertile due to their high clay content
 Vertisols are located in areas where the underlying parent
materials allow for the formation of expansive clay
minerals
 They occupy about 2% of the glacier-free land surface.

24.  Northern coniferous forest soils
 form from sandy parent material in spruce, fir, and pines
 ashen gray color
 agriculture is difficult
 Acidic
 Have low clay content
 Form when rainfall react with acidic vegetative litter

25.  Soil that is permanently frozen or conation evidence of
permafrost
 Found in Arctic and Antartic
 Form in tundra at high latitude and elevation
 Makeup 9% of the glacier-free Earth surface

26.  Organic material is dominant
 Highly productive farmland when drained
 Not suitable for foundations, roadways etc
 Acidic to some extent
 Histols makeup about 1% of the glacier free earth surface

28.  Land Capability Classification (LCC) is a system of
grouping soils primarily on the basis of their capability to
produce common cultivated crops and pasture plants
without deteriorating over a long period of time.
 Each soil map unit is assigned a capability class of I
through VIII, and classes II through VII are assigned a
sub-class describing limitations or hazards for agricultural
purposes.

29.  Class 1 soils have slight limitations that restrict their use.
 Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that restrict the
choice of plants or that require moderate conservation
practices.
 Class 3 soils have severe limitations that restrict the choice
of plants or that require special conservation practices, or
both.
 Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that restrict the
choice of plants or that require very careful management, or
both.

30.  Class 5 soils are subject to little or no erosion but have
other limitations, impractical to remove, that restrict their
use mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife
habitat.
 Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make them
generally unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use
mainly to pasture, rangeland, forestland, or wildlife habitat.
 Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make them
unsuitable for cultivation and that restrict their use mainly
to grazing, forestland, or wildlife habitat.
 Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that
preclude commercial plant production and that restrict their
use to recreational purposes, wildlife habitat, watershed, or
esthetic purposes.

31.  Subclass e is made up of soils for which the susceptibility to
erosion is the dominant problem or hazard affecting their use..
 Subclass w is made up of soils for which excess water is the
dominant hazard or limitation affecting their use. Poor soil
drainage, wetness, a high water table, and overflow are the
factors that affect soils in this subclass.
 Subclass s is made up of soils that have soil limitations within
the rooting zone, such as shallowness of the rooting zone,
stones, low moisture-holding capacity, low fertility that is
difficult to correct, and salinity or sodium content.
.

32.  Subclass c is made up of soils for which the climate (the
temperature or lack of moisture) is the major hazard or
limitation affecting their use.

33. Thank you