Soil Quality and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture

Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani
College of Agriculture, Latur-413512
Prepared by
CHADAR B.R.
2015A/38ML
DEPT. OF SSAC
COA, LATUR
Research Guide
Dr. P.H.VAIDYA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF SSAC
COA, LATUR
Master’s Seminar (SOILS - 591)

INTRODUCTION
Soil survey
 Soil survey is the study and mapping of soils in their natural
environment.
 It is to enables, more numerous, more accurate, more useful
prediction of soil for specific purpose
 It is starting point of all soil research. .
=>Arial
Photograph
=>Remotely
sensed data
(IRS &
Landsat) Use:
Large scale
Base
survey
=>To establish
co-relation
between soil
and areal
photo- unit.
Grid
survey
=>Checking &
confirmation of the
established soil
physiographic
relationship &
make soil Map of
Area
Free
survey
Methods of Soil Survey

TYPES OF SOIL SURVEY :
1. Detailed soil survey
use at - Piolet project ,Agriculture research
station,Micro watershed
scale : cadastral map (1:5,000 to 1:8,000)
Areal photos (1:10,000)
2. Reconnaissance soil survey
use at – Regional level
scale -1:250,000
3. Semi- Detailed survey
use at – Destricts level
scale – 1:50,000
4. Detailed – Reconnainssance
combines both detailed and reconnaissance

What is land evaluation ?
Land evaluation is assessment of land
performance and its production potential.
• Land evaluation is only part of the process of
land use planning.
• The function of land use planning is to guide
decision on land use in such a way that the
resources of the environments are put to the most
beneficial use for man conserving those for the
future

LAND EVALUTION METHOD
Land capability classification
Soil and land irrigability classification
Parametric method
Land Productive Index
Soil productivity Index

Land Capability classification
There are eight capability classes
Class І to class IV:Arable land
(suitable for cultivation)
Class V to class VIII:Non arable land
(unsuitable for cultivation)
The subclass are based on kinds of
dominant limitation such as wetness or
excess water(w), climate(c) and erosion(e)

S1 : Suitable to all type of crop.
S2 : Moderately Suitable
S3 : Marginally Suitable
N1: almost Unsuitable
N2 : Unsuitable for crop
Soil suitability

What is Sustainable Agriculture ?
Sustainable agriculture is an integrated
system of plant and animal production practices having
a site specific application that will over the long term.
•Satisfy human food fiber needs.
•Make the most efficient use of non-renewable
resources.
•Sustain the economic viability of farm
operation.
•Enhance the quality of life for farmers and
society as a whole

Sustainable agriculture practices

AIMS OF SOIL SURVEY
 To describe and classify soils giving uniform
system of classification with uniform
nomenclature with correlate the soil of different
area.
 To show distribution of different soils in the field
(soil mapping)
 To provide data for decision support system
(DSS)

AIMS OF LAND USE PLANNING
To fitness of the land for specific kind of use
To restore productivity of degraded lands
Suitable and scientific management,
conservation & development of land resources
for sustainable agriculture

OBJECTIVES OF SEMINAR
To Know the soil quality for
land use planning
To suggest the land use plan
for sustainable agriculture.

SOIL QUALITY
 Morphological characteristics'
Physical characteristics
Chemical characteristics
Soil fertility status

Soil of Catenary area of Central India
Mandel et. al.(2005)

TABLE 1 : PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REPRESENTATIVE PEDONS OF CATENARY AREA
OF CENTRAL INDIA
Soils Horizon Depth
(cm)
CF
(%)
Partical size
distribution
BD.
mg/m3
Water
retention
sand silt clay 1500 kPa
P2 (Pediments) Typic Haplusteps
Ap 0-17 3.5 14.0 31.0 55.0 1.17 38.8
BW1 17-34 3.8 16.0 24.0 60.0 1.73 40.7
BW2 34-45 4.5 30.8 20.2 49.0 1.75 34.6
Cr 45-55 Weathered besalt
P4 (Narrow Valley) Typic Haplusterts
Ap 0-15 2.1 28.5 22.2 49.3 1.70 35.5
Bw1 15-35 3.0 28.9 17.6 53.5 1.71 37.4
Bw2 35-88 5.3 27.0 13.5 59.5 1.73 40.02
Bss1 88-113 8.3 29.0 8.8 62.2 1.74 42.7
Bss2 113-150 7.0 30.0 4.0 66.0 1.76 45.1
BCk 150-160 12.0 40.0 4.6 54.6 1.76 31.9
Mandel et. al.(2005)

soils Horizon Depth pH EC
(dSm-1)
CEC
cmol/kg
BS O.C CaC03
%
P2 (Pediments) Typic Haplusteps
Ap 0-17 8.26 0.20 55.5 90.5 0.54 10.00
Bw1 17-34 8.26 0.25 61.0 96.2 0.48 11.50
Bw2 34-45 8.30 0.25 48.0 98.5 0.40 12.00
Cr 45-55 Weathered besalt
P4 ( Narrow Valley) Typic Haplusterts
Ap 0-15 8.16 0.20 55.0 90.4 0.64 8.50
Bw1 15-35 8.24 0.20 56.0 91.4 0.61 9.25
Bw2 35-88 8.39 0.20 56.0 93.5 0.52 10.00
Bss1 88-113 8.40 0.20 58.0 95.3 0.41 10.50
Bss2 113-150 8.74 0.22 58.5 96.1 0.40 12.75
BCk 150-160 8.80 0.25 52.5 96.1 0.33 16.25
Mandel et.al.(2005)
Table 2 : Chemical properties of representative pedons of catenary area of
central India

LAND USE PLANNING
 In the present study soils of these area grouped under Typic
Haplustepts and Vertic Haplustepts were the better soils than
Typic Haplusterts so called Black cotton soil, soils for
production sustainability of cotton yield under rainfed and
climatic aberration, which should be intensively used for
cotton genotype improvement research to improve the
economic condition of cotton growing farming communities in
India.
Mandel et.al.(2005)

Horizon Depth Soil colour Structure
S G T
Consistence
D M W
effevesc
ence
Roots
S Q
Boundr
y
Pedon 1 Typic Haplusterts
AP1 0-18 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fr sp es f c c s
Ap2 18-33 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk h fi sp es f c g s
AB 33-55 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk h fi sp es f f g w
Bss1 55-80 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk h fi vsvp es vf f g
Bss2 80-130 10 YR 3/1 m 2 sbk h fi vsvp ev vf f
Pedon 2 Typic Ustorthents
A 0-15 10YR 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fr ssps ev f c c s
C 15-40 10 YR 6/4 m 2 sbk ev
Pedon 3 Typic Haplusteps
Ap 0-20 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fi ssps e f f c s
Bw 20-34 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fi ssps es f f a w
C 34-55 10YR/ 5/4 m 2 sbk sh fi ev
Table 3 : Morphological characteristics of representative pedons of soils of
Vidarbha region
Gabhane et al.(2006)

Pedon Horizon Depth Partical size
distribution(%)
PH O.C
dS/m
CaCo3
%
CEC
Sand Silt Clay
Pedon 1 Typic Haplusterts
P1 Ap1 0-18 5.0 34.4 64.6 7.57 6.7 10 53.1
Ap2 18-33 7.2 25.6 67.2 7.80 6.0 10 56.3
AB 33-35 5.2 26.0 68.0 7.75 5.3 12 54.2
Bss1 55-88 3.0 24.4 71.0 7.75 4.0 15 56.4
Bss2 88-130 1.8 24.8 73.4 7.71 3.7 16 57.3
Pedon 2 Typic Ustorthents
P2 A 0-15 42.0 23.6 34.4 7.30 3.9 23 51,2
Pedon 3 Typic Haplusteps
P3 AP 0-20 10.8 27.6 61.6 7.71 6.8 18 54.1
Bw 20-34 16.2 25.8 58.0 7.82 3.2 19 54.2
Table 4 Physical and chemical characteristics of representative pedons of soils of
Vidarbha region
Gabhane et al.(2006)

Table 5 : Land resource development plan of Micro-watershed in Vidarbha region
Gabhane et.al.(2006)
Present use Slope % Land capability Recommendation
Agro-horticulture 0-1 IIe -
Double crop 1-3 IIe -
Single crop(S.D) 1-3 IIIes & IVes MPTS / silviculture
Single crop(L.D) 1-3 IIe Short duration kharif+rabi
Barren/Fallow 3-5 VIes Afforestation/Horticulture
scrub 3-5 VIes Silvipasture(fuel &fodder )
Present use & soil Recommendation
Double crop Vegetable
Moderately dense forest Afforestation
Moderately deep to deep well drained,
calcarious ,clay
Kharif- sorghum & Cotton
Rabi-wheat & gram
Shallow to shallow, well drained, loamy
to clay
Sorghum & Cistrus spp.
Scrubland MPTS & Afforestation

Land Use Planning
Several agroforestry system have been recommend for degraded
land in watershed Area.
Silvipasture and silviculture recomded for degraded area which
will helps in fuel and fodder production to improve soil fertility .
Plantation of multipal tree species(MPTS) recommeded for
additional benefits.
This land resourse development plan will help in efficient
managament of the land based on soil site suitability to obtain the
potential yield on sustainable basis.

Table 6 : Morphological characteristics of representive pedons of ORS, Latur.
Horizons
Depth
(cm)
Boundary
Matrix
Colour
Texture Structure Consistency
Effervescen
ce
Pedon 1 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 7 ( Typic Haplusterts)
AP 0-18 cs 10YR 3/1 c m2 sbk h, fr, ss, sp e
BW1 18-48 cs 10YR 3/2 c m2 sbk h, fr, ss, sp e
BW2 48-64 di 10YR 3/2 c m2 sbk h, ss, sp e
BSS1 64-84 cs 10YR 3/2 c m2 sbk h, ss, sp e
CM 84-126 - 10YR 5/3 c m2 sbk s, ns, np e
Pedon 2 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 14 ( Typic Haplustepts)
AP 0 -16 cs 10YR 3/2 c m1 sbk h, fr, vs, vp e
BW1 16-35 cs 10YR 3/3 c m2abk h, fi, vs, vp e
BW2 35-55 cs 10YR 3/3 c m2 abk h, fi, vs, vp e
BW3 55-69 Di 10YR 3/1 c m2 abk h, fi, vs, vp e
C 69-94 - 2.5YR 3/6 sl abk - Nill
Pedon 3 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 16 ( Typic Ustorthents)
AP 0-15 Cs 10YR 3/3 sic m2 abk s, ns, np Nill
AC 15-28 Cs 10YR 3/4 sic m2 abk s, ns, np Nill
M 28-50 - - gr ns, np Nill
Shinde (2013)

TABLE 7 : PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF representative pedons OF ORS,
LATUR.
Horizo
ns
Depth
(cm)
Coarse
fragme
nt
(%)
BD
(Mg m-
3)
HC
(cm hr-
1)
Particle size analysis
(%)
Moisture
retention
(%)
AWC
(%)
PAWC
(mm)
Sand Silt Clay 33 kPa
1500
kPa
AP 0-18 4.29 1.3 1.4 3.9 31.93 64.17 43.9 27.7 16.2
222.80
BW1 18-48 4.93 1.4 2.8 0.11 38.77 61.12 42.6 24.4 16.2
BW2 48-64 3.18 1.5 2.29 0.38 33.72 65.90 44.3 23.9 20.4
BSS1 64-84 5.48 1.6 9.6 0.57 30.35 69.08 36.7 18.2 18.5
CM 84-126 40.29 - - 9.60 27.96 62.44 40.9 23.8 18.1
Pedon 2 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 14 ( Typic Haplustepts)
AP 0 -16 1.72 1.2 1.4 0.2 36.53 63.27 37.9 28.4 9.5
155.27
BW1 16-35 3.94 1.4 1.8 0.39 40.98 58.63 42.1 29.9 12.2
BW2 35-55 2.21 1.4 2.4 0.57 35.17 64.26 46.4 32.9 13.5
BW3 55-69 4.07 1.3 9.0 0.85 34.06 65.09 43.9 25.7 18.2
C 69-94 36.00 - - 2.2 31.83 65.97 44.7 34.2 10.5
AP 0-15 14.26 1.45 9.8 6.08 51.00 42.92 19.2 11.4 7.8
66.22AC 15-28 24.13 1.48 20.2 11.19 54.81 34.00 20.6 15.3 5.3
M 28-50 68.34 - - 27.53 35.12 37.35 16.9 8.8 12
Shinde (2013)

Table 8. Chemical characteristics of soils of ORS, Latur.
Horizo
ns
Depth
(cm)
pH
EC
(dSm-1)
OC
(%)
CaCO3
(%)
CEC
(cmol(
P+)kg-
1)
Cations (cmol(P+)kg-1)
Base
saturat
ion
(%)Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+
Sum of
Cations
(cmol(P+
)kg-1)
AP 0-18 8.1 0.21 0.93 8.4 60.28 47.2 7.6 1.73 1.24 57.77 95.83
BW1 18-48 7.2 0.20 0.78 9.2 58.38 49.6 6.4 1.73 0.93 56.66 97.83
BW2 48-64 7.9 0.18 0.70 9.1 60.14 45.6 10.4 139 0.98 58.57 97.38
BSS1 64-84 7.1 0.18 0.74 10.1 66.30 46.0 15.0 1.41 0.91 63.33 95.52
CM 84-126 7.9 0.19 0.12 9.8 56.38 50.8 1.2 1.56 0.73 54.29 96.29
Pedon 2 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No14 ( Typic Haplustepts)
AP 0 -16 8.0 0.22 0.78 7.0 60.20 39.6 16 1.20 1.44 58.24 96.74
BW1 16-35 7.8 0.20 0.69 6.4 56.34 39.6 12.4 1.33 1.25 54.58 96.87
BW2 35-55 7.9 0.20 0.57 6.4 58.70 40.8 12 1.91 0.88 55.59 94.70
BW3 55-69 8.0 0.20 0.51 6.9 59.60 41.6 14 1.37 0.80 57.77 96.92
C 69-94 8.0 0.20 0.42 6.7 59.40 42.4 12 1.93 0.78 57.11 96.14
AP 0-15 7.3 0.23 0.86 3.0 41.63 30.8 7.21 0.58 1.28 40.66 97.64
AC 15-28 7.0 0.16 0.86 6.4 39.24 29.6 17.2 0.67 1.17 38.64 98.47
M 28-50 7.8 0.20 0.39 5.8 42.30 29.2 10.4 0.99 0.75 41.34 97.73
Shinde (2013)

Fig. Soil site suitability of soils of oilseed research station, Latur for soybean crop on
the basis of FAO (1983).
The soils are shallow to moderately deep, very dark grey to brown, Granular to
angular blocky structure, clay to silty, clay texture as per
 FAO (1983) Vertisol soil –highly suitable (S1),Inceptisols & Entisol
Shinde (2013)

Shinde (2013)
Land Use Planning For ORS, Latur
The soils of Typic Ustorthent (P3) are currently not suitable
(N1) for cultivation; Typic Haplustept (P2) and Typic
Haplusterts (P1) were moderately suitable (S2) for soybean.
According to the criteria suggested by FAO 1983, the
suitability based on optimum yield basis the soils of Typic
storthent (P3) are marginally suitable (S3), Typic
aplustept (P2) are moderately suitable (S2) and
Typic Haplusterts (P1) were highly suitable (S1) for
soybean crop

Status of Micronutrients and Nutrient in Wardha District
Katkar et al.(2013)

Nutrients Per cent samples Nutrient Indices
Low Medium High
Zn 57.6 40.5 2.1 1.45(Low)
Fe 28.4 59.4 12.1 1.83(Medium)
Cu 0.5 11.6 87.9 2.87(High)
Mn 1.6 28.4 70.0 2.68(High)
B 22.0 68.4 10.0 1.88(Medium)
Mo 00 94.0 6.0 2.06(Medium)
Table 9 :Status of Micronutrients and Nutrient indices in Wardha District
Katkar et al.(2013)

The deficiency if available Zn (57.6%), Fe (28.4%),
and B (22%) was found increasing in the soil of
Wardha district, which needs immediate attention to
ensure balanced nutrient of crop and to sustain the
agricultural productivity.
Land Use Planning
Katkar et al.(2013)

Satellite image, Physiographic map and Location map of Tungi Watershed In Latur
District
Sayambar (2015)
Satellite data of Tungi
watershed IRS-III.
Physiograpgic map
of Tungi watershed
Profile location
map

OVER VIEW OF SOIL PROFILES
Typic Ustorthents Typic Haplustepts Typic Haplusterts
Sayambar (2015)

Table 10 : Morphological characteristics of Representative Pedons
Tungi watershed in Latur District
Horizon Depth
(Cm)
Course
Fragme
nt(%)
Bounda
ry
Matrix
Colour
Texture Structur
e
Consistan
cy
Pores Roots Efferv
eces
Pedon 1 Borphal, Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Ustorthents).
Ap 0-21 7.03 cs 10 YR 3/2 c m1 sbk s, fr, ss, sp vff, mf, m vfm, fm, ev
M 21-40 17.70 - 10 YR 6/2 s m1gr s, fr, ns, np cf, fm ff, cfc 2ev
Pedon 2 Tungi Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplustepts).
Ap 0-20 8.83 cs 10 YR 3/2 sic m2 sbk s, vs, vp vfm,fm vfm, fm ev
Bw1 20-34 12.50 cs 10 YR 3/1 sic m2 sbk h, vs, vp vfm,fm vfm,fm,cm ev
Bw2 34-43 12.04 di 10 YR 3/1 sic m2 sbk h, vs, vp vff,fm ff, cf ev
Ck 43-64 17.38 di 10 YR 6/2 sic m1 sbk s, ss, sp vff,fm ff, cf ev
Sm 64-115 4.79 - 10 YR 4/1 s m1 sbk fr, ns, np cm ff, cf ev
Pedon 4 Haregoan Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplusterts).
Ap 0-18 4.46 cs 10 YR 3/1 sic m1 sbk sh, vs, vp sh vf, mf,cf e
Bw1 18-42 5.87 cs 10 YR 2.5/1 sic m2 sbk h, vs, vp vf, mff vf, mf,cf e
Bss1 42-66 2.85 cs 10 YR 2.5/1 sic m3 abk h, vs, vp vf, mff fm, cf e
Bss2 66-90 4.90 cs 10 YR 2.5/1 sic m3 abk h, vs, vp vf, mff fm, cf e
Bss3 90-150 - - 10 YR 2.5/1 sic - h, vs, vp vf, mff fm, cf e
Sayambar (2015)

Table : 11 Physical characteristics of representative pedons of Tungi watershed in
Latur District
Horizons Depth
(cm)
Coars
e
fragm
ent
(%)
BD
(Mg m-3)
HC
(cm hr-1)
Partical size analysis
(%)
Moisture retention
(%)
AWC
(%)
PAWC
(mm)
Sand Silt Clay 33 kPa 1500 kPa
Ap 0-21 07.03 1.60 10.60 20.96 48.87 30.17 24.6 11.9 12.7 62.67
M 21-40 17.70 1.30 17.10 31.33 45.78 22.89 18.4 10.3 8.1
Ap 0-20 08.83 1.50 6.30 1.50 39.76 58.74 42.1 23.3 18.8
154.22Bw1 20-34 12.50 1.60 30.00 1.70 39.97 58.33 42.2 24.4 17.9
Bw2 34-43 12.04 1.60 7.00 6.47 33.34 60.19 40.1 21.0 19.1
Ck 43-64 17.38 1.45 22.40 8.01 46.37 45.62 26.4 16.4 10.0
Sm 64-115 04.79 1.55 22.30 10.12 42.45 47.43 20.7 15.4 05.3
Ap 0-18 04.46 1.70 3.40 8.70 29.30 62.00 36.7 19.6 17.1
278.56
Bw1 18-42 05.87 1.73 3.3 8.60 26.62 64.78 43.1 28.4 14.7
Bss1 42-66 02.85 1.77 3.30 9.03 44.05 64.98 43.9 22.7 21.2
Bss2 66-90 04.90 1.80 3.80 8.90 22.80 68.30 45.7 28.3 17.4
Bss3 90-150 04.300 1.70 3.70 7.50 21.50 71.00 46.7 23.4 23.3
Sayambar (2015)

Table 12: Chemical characteristic of representative pedons of Tungi
watershed in Latur district
Horiz
ons
Dept
h
(cm)
pH EC
(dSm-
1)
OC
(%)
CaC
O3
(%)
CEC
(cmol(P+)
kg-1)
Cations (cmol(P+)kg-1)
Base
saturati
on (%)
Ca+
+
Mg+
+
K+ Na+
Sum of
Cations
(cmol(P+)
kg-1)
Ap Ap 8.07 0.18 0.42 19.6 33.51 18.0 08.8 1.09 2.19 30.08 89.79
M M 8.07 0.13 0.19 20.4 27.50 17.6 06.8 0.26 2.28 26.94 97.96
Ap Ap 8.00 0.13 0.58 20.0 56.20 34.0 14.0 0.62 2.08 50.70 90.21
Bw1 Bw1 8.27 0.12 0.40 26.9 50.92 32.8 12.8 0.52 2.32 48.44 95.12
Bw2 Bw2 8.38 0.50 0.07 27.0 48.90 32.4 10.4 0.49 1.92 45.21 92.45
Ck Ck 8.40 0.18 0.07 37.0 41.34 24.8 09.6 0.28 3.29 37.97 91.84
Sm Sm 8.31 0.13 0.04 36.9 48.20 19.4 22.2 0.25 4.19 46.04 95.51
Ap Ap 8.37 0.17 0.78 8.8 59.52 43.2 11.2 0.98 1.92 57.30 96.27
Bw1 Bw1 8.50 0.12 0.46 11.4 63.52 37.6 18.0 0.73 3.24 59.57 93.78
Bss1 Bss1 8.30 0.21 0.54 9.8 59.52 36.0 18.4 0.73 2.44 57.57 96.72
Bss2 Bss2 7.00 0.19 0.31 6.7 62.74 35.0 20.8 0.70 2.97 59.47 94.78
Bss3 Bss3 7.00 0.22 0.29 6.6 61.71 34.7 21.3 0.63 3.00 59.63 95.76
Sayambar (2015)

LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSES OF
TUNGI WATERSHED
Land Use Class Area
ha %TGA
Single Crop :
Kharif
Rabi
15905.97
1103.00
64.21
04.45
Double Crop 6077.06 24.23
Build up area 588.92 2.38
Scrub land :
Dense
Open
347.17
126.37
1.40
1.32
Water Body 423.11 1.71
Total 24771.90 100
Sayambar (2015)
Land use Cover map of Tungi
Watershed

Table 13 : Irrigability classes of Tungi watershed
Map
unit
Description Area
Hectors
(ha)
% of
TGA
1 Lands of this class are capable of
producing sustained and relatively
high yield. This soil has few or no
limitation of depth, topography and
drainage.
7264.69 29.32
2ds Lands of that class has moderate
limitation for sustained use under
irrigation. These soil have moderate
limitation of depth and slope,
12583.7
6
50.79
3ds Lands of that class have severe
limitation for sustained use under
irrigation like, depth, slope, coarse
fragments and slight limitations of
texture.
87.50 0.35
4d Lands of these class having very
severe limitations of soil depth, and
slope.
4086.53 16.49
Habitation 423.11 1.71
Waterbody 326.30 1.32
Total 24771.9
1
100
Sayambar (2015)
Land irrigabillity classification
of Tungi watershed

TABLE 14 : PRODUCTIVITY CLASSES OF TUNGI WATERSHED,
LATUR
Map unit Area
Hectors % of
TGA
Good 7264.69 29.33
Average 12671.26 51.16
Poor 221.47 0.89
Extremely Poor 3865.06 15.60
Total 24771.91 100
Sayambar (2015)
Land productivity map of
Tungi watershed

TABLE 16: SOYBEAN SUITABILITY CLASSES IN TUNGI
WATERSHED
Soil suitability class
Area
Ha % TGA
Highly suitable (S1) 8565.39 34.57
Moderate suitable (S2) 11998.62 48.44
marginally suitable(S3) 3458.30 13.96
Sayambar (2015)
Soil site suitability map

Land Use Planning
Based on Morphological Physical and Chemical properties of
soil and soil site suitability Typic Ustorthant (Entisols) soils
should be under shallow rooted and short duration crop where
as Typic Haplustepts and Typic Haplusterts ( Inseptisols and
Vertisols soils of these watershed should be under both short
and long duration as well as Shallow and deep rooted crop for
sustainable production
Sayambar (2015)

Adkine (2016)
Location map of soil
profile and water
sample in Krishna
valley
Sodicity map of the
Krishna valley
Study area
and drainage
map
Location map, sodicity map, study area & drainage map of Krishna
valley Marathwada Rigion

Horizons
Depth
(cm)
Boundary Matrix
colour
Texture Structure
Consistency
Effervescences
D T Dry Moist Wet
Pedon-1 Khanapur Ta. Washi Dist. Osmanabad (Loamy, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents)
Ap 0-20 c s 10YR3/3 sil m1sbk s fr sssp --
Ac 20-29 a s 10YR3/3 l m1sbk l fr sssp --
Cr 29-50 10YR7/4 Weathered basalt
Pedon-2 Shekapur Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts)
Ap 0-27 c s 10YR3/1 sic m1sbk s fr sssp es
Bw1 27-50 c s 10YR2.5/1 sic m1sbk s fr sssp es
Bw2 50-64 c s 10YR3/1 sic m2sbk s fr sssp es
Cr 64-80 10YR7/2 sil m 2 gr Weathered basalt
Pedon-3 Sirsav Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Calcic Haplusterts)
AP 0-20 c s 10YR3/1 c m2sbk sh fr vsvp es
Bw1 20-33 c s 10YR2.5/1 c m3abk vh fi vsvp es
Bss1 33-60 c s 10YR2.5/1 c m3abk vh fi vsvp ev
Bss2 60-87 c s 10YR3/2 c m2abk h fi vsvp ev
Ck1 87-120 c s 10YR4/3 c m1abk s fr sssp ev
Ck2 120-150 10YR4/4 c m1sbk s fr sssp ev
Table 18 : Morphological characteristics of representative pedons of soils of Krishna
valley, Marathwada region of Maharashtra
Adkine 2016

Horizon
s
Depth
(cm)
Coarse
Fragme
nt (%)
B D
(Mg m-
3)
HC
(cm hr-
1)
Particle size analysis (%)
Moisture retention
(%)
AWC
(%)
PAWC
(mm)
Sand Silt clay 33 kPa 1500 kPa
Ap 0-20 8.14 1.74 14.12 28.40 51.60 20.00 26.64 16.64 10.00
91.5
Ac 20-29 9.75 1.77 15.84 38.90 36.10 25.00 27.06 16.87 10.19
Cr 29-50 36.36 2.03 20.28 52.00 28.00 20.00 24.52 14.77 9.75
Ap 0-27 10.25 1.52 14.16 12.21 43.35 44.44 38.02 23.42 14.60
150
Bw1 27-50 10.41 1.55 15.71 13.81 44.08 42.11 37.36 23.11 14.25
Bw2 50-64 13.15 1.58 17.35 15.31 42.47 42.22 25.69 18.20 7.49
Cr 64-80 26.66 1.67 24.62 14.56 64.67 20.77 22.31 16.73 5.58
AP 0-20 10.00 1.53 3.92 9.87 40.14 49.99 37.15 23.92 13.23
252.5
Bw1 20-33 11.11 1.62 3.29 9.26 37.97 52.77 39.52 24.30 15.22
Bss1 33-60 16.00 1.72 1.78 8.54 35.91 55.55 42.56 24.79 17.77
Bss2 60-87 21.73 1.84 0.73 8.65 31.69 59.66 47.83 27.07 20.76
Ck1 87-120 13.33 1.70 0.61 8.76 27.36 63.88 52.65 29.35 23.30
Ck2 120-150 17.64 1.71 0.82 8.70 30.52 60.77 49.14 27.46 21.68
Table-19 : Physical characteristics of representative pedons soils of Krishna valley in
Marathwada region, Maharashtra
Adkine 2016

Horizons Depth
(cm)
pH EC
(dSm-1)
O.C.
(%)
CaCO3
(%)
CEC
[cmol (p+)
kg-1]
Cations [cmol (p+) kg-1] B.S.
(%)
ESP
(%)
Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+
Ap 0-20 7.22 0.18 0.33 4.81 33.98 14.8 12.8 1.55 0.18 86.31 4.56
Ac 20-29 7.31 0.21 0.27 4.05 30.16 19.2 07.2 1.38 0.18 92.70 4.57
Cr 29-50 7.49 0.09 0.11 3.70 28.50 16.0 10.0 1.46 0.15 96.87 5.12
Ap 0-27 7.46 0.17 0.77 14.72 57.41 39.6 14.0 1.55 0.85 97.54 2.69
Bw1 27-50 7.10 0.18 0.81 14.07 60.00 35.6 19.6 1.81 0.51 95.86 3.01
Bw2 50-64 7.38 0.20 0.32 14.14 54.82 33.6 18.8 1.90 0.49 99.94 3.46
Cr 64-80 7.47 0.21 0.24 21.73 41.85 19.6 16.4 1.62 0.36 91.62 3.87
AP 0-20 7.63 0.14 0.50 12.76 72.11 38.0 27.6 1.62 0.43 93.81 2.24
Bw1 20-33 7.68 0.22 0.44 14.60 78.18 31.6 32.4 3.19 0.38 86.42 4.08
Bss1 33-60 8.03 0.28 0.58 16.87 67.26 33.2 25.2 4.32 0.33 93.74 6.42
Bss2 60-87 8.13 0.58 0.42 10.12 64.63 32.0 22.4 5.27 0.36 92.88 8.15
Ck1 87-120 8.21 0.33 0.37 10.49 58.54 32.4 11.2 4.66 0.31 82.96 7.96
Ck2 120-150 8.27 0.60 0.29 12.53 56.86 28.0 12.0 6.39 0.38 82.25 11.23
Table-20 Chemical characteristics of representative pedons soils of Krishna valley in
Marathwada region of Maharashtra
Adkine 2016

Suitability based on actual yield
Soil Pedons Sorghum Pigeon pea Cotton Soybean
Pedon 1 S3 S3 S3 S2
Pedon 2 S2 S2 S2 S2
Pedon 3 S2 S2 S2 S2
Pedon 4 S2 S2 S2 S2
Pedon 5 S2 S3 S3 S2
Pedon 6 S2 S3 S3 S2
Pedon 7 S1 S1 S1 S1
Pedon 8 S2 S3 S3 S2
Pedon 9 S2 S3 S3 S2
Pedon 10 S2 S3 S3 S2
Table- 22 Soil site suitability of commanlly grown crop in Krishna vally Osmanabad
District
Adkine 2016

Adkine 2016
Soil site suitability map of sorghum as
per criteria by FAO(1983)
Soil site suitability map of cotton as per
criteria by FAO(1983)

Adkine 2016
Soil site suitability map of soybean as per
criteria by FAO(1983)
Soil site suitability map of soybean
per criteria by FAO(1983)

LAND USE PLANNING AND CONTROL MEASURES
 From above results however concluded that the productivity of
commonly grown crop in Krishna Valley in Marathwada
Regions of Maharashtra is vary with soil to soil. This may be
attributed to limitation of the soil depth, clay content, PAWC
and cation exchange capacity in Typic Ustorthents where as
High amount of CaCO3 in Calcic Haplusterts and ESP and
EMP in Sodic Haplusterts. Therefore its needs to adopt the
cropping pattern as per soil site suitability and also use proper
control measures for increasing the productivity of these soils.
Adkine 2016

CONCLUSIONS
 The soils were very shallow to very deep in depth, black to
very pale brown in colour, silty clay loam to clayey in texture,
granular to angular blocky in structure. The soils were slightly
to moderately alkaline in reaction, low to medium in organic
carbon content and calcareous in nature The cation exchange
capacity of soils varied from 24.56 to78.18 cmol (p+) kg-1. The
calcium was the dominant cation followed by magnesium,
sodium and potassium. The base saturation percent varied
from 21.00 to 114.80.
 Typic Ustorthents soils suitable for shallow rooted and short
duration crop whereas Typic Haplusterts, Calcic Haplusterts,
Sodic Haplusterts and Vertic Haplustepts soils are suitable for
both short and long duration crops as well as shallow and
deep rooted for sustainable crop production.

Soil Quality and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture

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