This presentation is about quality assessment of soil and wastewater sample by various parameters. All the aspects of assessment from sampling to analysis are described in this presentation

1. Assessment of Soil and Wastewater
Quality By various Parameters
(Group-4)

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Materials And Methods
Study Area
Sampling Plan
Sample Collection
Transport And Storage Of Samples
Analysis
• Analysis Of Wastewater Samples For
Various Parameters
• Analysis Of Soil Samples For Various
Parameters

3. INTRODUCTION
• Soil And Water Are One Of Most Crucial Component Of The Human And Natural Environment
• Sustainability Of Human Population Is Based On These Components
• Due To Human Activities These Components Are Greatly Deteriorating
• This Deterioration Causes Negative Consequences On Human Health
• For Canceling These Negative Consequences Careful Assessment Of Quality Of These
Component Is Important

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Location : Tehsil Jalalpur Jattan, District Gujrat,
Pakistan
Coordinates: (32°38′31.0″n 74°12′11.9″e)
Climate : Moderate
Temperature Range: (2°C-45 °C),
Average Temperature: 23.9 °C,
Annual Precipitation: 802mm
Sampling Sites
For Soil
Village Bahraj And Maghowal (For Agricultural And
Damaged Soils Samples
Village Kotli Kohala (For Urban Soil Samples)
For Wastewater
Same Sampling Sites As For Soil Sampling
Location Map of City Jalalpur Jattan, District
Gujrat, Province Punjab, Pakistan

5. Agricultural Land Damaged Land Urban Land

6. SAMPLING PLAN FOR SOIL SAMPLES
• For Each Soil Type Samples, One Location Is Selected, Where Three Different Acres
Of Land Were Selected
• Each Acre Of Land Is Divided Into Equal Boxes By Utilizing The Method Of
Systematic Grid Sampling
• For Agricultural And Urban Soil Sampling, 3 Lands Of One Acre Was Selected And
For Damaged Soil Sampling Only One Land Of Acre
• From Damaged And Urban Soil, 10 Samples From Each Acre By Meter Distance
• From Agricultural Soil, 16 Samples From Each Acre By Meter Distance
• Total Samples :108
Agricultural Samples: 16 X 3 =48 Damaged Soil Samples: 10 X 3 =30urban Soil Samples: 10 X 3 = 30

7. Soil Sampling
Agricultural Soil
Location1
3 Replicates (each a
composite of16samples
from 1 acre)
Damaged Soil
Location 1
3 Replicates (each a
composite of10samples
from meter distance)
Urban Soil
Location 1
3 Samples (each a
composite of10samples
from a meter distance
CONTINUE

8. WASTEWATER SAMPLING PLAN
• 3 Different Locations Were Selected
• 30 Samples From Each Location Were Collected By 10-meter Distance, Using Systematic
Composite Sampling
• Total Samples: 3 X 10 =90
Waste Water
Sampling
Kotli Kohala Manghowal Bahrajs
30 Samples Collected
From 10 Meter
Distance
30 Samples
Collected from 10
Meter distance
30 Samples
Collected From 10
Meter Distance

9. SOIL SAMPLING COLLECTION
• Soil Samples Were Collected Using Bulk Density Rings
• First The Rings Was Hammered Down To The Soil, Until Their Level
Become Equal To The Top Surface
• It Made Ensured That Rings Were Completely Filled With The Soil
• After Filling They Were Removed By Using Shovel
• After Removal, Content Of The Rings Was Added In Labeled Zip
Lock Bags
Capacity Of Bulk Density Rings : 800g
Capacity Of Zip Lock Bags :1000g
Material Of Zip Lock Bags : Polyethene
Note : All The Zip Lock Bags And Bulk Density Rings That Were Used
Had Same Size And Shape
Figure shows Bulk Density Rings that
are self-prepared used during sampling

10. WASTEWATER SAMPLING COLLECTION
Samples Was Collected Using Grab Pole Method By
First The Container Was Uncapped And Cleaned
Container Was Dipped In The Wastewater With Its Mouth
Made Flat To The Flow, And Moved Forward To The
Flowing Wastewater
All Personnel Wore The Gloves And Eye Protection For
Avoiding Any Kind of Infection
Container Volume: 250ml
Note: All The Containers That Were Used Have Same
Shape And Size, The Volume
Figure shows the person is collecting the waste
water sample using grab pole

11. Transport and Storage of Soil
Sampling
• Samples Were Carried In 3 Separate Bags
(Each For One Soil Type)
• Transported On The Same Day As They
Were Collected
• All The Analysis Performed In The
Departmental Lab
• All The Samples Were Stored In The Lab At
Optimum Temperature And Humidity
Transport and Storage of wastewater
Sampling
• For Transport And Preservation, Refrigeration
Method Was Used (3 Boxes, One For Each
Location)
• Refrigeration Boxes Was Filled With Crushed
Ice And Temperature Of Boxes Were Between
The 1°C And 4°C
• In The Lab Samples Were Stored In Freezer At
Controlled Temperature
• All The Analysis Performed In The
Departmental Lab

12. ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER SAMPLES
Parameters Selected for the Analysis
Sr.No Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters Biological Parameters
1 Total Solids pH E. coli
2 Total Dissolved Solids Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
3 Total Suspended Solids Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
4 Turbidity Total Nitrogen
5 Color Total Phosphorus
6 Temperature

13. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Total Solids
• By Gravimetric Method
• Sample Was Subjected To Heat At 105 °C
In Petri Dish, And Weighted Before And
After
• Weight Difference = Conc. Of TS
• Formula : TS=(M1–M2)/V
Total Dissolved Solids
• By Gravimetric Method
• Sample Was Subjected To Heat At 105 °C In Petri
Dish, And Weighted Before And After
• Then Sample Filtered In To Filter Paper Which Was
Preweighted
• Known Volume Of The Filtrate Was Subjected To
180 °C Using Petri Dish
• Change In Weight Of A Petri Dish= Conc.Of TDS
• Formula : TDS=(M2–M3) X 1000/V

14. CONTINUE
Total Suspended Solid
• By Gravimetric Method
• Known Volume Of Sample Filtered To Filter
Paper And Filter Paper Was Pre-weighted
• After That, Filter Subjected To 105 °C, And In
The End Filter Was Again Weighted
• Change In Weight = Conc. Of TSS
• Formula: SS= (M4–M5)/V
Turbidity
• By Using Nephelometer
• Values Measured In NTU (Nephelometric
Turbidity Units)

15. CONTINUE
Temperature
• Using Common Thermometer
Electrical Conductivity
• Digital Conductivity Meter
Odor
• Using Threshold Odor Number Calculation
• First The Waste Water Was Diluted Until Its Odor Unable To Recognize
• The Point Where It Become Odor-less Measured In Threshold Odor Number
Color
• Using Spectrophotometry Technique
• By Measuring The Wavelength Absorbed By The Sample, Compared With

16. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Biological Oxygen Demand
• Known Volume Of Sample Taken In Bottle,
Diluted, And Nitrification Inhibitor Added, And
Sealed
• The DO Value Was Measured Before And After
The Analysis
• Bottles Were Kept In Freezer At 5 °C For 20
Days
• After 20 Days, Difference In The DO Value
Was The Amount Of Oxygen Consumed By
Microorganism For OM Stabilization And
Hence Showed The BOD Value
Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Sample Volume Added In Beaker With Hgso4
And Mixture Agso4 And H2SO4 & Lastly
K2cr4o7 Was Added
• The Mixture Was Subjected To Heat For 2
Hours
• Remaining K2cr4o7 Which Was Not Subjected
To Oxidation Measured By Titration Using Fe
(NH4)2SO4
• K2cr4o7 Oxidized The Fe (NH4)2SO4
• The Remaining Amount Of K2cr4o7 Is
Calculated Which Was Equal To COD
Ph
Common Ph Meter Was Used

17. CONTINUE
Total Nitrogen
• Karloff Digestion Method
• Sample And Sodium Hydroxide And Potassium
Persulfate Was Added In Digestion Tube
• Nitrogen Content Converted In To Nitrate
• After That Small Portion Of Sample Added
With Color Reagent In Other Container
• After That Spectrophotometry Technique Used
To Measure The Nitrogen Content
Total Phosphorus
• Flame Photometry Technique Was Used
• For Total Phosphorus Content Analysis, First
Orthophosphate Was Measured
• Oxidation And Hydrolysis Was Performed
Before The Analysis Of The Ortho-
phosphate

18. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Escherichia Coli
• Membrane Filter Technique Was Used
• Water Samples Passes Through Filter That Can Trap Pathogens
• After Filtration, Filter Was Placed On Mi Agar Plate And Subjected To Incubation At 35 °C
For 24 Hours
• Colonies Were Grown And Their Presence Supported With Presence Of Blue Color On Plate
Under Uv Light

19. ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES
Parameters Selected for Soil Analysis
Sr.No Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters
1 Texture pH
2 Temperature Organic Carbon
3 Soil Bulk density Soil Moisture Total Nitrogen
4 Electrical Conductivity Total Phosphorus
5 Texture Total Potassium

20. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Soil Texture
• Using Hydrometer
• Soil Sample And Sodium Metaphosphate
Was Mixed And Subjected To Dispersion
• After Dispersion, Amount Suspension
Particles Analyzed Using Hydrometer
• Particles Dispersed Differently According To
Their Properties
• From Where We Measure The Soil Texture
Soil Moisture And Bulk Density
• Cylindrical Core Method Was Used
• Samples Were Collected Via Bulk Density
Rings
• The Sample Was Subjected To Heat At 105
°C
• Sample Was Weighted Was Measured Before
And After The Heating
• Change In Weight = Conc. Of Moisture And
Amount Of Bulk Density

21. CONTINUE
Soil Temperature
• Thermocouple Was Used
Electrical Conductivity
• Soil Added In The Beaker And Slowly Wetted
By Drop By Drop Of Adding Distilled Water
• After Wetting, Soil Converted Into Paste And
Enclosed The Beaker
• After That, Again Water Was Added And
Mixture Was Shake Well
• Some Portion Of This Mixture Was Extracted
To Beaker From Where Its Conductivity
Measured Via Conductivity Meter

22. CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
pH
• Ph Meter Was Used
• First The Sample Was Dried, And Added In
The Beaker With Distilled Water
• The Mixture Well Stirred And Stranded For 1
Hour
• After That Ph Meter Inserted In The Beaker,
At It Showed The Value Of pH
Organic Matter
• Weight Loss Of Ignition Was Used
• First The Sample Dried At 105 °C And
Weighted
• The Dried Sample Then Subjected To 360 °C
And Weighted
• After That The Change In The Weight = The
Amount Of Organic Matter In Soil

23. CONTINUE
Total Nitrogen
• Kjeldahl Digestion Method Was Used
• OM Digested In The Presence Of Sulfuric
Acid And Catalyst, And Nitrates Were Lost
• Ammonia In Digestion Calculated By
Distillation By NaOH And Absorption Of
NH3 And HCL Solution
• Titration Of NaOH Was Performed Using
Excess HCL
• Using Indicator As Reduction In The Multi
Equivalence Of Acid As Resolute By Acid-
base Titration
• Which Provided The N Content In The
Sample
Total Phosphorus
• Alkaline Oxidation Method Was Used
• Sample And Sodium Hydrobromide Was Added
In Boiling Flask And Mixture Was Swirled
• Flask Was Placed In Sand Bath Until All The
Content Were Evaporated
• After Cooling, Formic Acid Sulfuric Acid And
Distilled Water Was Added
• Mixture Added To Centrifuge Tube And
Centrifuged For 1 Minute
• After That, Aliquots Were Transferred To The
Other Flasks And Ascorbic Acid Was Added
• After 30 Minutes, Color Was Developed In The
Mixture
• The Last The Optical Density Of The Samples
Was Measured

24. TOTAL POTASSIUM
• Flame Photometry Technique Was Used
• First The Soil Sample Was Mixed With Ammonium Acetate/Acetic Acid Solution Then Mixture
Was Well Shake For 30 Mins
• This Process Caused The Displacement Of The K+ Ions.
• The Filtered Content Is Then Analyzed With Flame Photometer For Potassium Content In The
Sample

25. Thank You For Your Time
Any Questions ?