biofuels and biofertilizers Naik, S. N., Goud, V. V., Rout, P. K., & Dalai, A. K. (2010). Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(2), 578-597. Demirbas, A. (2009). Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: A review. Applied energy, 86, S108-S117. Mahdi, S. S., Hassan, G. I., Samoon, S. A., Rather, H. A., Dar, S. A., & Zehra, B. (2010). Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture. Journal of Phytology. Malusá, E., Sas-Paszt, L., & Ciesielska, J. (2012). Technologies for beneficial microorganisms inocula used as biofertilizers. The scientific world journal, 2012.

1. BIOFUELS AND MICROBIAL
APPLICATION FOR BIO-FERTILIZERS
PRODUCTION
Muhammad Imran
M.Phil Botany
2018-AG-3570
SUPERVISOR: Dr. Amir Shakeel

2. WHAT IS BIOFUEL?
 A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is
derived from biological carbon fixation.
 In other words, fuel which produced from
renewable biological resources such as plant
biomass and treated municipal and industrial waste.

3. WHY BIOFUELS?
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

4. WHY BIOFUELS?
Therefore, there are many reasons why we are
interested in biofuels:
• Toreduce our dependence on fossil fuels.
• Toreduce reliance on foreign oil.
• Tolower emissions of greenhouse gases.
• Tobring business to rural economics.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

5. ADVANTAGES OF BIOFUELS
1. There is no emission of hazardous gases.
2. Locally available in every region of the world.
3. Friendly with the environment, so they do not cause
global warming.
4. The energy release per unit mass of biofuel is greater
than the energy released from the unit mass of fossil
fuels.
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6. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

7. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

8. A) Sugar crops and starchare
grown and through process of
fermentation, ethanol is
produced.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF
TWO METHODS TO FORM BIOFUEL

9. b) Plants are grown naturally to produce
oil like algae.
- Oils are heated to reduce viscosity, then
directly use as fuel for diesel engines
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10. THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORIES
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11. FIRST GENERATION
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12. BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is a famous biofuel in europe
produced from oils or fats using trans-esterification
after mixing the biomass with methanol and sodium
hydroxide.
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13. BIO-DIESEL FEED STOCK
 Palm
 Coconut
 Jatropha curcas
 Rapeseed
 Sunflower
 Corn
 Soybean
 Peanuts
 Algae

14. APPLICATION OF BIODIESEL
1. Car diesel engine
2. Effective solvent
3. Oxygenated fuel
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15. ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
 Biodiesel can be termed clean fuel as it does not contain carcinogens and its
sulphur content is also lesser than the mineral diesel.
 It possesses high biodegradability and lubricating property.
a) Improves engine efficiency and operating life cycle.
b) Domestic resource.
c) Readily mixes with petroleum diesel fuel in any ratio.
d) Higher flash point makes it safer in transport and storage;
 Greatly reduces particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

16. DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
 Higher production cost.
 Biodiesel is more likely than petroleum
diesel to attract moisture.
 Poor low temperature properties.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

17. Bio alcohols
 Biologically produced
alcohols.
 Most common ethanol.
 Less commonly
propanol and butanol.
Synthesis:
Bioalcohols are produced by the
action. Microorganisms and enzymes
through the fermentation of sugars
or starches (easiest), or cellulose
(which is more difficult).
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

18. BIOFERTILIZERS
The term biofertilizer refers to preparation containing live microbes
which helps in enhancing the soil fertility either by fixing atmospheric
nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorus or decomposing organic wastes or
by augmenting plant growth by producing growth hormones with their
biological activities.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

19. USE OF BALANCED FERTILIZERS
 Use of Balanced Fertilizers, Organic fertilizers and Bio-
fertilizers can provide great influence in order to increase crop
productivity
 It enrich the soil with important nutrients
 Bio-fertilizers has potential to generate additional income to
farmers from the same size of land.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

20. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF BIO-FERTILIZER
 Biofertilizers fixed atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and
root nodules of legume crops and make it available to
the plant.
 They solubilize the insoluble forms of phosphates like
tricalcium, iron and aluminium phosphates into
available forms.
 They scavenge phosphate from soil layers.

21. CATEGORIES OF BIOFERTILIZERS
 Most biofertilizers belong to one of two categories:
nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing
 Nitrogen fixing biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen
into forms which are readily useable by plants.
 These include rhizobium, azotobacter, azospirillum,
BGA and azolla.
 While rhizobium requires symbiotic association with the
root nodules of legumes to fix nitrogen, others can fix
nitrogen independently.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

22. CONTI…
 PSM secrete organic acids which enhance the
uptake of phosphorus by plants by dissolving
rock phosphate and tricalcium phosphates.
 PSMs are particularly valuable as they are not
crop specific and can benefit all crops.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

23. RHIZOBIUM
 Nobbe and Hiltner introduce the laboratory
culture of rhizobia with the name “Nitragin”
in 1895
 This organism can be isolated from soil or
root nodule (preferably) after sterilizing the
root nodule by mercuric chloride or
sodium hypochlorite solution or 90% ethanol
 YEMA, 3-4 days, 28-30
o
C
 Colonies are white
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

24. AZOTOBACTER
 Beijerinck isolated and
described Azotobacter
chroococcum and A. agilis
 It fixes 20 – 40 Kg N/ha/annum
 Also produce IAA, GA, AA,
Vitamines
 Recommended for rice, wheat,
cotton etc.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF

25. EFFECT OFAZATOBACTER ON CROP YIELD
Source: Das, 1991

26. AZOSPIRILLUM
 In 1925, Beijerinck isolated nitrogen fixing bacteria from
root of grass in Brazil and named it as Spirillum lipoferum
 In 1978, Tarrand renamed spirillum as Azospirillum
 It is an associative symbionts, colonies on root and
sometime infects cortex, without developing any apparent
structure on roots
 Fixes 20-40 Kg of N/ha/annum under
microaerophilic conditions

27. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING BACTERIA
(PSB)
 P is second vital nutrient after N for the growth of plants
 P available in soil is in insoluble form
 Generally supplied in the form of superphosphate
 Many organisms in the soil solubilize phosphate
examples: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Fusarium, Sclerotium etc.
 PSB produces organic acids like lactic, succinic, propionic, formic acid etc.
Consequently bound form of phosphate solubilizes and charged molecule of
phosphorus are absorbed by plants. Pikovskaya medium is used for isolation.

28. MAJOR BIOFERTILIZERS AND TARGET CROPS

29. REFERENCES
 Naik, S. N., Goud, V. V., Rout, P. K., & Dalai, A. K. (2010). Production of first and
second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renewable and sustainable
energy reviews, 14(2), 578-597.
 Demirbas, A. (2009). Political, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels: A
review. Applied energy, 86, S108-S117.
 Mahdi, S. S., Hassan, G. I., Samoon, S. A., Rather, H. A., Dar, S. A., & Zehra, B.
(2010). Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture. Journal of Phytology.
 Malusá, E., Sas-Paszt, L., & Ciesielska, J. (2012). Technologies for beneficial
microorganisms inocula used as biofertilizers. The scientific world journal, 2012.
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD – UAF