2. JOINTS / ARTICULATIONS
Joints are the regions of th skeleton where two
or more bones meet and articulate. It is simply
the connective tissue present at the meeting
place between bones or cartilages
4. SOLID JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS (Synarthrosis)
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (Amphiarthrosis)
MIXED SOLID JOINTS (Mixed Synarthrosis)
INTERCHONDRAL FIBROUS JOINTS (joints of
larynx and between cartilages of nose)
OSSEOCHONDRAL FIBROUS JOINTS( ribs and
sternum)
5. CAVITATED JOINTS/ SYNOVIAL
JOINTS/DIARTHROSIS
A cavity is formed with in the
connective tissue of the joint
Two bones forming the joint are united
with each other by a sleeve of
connective tissue (fibrous capsule)
Bone ends are capped by free and
smooth articular surfaces
9. SUTURES
Amount of connective tissue is minimal
Found only in skull
Movements only occurs in fetuses and
young children
In adults fibrous tissue is gradually
replaced by bone = synostosis
10.
11. Sutural tissue is known as sutural ligament or middle layer
Sutural surfaces are covered by continuation of periosteum
12. 1. SUTURES Immovable/ Fixed
There are 33 officially
recognized sutures
1.PLANE SUTURES:
opposition of two
perpendicular and
contaguous surfaces
INTERPALATINE SUTURE
INTERMAXILLARY
SUTURE
16. 2. GOMPHOSIS
“PEG AND SOCKET”
DENTOALVEOLAR
ARTICULATIONS
EACH TOOTH AND SOCKET
FORMS A JOINT WHICH IS
FILLED BY CONNECTIVE
TISSUE (LIGAMENT)
PERIODONTIUM
17.
18. 3. SYNDESMOSIS BAND LIKE
12 OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED
THE CLOSELY OPPOSED LONG SURFACES ARE CONNECTED
BY FIBROUS TISSUE
MIDDLE RADIOULNAR JOINT
MIDDLE TIBIOPFIBULAR JOINT
DORSAL PART OF SACROILIAC JOINT (LIGAMENT)
CORACOCLAVICULAR JOINT
JOINT BETWEEN VERTEBRAL ARCHES
19.
20.
21. B:CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
AMPHHIARTHROSIS
1:PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS /
SYNCHONDROSIS / TEMPORARY
JOINT IS FORMED BY A HYALINE CARTILAGE WHICH IS
TEMPORARILY PRESENT TILL THE GROWTH OF THE
BONE
They are seen between the various centers of ossification
CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES
POSTCRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES
22.
23. CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSIS
Skull consists of many bones and each
bone has many parts which is ossified
by a separate center of ossification
SQUAMOUS PETROUS MASTOID AND
TYMPANIC PARTS OF TEMPORAL
BONES
31. SYMPHYSIS
Presence of disc of fibrocartilage
ENCASED IN HYALINE CARTILAGE
No sliding surfaces
They persist through out the life
An incomplete fibrous capsule may
surround the joint
Observed to be present in median
plane
45. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS
ARTICULAR DISC AND MENISCI
BURSAE
LABRUM
TENDONS WITH SYNOVIAL
MRMBRANES
46.
47. Articular Cartilage
Thin layer of specialized hyaline cartilage
Wear resistant, low friction, compressible,
and elastic structure
Avascular, non nervous
48. Synovial cavity, membrane
and Fluid
Synovial membrane
Synovial villi ( pink, smooth, shiny finger like
projections)
Haversion glands
Function
1. Act like flexible cushions to fill the potential
spaces and irregularities in the joint cavity
2. Act as swabs
49.
50. Synovial fluid
Clear or pale yellow
Viscous
Lubricant and nutrient for articular
cartilage
51. Fibrous Capsule
Slightly elastic cuff like fibrous structure
Internally lined by SM
Dense irregular connective tissue but in
some regions dense regular connective
tissue is also present Capsular ligament
Extra and intracapsular epiphyseal line
Prevent dislocations and accessory
movements
52.
53. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS
1. EXTRA CAPSULAR and
INTRACAPSULAR cruciate ligament
2. FUNCTIONS Prevent dislocations and
accessary movements
ARTICULAR DISCS
Circular rim of fibrocartilage
MENISCUS
Incomplete rim of fibrocartilage having
triangular appearance on cross section
54. FUNCTIONS
Shock absorber
Enhances the congruence
Facilitate the combined movement
Distribution of weight over large
surface area
Protection
57. Based upon complexity of organization
1.SIMPLE ( one pair of articulating surfaces are involved )
HOMOMORPHIC (AS similar, mostly plain)
INTERMETATARSAL
INTERMETACARPAL
HETEROMORPHIC (one surface is larger and convex,
other is concave and smaller)
SHOULDER JOINT
2.COMPOUND ( more than one pair of articulating surface)
ELBOW JOINT
KNEE JOINT
3.COMPLEX ( presence of disc or menisci)
KNEE JOINT
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
61. B:DEGREE OF FREEDOM of MOVEMENT
a. Joints with translation/sliding
movement (INTERTARSAL, INTERCARPAL)
b. Joint with angular movement
1.UNI-AXIAL
ELBOW JOINT
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
2.BI-AXIAL
WRIST JOINT
3.TRI/MULTI-AXIAL
SHOULDER JOINT
HIP JOINT
C. Joint with circumductory movement
65. C:GROSS MORPHOL0GICAL
CLASSIFICATION
PLANE (Flat articular surfaces)
INTERMETATARSAL
SOME INTERCARPAL (sliding movement)
HINGE JOINT (reciprocal convexity and concavity)
ELBOW JOINT
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT (uniaxial)
PIVOT JOINT (uniaxial, in the form of rotation)
MEDIAN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT
66.
67.
68.
69. BICONDYLOID uniaxial
KNEE JOINT
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ELLIPSOID
RADIOCARPAL JOINT
METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
Articular surfaces are longer in one plane
SADDLE
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS OF
THUMB
ANKLE JOINT
CALCANEOCUBOID JOINT
BALL AND SOCKET
HIP JOINT
SHOULDER
72. D:TYPES OF MOVEMENT:
1. GLIDING/SLIDING/TRANSLATION:
Plane joint
2. ANGULAR:
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
3. ROTATORY:
the bone moves along its own long axis
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO REFERENCE POINT ON
TANGENT
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotatio
Pivot joints
73. Classification of rotation according to
axis of a bone
1.Axis may lie in separate bone (axis and
atlas)
2.Parallel or along shaft of long bone
(humerus)
3.May pass through two points of same
bone (femur)
4.Axis passes through two separate
bones (head of radius and base of ulna)
74. Classification of the rotation
according to the causative factor
a. Shape of the joint (conjunct)uniaxial
b. Muscle action,Gravity and External
forces (adjunct) biaxial
c. Simultaneous conjunct and adjunct
rotations
1.Cospin
2.Antispin
3.Nullifying swing ”
75. OPPOSITION
Caropetacarpal joint of thumb
Inversion & eversion
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Movement of mendible
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retraction
Rotation
Movement of scapula
76. Movement of scapula
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Forward rotation
Backward rotation
Movement of shoulder girdle
Pronation & supination
77. BLOOD SUPPLY OF JOINTS
1.ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
Epiphyseal arteries
Periarticular plexus
Circulus articularis vasculosus
2.VENOUS DRAINAGE:
Veins follow arteries
78.
79.
80. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
The lymphatics drain into the adjacent
regional veins
NERVE SUPPLY
Free nerve endings
capsule and ligament are highly sensitive
Synovial membrane less sensitive
Articular discs and cartilages
are anervous
81. HILTON’S LAW
THE MOTOR NERVE TO A MUSCLE
TENDS TO GIVE A BRANCH OF
SUPPLY TO THE JOINT WHICH THE
MUSCLES MOVES AND ALSO
INNERVATES THE SKIN OVER THE
JOINT
82. FACTORS STABILIZING SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
Nature of articulating surfaces
(Shape,size and arrangfments)
Tension of Ligaments
Tendons
Articular Discs
Tension of muscles crossing joint
Apposition of soft parts
Force of cohesion
Atmospheric pressure
83. SYNOSTOSIS
“Fusion of any type of joint with aging”
Can take place in all types of joints .eg;
>FIBROUS JOINTS:
Sutures
>CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:
Manubriosternal joints
>SYNOVIAL JOINTTS:
Sacroiliac joints