Work principle of Drilling machine and shaping machine (Shaper)

2. Shaping Machine
• The function of shaping machine or shaper is,
primarily the production of flat surfaces .
• The tool reciprocates over the work. During the
forward stock of the tool, it removes metal
from work piece. At the end of return stroke
the feed operators to move the table and work
to the desired amount.

3. Principal parts of shaper

4. • BASE: The base is the necessary support
required for the machine.
• Column: The column is mounted on the base
and is the main support for the operating
mechanisms. The top of column is machined
to form a flat bearing for the ram. The front
vertical face of the column is also machined to
enable the table to be raised or lowered.

5. • Ram: It is the reciprocating part of the shaper. It
reciprocates on the guide ways provided on the
top of the column. It carries the tool head at
extreme forward end. The ram is connected to
the quick return mechanism which allow the ram
to move at slower speed during the cutting
stroke and faster speed during return stroke.
• Tool Head: It is mounted at the front of the ram.
It can be swivelled to any angle to enable the
tool to take angular cuts. Vertical feed to the tool
is given by the vertical tool feed screw.

6. • Table: It is a box type casting having T-Slots for
clamping the vice. An elevating screw and other
necessary parts are provided to accomplish the
vertical movement. For the horizontal
movement, a cross feed screw and other
necessary parts are provided.

7. Different operations performed by a
shaper.
• Machining a horizontal surface:
The workpiece to be shaped is held in the
vice provided on the table of shaper. The bed
is raised so that the workpiece is just near to
the tool fitted in the tool holder. The tool is
fed on to the work by lowering the tool head.
The tool as it moves forward, removes
material from work. The work moves laterally
a little when it is ready for cut during next
forward stroke

8. • Machining Vertical Surface:
The downward feed is used for marching such
as finishing the sides of tongs, cutting
keyways. The work mounted on the vice . The
vertical set exactly at zero position and apron
is swiveled in a direction away from the
surface being cut down. The swiveling of
apron prevents the side of the tool from
dragging of the plained vertical surface during
return stroke.

9. Machining angular surface
• The work is set on the table and the vertical
side of the tool head is swiveled to the
required angle from the vertical position.

10. Machining irregular surface
• To produce a small irregular surface a forming
tool is used. For Machining a large irregular
surface, the required shape is initially scribed
on the surface of the workpiece. The operator
by skillful manipulation of the vertical and
horizontal feeds, guides the cutting tool to
follow the scribed line.

12. • Drilling is the operation of making holes
in a work piece by forcing a rotating
tool called drill against it.

13. Principal Parts of drilling machine

14. Principal Parts of a drilling machine
• Base: The base of a drilling machine is a
rectangular casting on which the column is
mounted .
• Column: The column is a vertical member in
the machine which supports a table. The head
supporting the motor and spindle is mounted
on the top of the column.

15. • Table: The table of the drilling machine
supports the workpiece or other work holding
device. It can be moved up and down on the
column.
• Drill Head: It is mounted on the top column
and support the spindle head and motor. The
spindle head houses drill holding and rotating
device. A hand wheel is provided for upward
and downward movement of the spindle. A
drill chuck is mounted in the spindle for holding
the drill. The spindle receives power from
motor through belt and pulley. The speed of
the spindle can be varied by shifting the belt on
different steps of the cone pulley.

16. Drilling operations
• Operations that can be performed in a drilling
machine are
 Drilling
 Reaming
 Boring
 Counter boring
 Counter sinking
 Spot facing
 Tapping

18. Drilling
• It is the operation of producing circular hole
using a drill by removing metal from
workpiece.

19. Reaming
• Reaming is the operation of
sizing and finishing a hole by
means of a reamer having
several cutting edges.
• A reamer does not generate a
hole. It merely follows a drilled
hole and removes a very small
amount of metal.

20. Boring
• Boring is the operation of enlarging a hole by
means if an adjustable single point tool.

21. Counter Boring
• It is the operation of increasing the diameter
of a hole for certain distance down.

22. Counter Sinking
• It is the operation by which a cone shaped
enlargement is made at the end of the hole

23. Spot facing
• It is the operation of flattering and
smoothening and squaring the surface around
a hole drilled in a rough surface.
• It provides a flat seating for nut and washer.

24. Taping
• It is the operation of cutting internal threads
by means of a tool called tap.