Reciprocating type machine tools

1. RECIPROCATING TYPE
MACHINE TOOLS
1. SHAPER
2. PLANER
3. SLOTTER

2. SHAPER MACHINE AND ITS TYPES
The Shaper Machine is a reciprocating type of machine tool basically used to
produce Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined flat surfaces by means of straight-line
reciprocating single-point cutting tools similar to those which is used in lathe
operation.
A shaper machine is working on the following principle:
• A shaper machine holds the Single point cutting tool in ram and workpiece
is fixed over the table.
• The ram holding the tool reciprocates over the workpiece and metal is cut
during the forward stroke called a cutting stroke and
• No metal is cut during its return stroke is called an Idle stroke.
• The feed is given at the end of the cutting stroke.
• Generally, the cutting stroke is carried out at slow speed and the idle stroke
is carried at high speed with the help of quick return mechanism.

3. TYPES OF SHAPER MACHINE:
1.Based on the type of driving mechanism-
• Crank type shaper
• Geared type shaper
• Hydraulic type shaper
2.Based on ram travel-
• Horizontal shaper
• Vertical shaper
3.Based on the table design-
• Standard shaper
• Universal shaper
4.Based on cutting stroke-
• Push cut type
• Draw cut type

4. CRANK TYPE SHAPER:
This is the most common type of shaper.
It employs a crank mechanism to change
circular motion of a large gear called
“bull gear” incorporated in the machine
to reciprocating motion of the ram. The
bull gear receives power either from an
individual motor or from an overhead
line shaft if it is a belt-driven shaper.
GEARED TYPE SHAPER:
Geared shaper uses rack and pinion
arrangement to obtain reciprocating
motion of the ram. Presently this type of
shaper is not very widely used.
Gear Type Shaper Machine

5. HYDRAULIC TYPE SHAPER:
In hydraulic shaper, reciprocating motion
of the ram is obtained by hydraulic
power. For generation of hydraulic
power, oil under high pressure is pumped
into the operating cylinder fitted with
piston. The piston end is connected to
the ram through piston rod. The high
pressure oil causes the piston to
reciprocate and this reciprocating motion
is transferred to the ram of shaper. The
important advantage of this type of
shaper is that the cutting speed and
force of the ram drive are constant from
the very beginning to the end of the cut.

6. HORIZONTAL SHAPER:
In this type of shaper, the ram holding
the tool reciprocates in a horizontal axis.
VERTICAL SHAPER:
In vertical shaper, the ram reciprocates
in a vertical axis. These shapers are
mainly used for machining keyways,
slots or grooves, and internal surfaces.
STANDARD SHAPER:
In standard shaper, the table has only
two movements, horizontal and vertical,
to give the feed.
HORIZONTAL SHAPER MACHINE
VERTICAL SHAPER MACHINE

7. UNIVERSAL SHAPER:
A universal shaper is mostly used in tool room work. In
this type of shaper, in addition to the horizontal and
vertical movements, the table can be swiveled about an
axis parallel to the ram ways, and the upper portion of
the table can be tilted about a second horizontal axis
perpendicular to the first axis.
PUSH CUT TYPE SHAPER MACHINE:
This is the most general type of shaper used in common
practice, in which the metal is removed when the ram
moves away from the column, i.e. pushes the work.
DRAW CUT TYPE SHAPER MACHINE:
In this type of shaper, the cutting of metal takes place
when the ram moves towards the column of the
machine, i.e. draws the work towards the machine. The
tool is set in a reversed direction to that of a standard
shaper.
UNIVERSAL SHAPER MACHINE

8. PLANER MACHINE AND ITS TYPES
Like a shaper, planer is used primarily to produce horizontal, vertical or inclined
flat surfaces by a single point cutting tool. But it is used for machining large and
heavy workpieces that cannot be accommodated on the table of a shaper. In
addition to machining large work, the planer is frequently used to machine
multiple small parts held in line on the platen.
The fundamental difference between a shaper and a planer is that:
• In a planer, the work which is supported on the table reciprocates over the
stationary cutting tool. And the feed is supplied by the lateral movement of
the tool.
• In a shaper, the tool which is mounted upon the ram reciprocates. And the
feed is given by the crosswise movement of the table.

9. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PLANER:
In a planer, the work which is supported
on the table reciprocates past the
stationary cutting tool and the feed is
imparted by the lateral movement of
the tool. The tool is clamped in the tool
holder and work on the table. Like
shaper, the planner is equipped with
clapper box to raise the tool in idle
stroke.

10. TYPES OF PLANER MACHINE:
Planers may be classified in a number of ways, but according to general
construction, these are the following types:
1. Double housing planer
2. Open side planer
3. Pit planer
4. Edge or plate type planer
5. Divided table planer

11. STANDARD OR DOUBLE HOUSING
PLANER:
The horizontal cross rail carrying two tool
heads slides over the vertical faces of the
two housings. These tool heads are moved
by hand or power in the crosswise or
vertical direction to give the feed.
In addition to these, there are two other
tool heads mounted on the vertical face of
the housing, which can be moved in a
vertical and horizontal direction to give the
feed. Mechanical or hydraulic devices may
be used to drive the planer table.

12. Following are the salient features of Double housing planer:
• These are high speed, heavy-duty and rigid machines.
• They ensure a high degree of surface finish.
• Work is mounted on a table which reciprocates while the tool is held on the
machine frame and fed into the work
• Planer can accommodate the work as large as 3000mm*3000mm*18.25mm
• It is capable to make deep cuts and apply heavy feeds to finish the work in a
short time.
• The tool is stationery and work is moving.
• Multiple tooling permits machining of more than one surface at a time.
• Tools used are heavier, stronger and larger.
• Cutting and return speeds are uniform throughout the stroke.
• A wide range of cutting and return speeds are available.
• Planer consumes heavy power up to 150 horsepower.
• It requires a large floor area.

13. OPEN SIDE PLANER:
• It has only one housing on one side of
the base on which a cross rail on a
table as shown in the figure.
• Three tool heads can be mounted on
the machine. In this machine, a single
housing has to take up the entire
load, Therefor it should be rigid and
robust to resist the forces.
• The cross rail can slide vertically along
the guideways of the housing and it
carries to tool heads which can be
moved horizontally and vertically
another tool head is fitted on the
housing and it can also be moved
horizontally and vertically.

14. PIT PLANER:
• It has a massive construction in which
the table is kept in a pit and it is
stationary. The column carrying the
cross rail reciprocates on a horizontal
rail mounted on both sides of the
table as you can see in the figure.
• The table of the planer is made a level
with the floor, so that very heavy work
can be loaded very easily. The cross
rail carries two tool heads and these
can be moved horizontally and
vertically to give the cut.
• The driving screw is used for driving
the column by means of a motor.

15. EDGE OR PLATE TYPE PLANER:
• This planer is also known as plate
planer and it is used for squaring and
bevelling the edges of steel plates used
for different pressure vessels and in
ship buildings works.
• The table carries the work that remains
stationary. The work can be clamped by
air-operated clamps. The tool-head
mounted on a carriage moves along
two horizontal guide ways on a base
front end as shown in the figure.
• The operator can stand on a platform
of a carriage and moves along with it.
The carriage holding the tool
reciprocates past the edge of the plate.

16. DIVIDED TABLE PLANER MACHINE:
• It consists of two tables on the bed that
can reciprocate separately or together. This
design saves the idle time while setting
work.
• This planer is mainly suitable for mass
production work where identical
machining is to be done, by loading the
work on one of the tables, while the other
reciprocates past the cutting tool for
finishing the work.
• After finishing the work the table is
stopped and the finished job is removed by
shifting the table to the end and reloading
the work on this table while the first table
holding the job now reciprocates past the
tool.
• For heavy and large jobs, both the tables
are clamped together and are given the
reciprocating movement under the tool for
machining.

17. SLOTTER MACHINE:
Slotter machine is defined as a machine tool uses for removing unwanted material chips from the
workpiece to make splines, grooves and more. Here the Ram (Tool attached) moves reciprocating,
whereas In shaper the ram moves horizontally.
The slotter machine falls under the category of the reciprocating type of machine tool similar to a
shaper to a shaper or a planner. It operates almost on the same principle as that of a shaper.
The major difference between a slotter machine and a shaper machine is that in a slotter the ram
holding the tool reciprocates in the vertical axis. whereas in a shaper the ram holding the tool
reciprocates in a horizontal axis.
The slotter machine is used for-
• Cutting grooves, keyways and slots of various shapes.
• Used for making regular and irregular surfaces both internal and external.
• For handling large and awkward workpiece.
• For cutting internal or external gears and many other operations which cannot be easily
machined in any other machine tool described before.
The slotter machine was developed by Brunel in the year 1800 much earlier than a shaper was
invented.

18. SLOTTER MACHINE AND ITS PARTS