The document describes the different types of text in Indonesian, including their purposes and structures. It discusses descriptive, recount, narrative, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, and anecdote texts. Each text type is meant to achieve a specific communicative purpose, such as to describe, recount, explain, discuss, or persuade. The document also provides examples to illustrate how each text is structured.

1. PURPOSE OF THE TEXT

2. Jenis text beserta tujuannya
Descriptive Text
 Menjelaskan kepada pembaca mengenai seseorang, tempat, atau benda secara detail.
 Struktur:
1. Identification (pengenalan)
2. Description (deskripsi)
 Contoh:
Italy has some famous cities. One of them is Rome. It is a very historic city. If you visit Rome, you will have
plenty of chances to see all kinds of great sights. Rome can be traced through its mythology when it was
founded on. It was said that the twins, Romulus and Remus, founded the city in 753 BC, on the 21st of April.
This corresponds closely to archeological evidence, which shows farming communities in the area. As the
Catholic Church grew, Rome became more and more important in both religion and politics.

3. 2. Recount Text
 Tujuan:
Menceritakan kepada pembaca mengenai kejadian yang sudah terjadi di masa lampau
 Struktur:
1. Orientation (pengenalan)
2. Event (peristiwa)
3. Reorientation (kesimpulan)
Singapore
I want to tell you about my memorable time in Singapore. It was one of the best holidays I ever had.
I shall never forget the spectacular sight of the city. I saw from Mount Fable that night. The roller-coaster ride, the stunts
performed by the dolphins and the killer whale at the Sea World were also exciting. I shall remember the thrill of having been
on one of the longest rides in the monorail in Sentosa Island for many years to come. I also enjoyed various varieties of
seafood at the makeshift roadside stalls at the Chinatown night market. I also enjoyed the shopping trips. My family and
friends agreed that the souvenirs were value for money, especially the silk scarves with pretty prints and the attractive key
chains.
I really enjoyed my holiday in Singapore.

4. 3. Narrative Text
 Tujuan:
Untuk menghibur pembaca dan untuk menceritakan cerita atau kisah
 Struktur:
1. Orientation (pengenalan)
2. Complication (konflik)
3. Resolution (pemecahan masalah)
4. Reorientation (kesimpulan)
Narrative dan recount text memang hampir mirip. Keduanya sama-sama menceritakan kejadian di
masa lampau dan sama-sama menggunakan past tense (simple past tense, simple past continuous
tense, atau past perfect tense.) Yang membedakan adalah narrative text berupa dongeng,
legenda, sedangkan recount text biasanya berupa biography, atau untuk menceritakan pengalaman
pribadi.

5.  Hal lain yang membedakan antara narrative dan recount text adalah struktur teksnya. Di dalam
narrative text menceritakan konflik yang terjadi sedangkan di recount text tidak ada konflik yang
terjadi.
Contoh: The Rose and The Cactus
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful rose in a garden. One rose flower on the plant was proud
of its beauty. But, it was disappointed that it was growing next to an ugly cactus.
Every day, the rose would insult the cactus about its looks, but the cactus stayed quiet. All the
other plants in the garden tried to stop the rose from bullying the cactus, but the rose was too selfish
by its own beauty and did not listen to anyone.
One summer, a well in the garden dried up and there was no water for the plants. The rose slowly
began to wilt. The rose saw a sparrow dip its beak into the cactus for some water.The rose then felt
ashamed for having made fun of the cactus all this time. But because it was in need of water, it went
to ask the cactus if it could have some water. The kind cactus agreed, and they both got through
summer as friends.

6. 4. Report Text
 Tujuan:
Untuk menyampaikan informasi kepada pembaca mengenai sesuatu hal apa adanya sebagai hasil dari penelitian
 Struktur:
1. General classification (klasifikasi umum)
2. Description (deskripsi)
Contoh :
Komodo dragon is the largest lizard on earth. It lives within the scrub and land of some Indonesian islands. Komodo dragon is
the world’s heaviest lizard, advising one hundred fifty pounds or a lot of. The most important Komodo ever measured was quite
ten feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) however, the common size of Komodo within the wild is about eight
feet (2.5 meters) long and two hundred pounds or 91 kg.
Komodo has gray scale skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs, and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to find
decaying an animal remains from many miles away. They additionally hunt different lizards yet as massive mammals
and generally barbarian. The Komodo dragon’s teeth are nearly utterly coated by its gums. Once it feeds, the gums bleed, making
a perfect culture for virulent microorganism. The microorganism that boards the Komodo dragon’s spit causes blood disease, or
septicemia, in its victims. A dragon can bite its prey, then follow it till the animal is simply too weak to hold on. This lizard species
is vulnerable by looking, loss of prey species, and surrounding loss.

7. 5. Explanation Text
 Tujuan:
Menjelaskan kepada pembaca mengenai proses terjadinya fenomena.
 Struktur:
1. General statement (pernyataan umum)
2. Explanation (penjelasan)
3. Closing (penutup)
 Explanation text menggunakan simple present text di dalam textnya dan menjelaskan sebab akibat fenomena tersebut.
Why Eiffel Tower Was Built
 If we talk about the Wonders of the World buildings, then we will see Eiffel Tower as one of them. However many of us do not know the tower’s past history on why it
was build. Everything has the reasonable background, especially for the tower which is to be one of the most recognized buildings in the world.
 Primarily, the Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition. It was called Paris Exposition in 1889. The exhibition was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of
the French Revolution. The purpose of building Eiffel Tower in such structure was to show to the world France’s advancement of technology and beauty. The Eiffel Tower was
designed by Gustave Eiffel. It seemed that then the name of the tower was derived from the designer’s last name, “Eiffel”
 Another reason on why the tower was built was for scientific progress. Although few realized it, the Eiffel Tower would become the prominent structure in terms of
science and technology. Many experiment with temperature, pressure and pendulums were performed atop the unique famous building. Additionally the Eiffel Tower was used for
radio transmission tower. Many experiments were conducted atop the Eiffel Tower for radio transmission advancement. Once the Eiffel Tower was proposed to be demolished but
it was spared because the tower had the promising future as a radio tower.

8. 6. Analytical Exposition Text
 Tujuan:
Untuk memberitahu pembaca peristiwa/kasus penting
 Struktur:
1. Thesis (pendahuluan)
2. Arguments (argumen)
3. Reiteration (kesimpulan)
 Frase yang dapat digunakan dalam membuat kesimpulan:
From the fact above …
I personally believe …
Therefore, my conclusion is …
In conclusion …

9. Cars should be banned in the city
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a
lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit
a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ of
asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them. Secondly, the
city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in
the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers. Thirdly, cars
are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or
concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

10. 7. Hortatory Exposition Text
 Tujuan:
Untuk membujuk pembaca bagaimana sesuatu dapat diselesaikan
 Struktur:
1. Thesis (pendahuluan)
2. Arguments (argumen)
3. Recommendation (rekomendasi penyelesaian)
 Perbedaan antara analytical dan hortatory exposition text adalah analytical text
menjawab pertanyaan “How is atau how will” (bagaimana) sedangkan hortatory text
menjawab pertanyaan “How should” (bagaimana sebaiknya). Contohnya pertanyaan
“How will you prepare for holiday” (bagaimana kamu mempersiapkan liburan) akan
dijelaskan melalui analytical text. Pertanyaan “How should you spend your holiday”
(apa yang sebaiknya kamu lakukan ketika liburan) akan dijelaskan melalui hortatory
exposition text.

11.  Why Students Should Eat Breakfast Everyday
 THESIS : A lot of people, especially young people, go through the day without having breakfast. Many
people believe that it is not necessary, or they say that they don’t have time for that, and begin their day with
no meal. I believe that everyone should eat breakfast before going to their activities. The purpose of this
paper is to show the importance of breakfast, especially for students.
 ARGUMENT 1 :The first reason why you should eat breakfast before going to school is for your health.
When you skip breakfast and go to school, you are looking for a disease because it’s not healthy to have an
empty stomach all day long. It’s very important to have a meal and not let your stomach work empty. All you
are going to get is gastritis and a lot of problems with your health if you don’t eat breakfast.
 ARGUMENT 2 :Another reason for eating breakfast is because you need food for to do well in your classes.
You body and your brain are not going to function as good as they could because you have no energy and no
strength. When you try to learn something and have nothing in your stomach, you are going to have a lot of
trouble succeeding. A lot of people think that they should not eat because they are going to feel tired, but
that’s not true. Breakfast is not a very big meal, and on the contrary, you’re going to feel tired if you don’t
have breakfast because you have spent the entire previous night without food.

12.  ARGUMENT 3: The last reason to have breakfast every day is because you can avoid
diseases if you eat some breakfast in the morning. If you don’t eat, you are going to get
sick, and these diseases will have a stronger effect on you because you’re going to get
sick easier than people who have breakfast every day.
 RECOMMENDATION : You have to realize that breakfast is the most important meal of
the day, and you cannot skip it without consequences for your health, your school and
your defense mechanism. It is better to wake up earlier and have a good breakfast that
run to school without eating anything. It is time for you to do something for your health,
and eating breakfast is the better way to start your day.

13. 8. Procedure Text
 Tujuan:
Membantu pembaca untuk membuat sesuatu
 Struktur:
 Goal (tujuan)
 Materials/equipment (bahan-bahan/peralatan)
 Step/method (cara pembuatan)
 Contoh:
Blended Iced Cappuccino
Ingredients:
1/2 cup of strong coffee
1 cup of ice cubes
2 cup skim milk
3 tablespoons of sugar
1/4 cup of cream
whipped cream (optional)

14.  Instructions:
1. Brew a cup of coffee. Let it cool.
2. Put the ice cubes in the blender and pour the coffee over them.
3. Add milk, sugar, and cream.
4. Blend them all on medium speed until the ice is completely crushed.
5. Pour the mixture into a glass.
6. Top it off with whipped cream.

15. 9. Discussion Text
 Tujuan:
Menyampaikan informasi dan opini terhadap isu yang terjadi
Struktur :
1. Issue (isu)
2. Arguments/ pros-cons) (argumen/ pro-kontra)
3. Conclusion (kesimpulan)
Pro and con of Computers for Students
 Do you know that most schools and colleges strongly recommend students to have computers to
help them achieve better results of learning. With computer connected to Internet, students can learn
English online. They can make reports easily by using word processing software. They can play game to
get of boredom. However, a computer can also give negative impacts for a student.
 One thing that makes a computer useful is that students can use it to finish some assignments from
schools. By connecting to Internet, they can easily surf and find any materials related to their lessons and
assignments. They have unlimited resources from all over the worlds. Online libraries are open. A lot of
book are free to download and read online. Finding friends from related field of study is not difficult
anymore. They can work together to boost their best achievement. What more benefit is they can do all of
that just by sitting on the a chair of their rooms. What amazing world it is, isn’t?

16.  Although a computer has many benefits, it should be considered deeply. A
computer certainly does not promote students to do and move more. A computes make
students have less physical activities. Even not few of them forget to have lunch while
they are playing certain game. They just sit in front of monitors. They are caught up in
the mystique of the smart machines. In short, students who usually work with
computers tend to have a few physical activities and exercises.
 So what should students do? Should they avoid using computers? Of course “No”.
Computer will make even greater benefits if physical activities are also promoted to
done by the students.

17. 10. Review Text
 Tujuan:
Memberikan kritik atau evaluasi mengenai sesuatu untuk disampaikan ke pembaca
 Struktur:
 Orientation (pendahuluan)
 Evaluation (evaluasi)
 Interpretative recount (interpretasi)
 Evaluation (evaluasi)
 Evaluation summation (evaluasi terakhir)

18.  Contoh:
 Orientation
I will start by saying that I am a huge fan of Spider-man. I love all the trilogies worked by Raimi (yes, even the Spider-man 3) but I do not like the The
Amazing Spiderman 1. I was sceptical when I wanted to watch this movie, but I was wrong and I think this second sequel is really great. Unlike its
predecessor, this film is full of action, humour, and emotional. Played by the big players, the story is well-written. The action is really spectacular and
the final scene makes me satisfied.
 Evaluation 1 / Interpretation
The story begins when Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield) struggled to maintain his relationship with Gwen (Emma Stone) after her father’s death. His
actions also cause the emergence of a new enemy, Electro, a villain played by James Foxx. Peter also continues to investigate what happened to his
father and reunited with his old friend, Harry Osborn. This movie is ended by the death of Gwen that makes the audience will be very emotional and
sad.
 Evaluation 2
However I have to criticize about this film addressed to Paul Giamatti who plays Rhino. His appearance is too over. His acting also does not show that
he is a feared villain. It would be a serious problem for the next Spiderman series. So, I hope he can improve his acting better than before.
 Summary
Overall, I think this is the best superhero movie since the appearance of The Dark Knight Rises. The script is well-written and convincing. I am sure
the next series will be outstanding superhero movie. I recommend this movie to anyone who loves Spider-man or other superhero movies.

19. 11. Anecdote Text
 Tujuan:
Menceritakan kepada pembaca kejadian yang menyenangkan atau kejadian yang tidak
biasanya terjadi
 Struktur:
 Abstract (pendahuluan)
 Orientation (pengenalan)
 Crisis (krisis)
 Reaction (reaksi)
 Coda (penutup)

20. Snake in The Bath
 Abstract
How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!
Orientation
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was
in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned
on the tap.
Crisis
Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the rest
of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and
hising at us.
Reaction/Incident
For an instant stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came
running and killed the snake with handle of a broom Anna, who was only three at the time,
was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she'd
probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Coda
Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.

21. 12. Spoof Text
 Tujuan:
Menghibur pembaca dengan cerita lucu yang memiliki akhir yang tidak terduga
 Struktur:
1. Orientation (pengenalan)
2. Event (kejadian)
3. Twist (hal yang tidak terduga)
 Contoh:
 There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He
was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.
Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; “Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket
with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife.” So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she
would put all the money in the casket with him.
Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest
friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said “Wait just a
minute!”
She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket
down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, “I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket.”
The wife turned to her friend and replied; “Yes, because I have promised.” Then she continued; “I can’t lie. I promised him that I
was going to put that money in that casket with him.” Feeling shocked, her friend said; “You mean that you have put every cent of
his money in the casket with him?” Then the wife answered; “Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account
and I just wrote him a check.”

22. Model Pertanyaan Untuk Menanyakan Purpose
• What is the purpose of the text?
• Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in this study?
• What is the type of the passage?
• The author’s purpose of writing text is to ….
• The general structure of the text is …
• What is the writer’s purpose in writing the text?
• What is the writer’s intention in writing the text?
• The text is meant to...
• The main point of the passage is to….

23.  Pilihan Jawaban:
• To define : untuk mendefinisikan
• To argue : untuk memberi argumen
• To review : untuk meringkas
• To relate : untuk menghubungkan
• To discuss : untuk mendiskusikan
• To propose : untuk mengajukan
• To illustrate : untuk menggambarkan

24. • To inform : untuk menginformasikan
• To explain : untuk menjelaskan
• To compare : untuk membandingkan
• To review : untuk mengulas
• To analyze : untuk menganalis
• To promote : untuk mempromosikan
• To describe : untuk mendeskripsikan