Effect of exercise on respiration

1. Under supervision of :
Dr/ Hitham Serag
Effect of
exercise on
respiration

2. Effect of
exercise on
respiration
Under supervision of :
Dr/ Hitham Serag

3. Our Team
Youssef
Mohammed
Abdelhamid
Moustafa
Ahmed Ibrahim
Anas
Moustafa Qamar

4. .1
Table of Contents
Pulmonary Ventilation
for normal people
during rest
Energy production
mechanism
Introduction to
respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
for athletes during rest
Pulmonary Ventilation
for normal people
during exercise
00
Pulmonary Ventilation
for athletes during
exercise
.1
01
.1
02
.1
03
.1
04
.1
05

5. .1
Introduction to
respiration
Respiration Def. - Impotance – Pulmonary Ventilation
00

6. Introduction
It means the different processes
by which we can finally obtain
energy from different food stuffs
Respiration
It includes
1. Extenal respiration
2. Gas Transport
3. Internal respiration

7. .1
.1
External Respiration
Pulmonay
Ventilation
Pulmonary
Respiration
01 02

8. Importance of
respiration
❖ H2O Balance
❖ Temperature Regulation
❖ Blood reservoir
❖ Obtain Energy from food stuffs
❖ diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the alveoli and the blood (Gas
exchange
❖ H+ Balance
❖ Metabolic function (Synthesis
Secretions) such as : Mucous.

9. Pulmonary
Ventilation
Gas exchange Between :
❖ Alveoli of the lung
( Alveolar air)
❖ Atmosphere
( Atmospheric Air)
In it’s mean not more than
inflow and outflow of air.

10. .1
Pulmonary Ventilation for
normal people during rest
Mechanism of action - Pressure - Value
01

11. Mechanism
of breathing
General idea
Breathing occurs when the contraction or relaxation of muscles around the lungs changes the total volume of
air within the air passages (bronchi, bronchioles) inside the lungs.
When the volume of the lungs changes, the pressure of the air in the lungs changes in accordance with
Boyle's Law.
Boyle's Law describes the relationship between the pressure (P) and the volume (V) of a gas. The law states
that if the volume increases, then the pressure must decrease (or vice versa).
This relationship is often written algebraically as PV = constant, or P 1V 1 = P 2V 2.
If the pressure is greater in the lungs than outside the lungs, then air rushes out.
If the opposite occurs, then air rushes in. Which Represents the Compliance.

12. Mechanism
of Breathing
Inspiration
Inspiration occurs when the inspiratory muscles—that is, the
diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles—(contract).
Contraction of the diaphragm (the skeletal muscle below the lungs)
causes an increase in the size of the thoracic cavity, while
contraction of the external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs
and sternum.
Thus, both muscles cause the lungs to expand, increasing the
volume of their internal air passages.
In response, the air pressure inside the lungs decreases below
that of air outside the body. Because gases move from regions of
high pressure to low pressure, air rushes into the lungs.

13. Considering the pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
It’s the presure of the surroundings Atmosphere at
see level which is (760mmHg)
At the Physiological Condition we consider that the
pressure is Zero.
During inspiration (intra pulmonary) : because
the lungs are expanding with the increase in size of
thoracic cage the pressure tends to falls to about
(-1mmHg)
Less than atmospheric pressure by -1mmHg

15. Mechanism
of Breathing
Expiration
Expiration occurs when the diaphragm and external
intercostal muscles relax.
In response, the elastic fibers in lung tissue cause the
lungs to recoil to their original volume (The lungs
decreased in size than Inspiration).
So there is no Muscle contraction During expiration As
it’s A Passive Process.
The pressure of the air inside the lungs then increases
above the air pressure outside the body, and air rushes
out.

18. Pulmonary Ventilation
Value in rest state
The minute respiratory volume is the total amount of new
air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; this
is equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate per
minute.
Pulmonary Ventilation = Tidal vol. X Respiratory rate
The normal tidal volume is about 500 milliliters, and the normal respiratory rate is about 12 breaths per
minute.
Therefore, the minute respiratory volume averages about 6 L/min.
= 500ml X 12/min = 6000ml/min

19. .1
Pulmonary Ventilation for
Athletes during rest
02

20. Volume and
Capacities
Their Lungs have been
Accommodated
through the exrecise to
occupy more volume
of air in lungs
What is the difference ?
The same mechanism
as average people.
Mechanism
of action

21. Athlete in rest
Air Volume
In the healthy athlete, alveolar ventilation ordinarily
increases almost exactly in step with the increased
level of oxygen metabolism.
As result of strenuous exercise their lungs have more air
capacities and the respiratory rate differs depending on
their activity, as it raised up to 40 to 50 time per minute,
and the tidal volume can become as great as the vital
capacity, about 4600 ml in a young adult man.
This can give a minute respiratory volume greater than
200 L/min, or more than 30 times, than normal person.

22. .1
Pulmonary Ventilation for
Normal People during
exercise
Mechanism of action - Pressure - Volume - Capcities
03

23. Forced breathing : is an active mode of breathing which utilizes
additional muscles to rapidly expand and contract the thoracic
cavity volume.
It most commonly occurs during exercise.

24. Mechanism
of Breathing
Forced Inspiration
With more powerful inspiration, more muscles fibers are Recruited into activity till all fibers become active during
Maximal inspiration
This alone can increase pulmonary ventilation ten-fold up to 60 liters per minute
Active inspiration involves the contraction of the accessory muscles of breathing
(in addition to those of quiet inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals).
All of these muscles act to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity:
Scaleni : elevates the upper ribs.
Sternocleidomastoid : elevates the sternum.
Pectoralis major and minor : pulls ribs outwards.
Serratus anterior : elevates the ribs (when the scapulae are fixed).

26. Mechanism of
Breathing
Forced Expiration
Normally, expiration is passive process dose not involve muscle contraction but during maximal
expiratory efforts, as in severe exercise, expiration becomes an active process with active muscle
contraction
active expiration utilizes the contraction of several thoracic and abdominal muscles.
These muscles act to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity:
Anterolateral abdominal wall : increases the intra-abdominal pressure, pushing the diaphragm further
upwards into the thoracic cavity.
Internal intercostal : depresses the ribs.
Innermost intercostal : depresses the ribs.

29. Considering the pressure
During Forcible Inspiration
With the Glottis Closed (Valsalva Manoeuvre)
It may rise up to (100mmHg)
During Forcible Expiration
It may fall much lower, to about (-80mmHg)

30. Lung Volumes
Tidial Volume (TV)
It’s the volume of air
inspired or expired each
cycle during normal
breathe (500ml)
Inspiratory reserve
volume (IRV)
Maximal volume of air,
could be inspired by
deep
inspiration(3000ml)
Expiratory reserve
volume (ERV)
Maximal volume of air,
could be Expired by deep
expiration about
(1100ml)
Residual Volume
(RV)
Volume of air
remaining in lung after
maximal expiration
(1200ml)

31. Lung Capacities
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximum volume could be inspired
from resting expiratory level
I.C = TV + IRV = 3500ml
Vital Capacity (VC)
Maximal Volum of air that can be expelled from the lung
by a maximal expiration following Maximal inspiration
V.C = IRV + ERV + TV =4600ml
Functional residual Capacity (FRC)
Volume of air remaining in lung at resting
expiratory level
F.R.C = RV + ERV = 2300ml
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
It’s the volume of air contained in the lungs at the
end of maximal inspiration
T.L.C = TV + ERV + IRV + RV = 5800ml (VC + RV)

32. Volumes & Capacities
Male Female
All pulmonary volumes and Capacities are about 20% to 25% less in women than men
T.V: 0.5 L
IRV: 3.3 L
ERV: 1.1 L
RV: 1.2 L
IC: 3.8 L
FRC: 2.2 L
VC: 4.8 L
TLC: 6.0 L
T.V: 0.5 L
IRV: 2.9 L
ERV: 0.9 L
RV: 1.1 L
IC: 2.4 L
FRC: 1.8 L
VC: 3.1 L
TLC: 4.2 L

33. .1
Pulmonary Ventilation for
Athletes during exercise
04

34. What is the difference ?
A higher VC volumes due to
increasing in the exercises
and efforts
It is suggested that the
difference in VC is due to
increased development of
respiratory musculature
incidental to regular
physical training.
Athletes
They have the normal range of
VC during the exercise and
normal activity also the same
action mechanism
No athletes

35. Athletics
5.11 L
Basketball
6.5 L
Football
5.78 L
Water polo
6.8 L
Rowing
6.51 L
Differences
between
athletes
Represent the mean and
standard deviations of VC
(expressed in liters) of the
different sports and of the
sedentary group. VC was
significantly higher in
basketball, football, water
polo and rowing than in the
Other groups from different
other sports.
Normal average: 4.8 L

36. .1
Energy Production
Mechanism
Pulmpnary Respiration - Gas Transport – Internal Inspiration
05

37. Pulmonary
Respiration
Since the main function of
respiration are to provide oxygen
to the tissues, remove CO2 and
play a major role in regulation the
PH.
So the Oxygen that provided from
the Respiration is important to
produce energy using the food
stuffs ( Glucose) to produce
energy nessecary for exercise.

38. Pulmonary Respiration
Gas Exchange
This respiratory process takes place through
hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs called
(alveoli).
Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses from the alveoli
into pulmonary capillaries surrounding them. It binds to
hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, and is
pumped through the bloodstream.
Meanwhile, carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood
diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli, and is
expelled through exhalation.

40. Gas Transport
Oxygen is transported in the
blood in two forms :
1. Main mode of transport is
Oxyhaemoglobin as over 97%
of total oxygen carried in
arterial blood to the tissues.
2. Less than 3% of oxygen in
arterial blood is found in
dissolved form

41. Gas Transport
Pulmonary Circulation
The right ventricle pumps low-oxygen blood into the pulmonary artery, which branches off into
smaller and smaller arteries and capillaries.
The capillaries form a fine network around the pulmonary vesicles (Alveoli of the lung).
This is where carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the air inside the pulmonary vesicles,
and fresh oxygen enters the bloodstream.
When we breathe out, carbon dioxide leaves our body.
Oxygen-rich blood travels through the pulmonary veins and the left atrium into the left ventricle.
The next heartbeat starts a new cycle of systemic circulation as blood pumped from the left
ventricle into Aorta.

44. Energy
Production
After Oxygen is provided to the
tissues It enters a series of reaction
in addition to the glucose to
produce the energy ( ATP ) that
needed in the exercise in a process
which is called ( Citric acid cycle).
There are two pathways
in the cycle :
1. Aerobic
2. Anaerobic

45. Energy Production
Aerobic
❖ Oxygen would be percence
❖ The body will produce a
suficient amount of energy for
the body activites
❖ The process produce about 36
or 38 ATP molcules depending
on the type of the tissue
❖ The Co2 and water vapour also
would be outcomes of the
process which body could
utilize or getting them out
through expiration.
Anaerobic
❖ Oxygen would be absence
❖ The body will not produce a
suficient amount of energy
( less than aerobic but more
faster)
❖ The process produce about
2 ATP Molcules
❖ Fermentation would occur and
in this case lactic acid would be
synthizied which his
accumilation on muscles in
case of exercise causing
muscular Tension

48. And The
Circulation
Renews !

49. Conclusions
Finally !
Respiration is one of the
important physiological process
in your life
PLEASE KEEP BREATHING !

50. References
❖ Guyton & Hall Textbox . Unit VII : Respiration . Chapter 37 , 41 –
P 365 : P 347
❖ Human Physiology II. Chapter 3. P59 : P79
❖ Cliffs Notes
www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/the-respiratory-
system/mechanics-of-breathing
❖ Pulmonolgy Journal
www.Pulmonolgyjournal.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/the-
respiratory-system/mechanics-of-breathing
❖ Visual Body Journal
www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/the-respiratory-
system/mechanics-of-breathing
❖ Teach me Physiology
www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/anatomy-and-physiology/the-respiratory-
system/mechanics-of-breathing
❖ Journals of Applied Physiology. P:507 : P:509

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