2. Content
Mechanism of ventilation
Lung volumes and capacity
Factors affecting lung volumes
Pulmonary ventilation
Regulation of ventilation
Regulation during exercise
Ventilation during exercise
Variation from normal breathing
Article discussion
Conclusion
3. Anatomy of Ventilation
Pulmonary ventilation is a process of
exchanging gases
Air enter through nose and mouth travel
through conductive system
Reaches the alveoli for gaseous
exchange
4. Anatomy of Ventilation
At rest 1 RBC remains in pulmonary capillary only 1 secs
At max exc 1 pint of blood flows thr lung tissue bld vessels
5. Anatomy of ventilation
Ventilatory system divides into
1. Conductive zone
2. Respiratory zone 1. Air transport
2. Humidification
3. Warming
4. Particle filtration
5. Immunoglobulin secretion
1. Surfactant production
2. Molecule activation and
inactivation
3. Blood clotting regulation
4. Endocrine function
6. The Alveoli
600 million
0.3mm
At Rest:
250 ml of O2 leaves alveoli and 200 ml of Co2 diffuses
At high intense exercise: 25 times higher
7. Mechanism of Ventilation
Inspiration
is an active process of the diaphragm and the
external intercostal muscles.
air rushes in into the lungs to reduce a pressure
difference.
During exercise, forced inspiration is further assisted by the
scalene, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis muscles.
8. Mechanism of ventilation
Expiration
is a passive relaxation of the inspiratory muscles and
the lung recoils.
increased thoracic pressure forces air out of the lungs
During exercise, forced expiration is an active process
of the internal intercostal muscles (latissimus dorsi,
quadratus lumborum & abdominals).
11. Static Lung volumes
Athletes with larger lung volumes
reflects the genetic influences
Exercise training does not increase the
static lung volumes
12. Dynamic lung volumes
a) Forced vital capacity
b) Maximum voluntary ventilation
c) Minute ventilation
Depends on two factors:
1. Max stroke volume of lungs
2. Speed of moving a volume of air
13. Maximum voluntary ventilation
MVV: Evaluates ventilatory capacity with
rapid and deep breathing for 15 secs
Ventilatory training increases MVV
15. Is there difference in lung volumes
between different sports?
Swimming and diving has larger
volumes than normal static volumes
Inspiratory work against additional
resistance
17. Pulmonary ventilation
One can view pulmonary ventilation in
two perspective:
1. Minute ventilation
2. Alveolar ventilation
18. Pulmonary ventilation
1. Minute Ventilation
Volume of air breathed each minute
During exc both rate and TV increases
In male endurance athletes can increase
upto 160L/m
Professional football players have 200L MV
19. Pulmonary ventilation
2. Alveolar Ventilation
Refers to the portion of minute ventilation
that mixes with the air in the alveolar
chambers.
20. Pulmonary ventilation
• Ventilation increases during exercise in
proportion to the metabolic needs
• Rapid increase in ventilation and tidal volume
• Increase can begin even before exercise starts
21. Ventilation during exercise
In steady state exercise: light to mod exc
Ventilation increases linearly with O2
consumption and Co2 production
In this state ventilation increases by
increasing the tidal volume
Ventilatory equivalent:
Normal healthy young adult maintains 25(ie
25 L of air breathed/ lit of O2 consumed )
Ventilatory equivalent: Is the ratio of minute ventilation to O2 consumption
22. Ventilation during exercise
In Non - steady state exercise: high
intensity exercise
Ventilatory equivalent can attain: 35 – 40L
In this state ventilation increases by
increasing the frequency of ventilation
23. Ventilatory threshold (Vt)
The point at which pulmonary ventilation
increases disproportionately with O2 consumption
during graded exc
Excess ventilation due to Co2 release from the buffering of lactic acid
28. Regulation during exercise
Phase 1: Start of exercise
Neurogenic stimulation from cerebral cortex
and from the active limbs
29. Regulation during exercise
Phase 2: Approximately after 20 secs
Minute ventilation increases exponentially and
reaches the steady state
Central, medullary and peripheral
chemoreceptors contributes to regulation
30. Regulation during exercise
Phase 3:
Involves fine tuning of steady state of ventilation through
peripheral sensory feedback mechanism
Co2 and H+ maintains the ventilation in this phase
31. Regulation during exercise
Recovery:
Abrupt decrease in ventilation when exc ceases
is due to removal of central and peripheral
stimulus
32. Acid-base regulations
Normal pH: 7.35 to 7.45
Decrease in H† conc leads to alkalosis
and vice versa
During exercise, body slightly acidic
6.6 to 6.9
Lower pH = Acidosis
33. Acid-base regulations
3 mechanism regulate pH of internal
environment
1. Chemical buffers
2. Pulmonary ventilation and
3. Renal function
39. Valsalva Maneuver
Refers to forceful expiration against
closed glottis
Prolonged Valsalva maneuver
decreases blood supply to brain
May cause fainting or dizziness
41. Respiratory Responses:
Limitations to Performance
Ventilation normally not limiting factor
Respiratory muscles account for 10% of VO2
Respiratory muscles very fatigue resistant
Airway resistance and gas diffusion
normally not limiting factors at sea level
Restrictive or obstructive respiratory
disorders can be limiting
42. Respiratory Responses:
Limitations to Performance
Exception: elite endurance-trained athletes
exercising at high intensities
Ventilation may be limiting
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH)
44. Does the Respiratory System Limit Exercise in Mild
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Roberto C. Chin1, Jordan A. Guenette1,2, Sicheng Cheng1, Natya
Raghavan1,3, Naparat Amornputtisathaporn1,4,
Arturo Corte´s-Te´lles1, Katherine A. Webb1, and Denis E. O’Donnell1
Department of Medicine, Queen’s University
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2013
45. Aim
To compare the effects of DS loading
during exercise on ventilation, breathing
pattern, operating lung volumes, and
dyspnea intensity in subjects with mild
symptomatic COPD
46. Methods
Twenty subjects with Chronic
Obstructive Lung Disease stage I COPD
and 20 healthy subjects completed two
symptom-limited incremental cycle
exercise tests, in randomized order:
unloaded control and added DS of 0.6 L.
47. Results
These results show that the respiratory
system reached or approached its
physiologic limit in mild COPD at a lower
peak work rate and ventilation than in
healthy participants
48. Effects of respiratory muscle
work
on exercise performance
CRAIG A. HARMS,THOMAS J. WETTER,
CLAUDETTE M. ST. CROIX,DAVID F.
PEGELOW, AND JEROME A. DEMPSEY
Journal of Appl Physiology
feb/2000
49. Aim
The work of breathing normally
experienced during strenuous exercise
would impair exercise performance.
50. Results
Major Findings
Decreasing the work of breathing
consistently led to significantly longer
exercise tolerance
whereas increasing the work of
breathing decrease performance