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- 1. Vineyard to Winery … tips with logistics RGV – GRAPES & WINE EDUCATIONAL SERIES JUNE 21, 2023 Fran Pontasch fmpontasch@tamu.edu
- 2. Reasons for Rejecting grapes Untimely delivery Diseased or damaged grapes Sunburned or fermenting grapes MOG – matter other than grapes Chemistry Yield
- 3. Basic Expectations Clean, healthy clusters Minimal MOG Minimal Rot Agreed Quality Agreed Quantity Clear Communication Agreed Transportatio
- 4. MOG: Material Other than Grapes Leaves Stems Insects Tie tape Etc.
- 5. Winery Specifications Fruit Quality ◦Brix minimum or range ◦pH maximum ◦Allowable MOG – matter other than grapes ◦SO2 addition Specific Tonnage
- 6. Harvest Contract Documentation of the Spoken Agreement
- 7. Variety Block Estimated Tons Estimated Tons/acre Quality Target Min Max %Rot or MOG Brix Total Acidity pH Variety Block Estimated Tons Estimated Tons/acre Quality Target Min Max %Rot or MOG Brix Total Acidity pH Variety Block Estimated Tons Estimated Tons/acre Quality Target Min Max %Rot or MOG Brix Total Acidity pH
- 8. Phases of Berry Development Stage 1 - Berry Formation: Fruitset to Veraison Stage 2 – Lag Phase Stage 3 - Berry Ripening: Veraison to Maturity
- 9. Berry Development Average number of days: V. Vinifera: 120 Days Blanc Du Bois: 80-85 Days Lomanto: 80-85 Days Lenoir: 95-100 Days Champanel: 95-100 Days Fruitset to Harvest
- 10. Fruit ripening is the accumulation of desirable flavors. AND the degradation of undesirable flavors. Berry Development Fruitset to Harvest
- 11. Flowering Growth in berry size by cell division and water intake Vineyard Management Berry Formation, Stage 1 Lag Phase
- 12. • Manage Canopy Density Manage Air Flow - reduce humidity • Maintain a Clean Vineyard - disturb insect habitat Burn or remove vine debris Keep weed free vine rows Mow before heads go to seed Integrated Management of Berry Integrity
- 13. Acid, tannin accumulation Sugar, color, flavor development
- 14. Significant Insects that Threaten Berry Integrity Drosophila spp. fruit fly Contributor to Sour Rot Complex Grape Berry Moth Larvae feed on developing berries GBM Larva GBM Adult Photo: Virginia Tech Photo: Justin Scheiner Best controlled Integrating Pest Management
- 15. Grape Berry Moth Paralobesia viteana
- 16. • Overwinter in leaf debris • Lay eggs on flowers & new berries • Eggs hatch within 5-10 days • Larvae burrow into developing berries to feed • 4-5 generations per year Grape Berry Moth Life Cycle
- 17. Grape Berry Moth Detection Scout for webbing in flowering clusters Traps up before bloom Replace pheromone monthly Inspect traps weekly
- 18. Grape Berry Moth
- 19. Grape Leaffolder Grape Skeletonizer Sphinx moth Nuisance Larvae Moth larvae – Lepidopteran Control Tomato Hornworm
- 20. Insecticides – Caterpillar & Moth Specific Lepidopteran Control 18 Mode of Action: hormone disruptor methoxyfenozide Intrepid 2F Some residual effect Manage resistance by rotating chemical sprays IRAC Group
- 21. 5 Caterpillar & Moth – Lepidopteran Control Biologics Entrust spinosad Delegate spinetoram DiPel Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Insecticides – Caterpillar & Moth Specific Lepidopteran Control IRAC Group
- 22. Factors that Contribute to Insect Damage Environmental
- 23. Harvest Beetles
- 24. Sphinx moth caterpillar Stink Bugs Taint the Fruit Green June Beetle
- 25. Stink Bugs Eggs Hatch Mid May Photos Courtesy of Paul Darst
- 28. General Insecticide 1A Carbaryl attacks nervous system & can be toxic on contact Sharpshooters, GBM, GJB, Flea Beetle, Leaffolder, Stinkbug, Flea beetle, Grasshopper, Drosphila fruit fly Kills on contact, no residual, inexpensive, not so effective IRAC Group
- 29. 4A Neonicitinoids Imidacloprid generics, Admire Pro Dinotefuran Venom Acetamiprid Assail 4D Flupyradifurone Flupyradifurone Sivanto Prime, Sivanto HL Group 4 – Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ANTAGONISTS Attack the nervous system Many insects
- 30. Group 4 – Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ANTAGONISTS REQUIRES Resistance Management – Do not make more than 2 applications per season. Through drip irrigation for systemic action through the root system Foliar spray to kill on contact – NO residual benefits
- 31. SUMMARY Manage Canopy Air Flow Maintain a Clean Vineyard Determine Economic Threshold Monitor Emergence Time Insecticides that Target the Stage ◦
- 32. Lag Phase – Stage 2
- 34. Veraison Lag Phase Clusters double in weight (approximately)
- 35. Water Management = Monitor shoot tips
- 36. Estimate Crop Yield Clusters ~ double their weight After Lag Phase Weigh individual clusters Select Sentinel Vines Count number of clusters per vine Lag Phase Yield Estimation = 2 (Average number x weight) Calculate average number & weight of clusters per vine per variety
- 37. Berry Ripening, Stage 3 Acids: pH, TA Sugars: Brix Tannins: last ripeness indicator to develop Veraison to Harvest
- 38. Berry Ripening, Stage 3 Monitor fruit maturity Manage late season pests Manage irrigation Organize Harvest Shoot growth should stop Manage Fruit Quality
- 39. Berry Ripening, Stage 3 Manage Fruit Quality Optimize air & light Reduce humidity around fruit Facilitate sugar accumulation Balanced leaf/fruit ratio Avoid over or under cropping Open Canopy
- 40. Berry Ripening, Stage 3 Manage Fruit Quality Open Canopy to air & light Balanced leaf/fruit ratio
- 41. REMOVE late ripening GREEN FRUIT Berry Ripening, Stage 3
- 42. Manage Fruit Quality Berry Ripening, Stage 3 Over cropped, unable to ripen Cluster thin before verasion
- 44. Monitor Fruit Quality Estimate the Yield Coordinate Pickup/Delivery • Coordinate harvest date • Bins • Scales, Trucking Communicate with Winery or Grower