The document is a presentation on building construction from the School of Architecture at Delhi Technological Campus. It contains definitions and descriptions of various building construction, fire safety, and occupancy classification terms. It provides details on fire detection and alarm systems, sprinkler systems, means of egress requirements, travel distances, and special provisions for storage buildings and aircraft hangars. It was created by students Salman Naqvi, Rishabh Saxena, Rishabh Singh Rawat, and Abhinav Prasher for their faculty Ar. Gandhava Swami and Ar. Nidhi Sachdeva as part of their 5th semester B.Arch course on building construction.

1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, DELHITECHNICAL CAMPUS
SUBJECT NAME: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
SUBJECT CODE: AP-303
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PPT
(SESSION 2021-22 – B. ARCHVTH SEMESTER)
NAME OF STUDENT: S. MOHAMMAD SALMAN NAQVI
RISHABH SAXENA
RISHABH SINGH RAWAT
ABHINAV PRASHER
FACULTY IN CHARGE:AR. GANDHAVA SWAMI
AR. NIDHI SACHDEVA
BATCH: 2019-2024
COLLEGE NAME: SCHOOL OFARCHITECTURE, DELHITECHNICAL CAMPUS, GREATER NOIDA
UNIVERSITY: GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI

3. AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
- FIRE ALARM SYSTEM COMPRISING COMPONENTS FOR AUTOMATICALLY DETECTING
A FIRE, INITIATING AN ALARM OF FIRE AND INITIATING OTHER ACTIONS AS
APPROPRIATE.
- NOTE :-THE SYSTEM MAYALSO INCLUDE MANUAL FIREALARM CALL.
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
- - A SYSTEM OF WATER PIPES FITTED WITH SPRINKLER HEADS AT SUITABLE
INTERVALS AND HEIGHTS AND DESIGNED TO ACTUATE AUTOMATICALLY CONTROL
OR EXTINGUISHA FIRE BYTHE DISCHARGE OFWATER.
BUILDING
- ANY STRUCTURE FOR WHATSOEVER PURPOSE AND OF WHATSOEVER MATERIALS CONSTRUCTED AND EVERY PART
THEREOF WHETHER USED AS HUMAN HABITATION OR NOT AND INCLUDES FOUNDATION, PLINTH, WALLS, FLOORS,
ROOFS, CHIMNEYS, PLUMBING AND BUILDING SERVICES, FIXED PLATFORMS, VERANDAH , BALCONY, CORNICE OR
PROJECTION, PART OF A BUILDING OR ANYTHING AFFIXED THERETO OR ANY WALL ENCLOSING OR INTENDED TO ENCLOSE
ANY LAND OR SPACE AND SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES. TENTS, SHAMIANAHS , TARPAULIN SHELTERS, ETC,
ERECTED FOR TEMPORARY AND CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORITY SHALL NOT BE
CONSIDEREDAS BUILDING.
EMERGENCY LIGHTING
- LIGHTING PROVIDED FOR USEWHENTHE SUPPLYTOTHE NORMAL LIGHTING FAILS.

4. EMERGENY LIGHETING SYSTEM
- A COMPLETE BUT DISCRETE EMERGENCY LIGHTING INSTALLATION FROM THE
STANDBY POWER SOURCE TO THE EMERGENCY LIGHTING LAMP(S), FOR EXAMPLE,
SELF-CONTAINED EMERGENCY LUMINAIRE OR A CIRCUIT FROM CENTRAL BATTERY
GENERATOR CONNECTEDTHROUGHWIRINGTO SEVERAL ESCAPE LUMINARIES.
ESCAPE LIGHTING
- THAT PART OF EMERGENCY LIGHTING WHICH IS PROVIDED TO ENSURE THAT THE
ESCAPE ROUTE IS ILLUMINATED AT ALL MATERIAL TIMES, FOR EXAMPLE, AT ALL
TIMES WHEN PERSONS ARE ON THE PREMISES, OR AT TIMES THE MAIN LIGHTING IS
NOTAVAILABLE, EITHER FORTHEWHOLE BUILDING OR FORTHE ESCAPE ROUTES.
ESCAPE LIGHTING
- A FIRE-RESISTIVE DOOR APPROVED
FOR OPENINGS IN FIRE SEPARATION.
FIRE EXIT
A WAY OUT LEADING TO AN
ESCAPE ROUTE
FIRE EXIT
THE LIFT INSTALLED TO
ENABLE FIRE SERVICES
PERSONNEL TO REACH
DIFFERENT FLOORS WITH
MINIMUM DELAY, HAVING
SUCH FEATURES AS
REQUIRED IN ACCORDANCE
WITHTHIS PART.

5. FIRE LOAD
- CALORIFIC ENERGY, OF THE WHOLE CONTENTS CONTAINED IN A SPACE, INCLUDING THE FACINGS OF THE WALLS,
PARTITIONS, FLOORS AND CEILINGS
FIRE LOAD DENSITY
FIRE LOAD/FLOOR AREA.
FIRE RESISTANCE RATING
THE TIME THAT A MATERIAL OR CONSTRUCTION WILL WITHSTAND THE STANDARD FIRE EXPOSURE AS DETERMINED BY FIRE
TEST DONE INACCORDANCEWITHTHE STANDARD METHODS OF FIRETESTS OF MATERIAL/STRUCTURES.
FIRE RESISTANCE RATING
THE TIME THAT A MATERIAL OR CONSTRUCTION WILL WITHSTAND THE STANDARD FIRE EXPOSURE AS DETERMINED BY FIRE
TEST DONE INACCORDANCEWITHTHE STANDARD METHODS OF FIRETESTS OF MATERIAL/STRUCTURES.
FIRE RESISTANCE CRITERIA OF
FIRE RESISTANCE IS A PROPERTY OF AN ELEMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND IS THE MEASURE OF ITS ABILITY TO
SATISFY FOR A STATED PERIOD SOME OR ALLTHE FOLLOWING CRITERIA :
a) RESISTANCETO COLLAPSE
b) B) RESISTANCETO PENETRATION OF FLAMEAND HOT GASES,AND
c) C) RESISTANCE TO TEMPERTURE RISE ON THE UNEXPOSED FACE UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 1800 C AND/OR AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE OF 1500C.

6. FIRE SEPERATION
- THE DISTANCE IN METRES MEASURED FROM THE EXTERNAL WALL OF THE BUILDING CONCERNED TO THE EXTERNAL WALL
OF ANY OTHER BUILDING ON THE SITE, OR FROM OTHER SITE, OR FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF STREET OR OTHER PUBLIC
SPACETOTHE BUILDING FORTHE PURPOSE OF PREVENTINGTHE SPREAD OF FIRE.
FIRE SEPERATIONWALL
- THE WALL PROVIDES COMPLETE SEPARATION OF ONE BUILDING FROM ANOTHER OR
PART OF A BUILDING FROM ANOTHER OR PART OF A BUILDING FROM ANOTHER PART
OF THE SAME BUILDING TO PREVENT ANY COMMUNICATION OF FIRE OR ANY ACCESS
OR HEAT TRANSMISSION TO WALL ITSELF WHICH MAY CAUSE OR ASSIST IN THE
COMBUSTION OF MATERIALS OF THE SIDE OPPOSITE TO THAT PORTION WHICH MAY BE
ON FIRE
FIRE STOP
- A FIRE RESISTANT MATERIAL, OR CONSTRUCTION, HAVING A FIRE RESISTANCE
RATING OF NOT LESS THAN THE FIRE SEPARATING ELEMENTS, INSTALLED IN
CONCEALED SPACES OR BETWEEN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING TO
PREVENT THE SPREAD/PROPAGATION OF FIRE AND SMOKE THROUGH WALLS, CEILINGS
AND LIKEAS PERTHE LAID DOWN CRITERIA.
FIRETOWER
- AN ENCLOSED STAIRCASE WHICH CAN ONLY BE APPROACHED FROM THE VARIOUS FLOORS THROUGH
LANDINGS OR LOBBIES SEPARATED FROM BOTH THE FLOOR AREAS AND THE STAIRCASE BY FIRE-
RESISTING DOORS,AND OPENTOTHE OUTERAIR. .

7. FIRE RESISTINGWALL
- THE DISTANCE IN METRES MEASURED FROM THE EXTERNAL WALL OF THE BUILDING
CONCERNED TO THE EXTERNAL WALL OF ANY OTHER BUILDING ON THE SITE, OR FROM
OTHER SITE, OR FROM THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF STREET OR OTHER PUBLIC SPACE TO THE
BUILDING FORTHE PURPOSE OF PREVENTINGTHE SPREAD OF FIRE.
FLOOR AREA RATIO
-THE QUOTIENT OBTAINED BY DIVIDEDTHETOTAL COVEREDAREA (PLINTHAREA) ONALL FLOORS BYTHEAREA OFTHE PLOT
FAR =TOTAL COVERED AREA OFALL FLOORS/PLOT AREA
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
- FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS PART, ALL BUILDING 15M OR ABOVE IN HEIGHT SHALL BE
CONSIDEREDAS HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.
HORIZONTAL EXIT
- FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS PART, ALL BUILDING 15M OR ABOVE IN HEIGHT SHALL BE
CONSIDEREDAS HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.
HORIZONTAL EXIT
MEANS OF EGRESS
A CONTINUOUS AND UNOBSTRUCTED WAY OF TRAVEL FROM ANY POINT IN A BUILDING OR STRUCTURE TO A PLACE OF
COMPARATIVE SAFETY
OCCUPANCY OR USE GROUP
THE PRINCIPAL OCCUPANCY FOR WHICH A BUILDING OR A PART OF A BUILDING IS USED OR INTENDED TO BE USED; FOR THE
PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION OF A BUILDING ACCORDING TO THE OCCUPANCY,AN OCCUPANCY SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE
SUBSIDIARY OCCUPANCIESWHICH ARE CONTINGENT UPON IT.

8. PLINTH AREA
THE BUILT-UP COVERED AREA MEASURED AT THE FLOOR LEVEL OF THE BASEMENT OR OF ANY
STOREY.
PRESSURIZATION
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PRESSURE DIFFERENCE ACROSS A BARRIER TO PROTECT A STAIRWAY, LOBBY, ESCAPE ROUTE OR
ROOM OF A BUILDING FROM SMOKE PENETRATION.
PRESSURIZATION LEVEL
- THE PRESSURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESSURIZED SPACE AND THE AREA SERVED BY THE PRESSURIZED ESCAPE ROUTE,
EXPRESSED IN PASCALS (PA).
ROOF EXITS
- A MEANS OF ESCAPE ON TO THE ROOF OF A BUILDING, BUT ACCEPTABLE ONLY WHERE
THE ROOF HAS ACCESS TO IT FROM THE GROUND. THE EXIT SHALL HAVE ADEQUATE
CUTOFFWITHINTHE BUILDING FROM STAIRCASE BELOW.
ROOF EXITS
- A PARCEL (PIECE) OF LAND ENCLOSED BY DEFINITE BOUNDARIES.

9. STACK PRESSURE
PRESSURE DIFFERENCE CAUSED BY A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE CREATING AN AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN A DUCT, CHIMNEY OR
ENCLOSURE.
TRAVEL DISTANCE
THE DISTANCE TO BE TRAVELED FROM ANY POINT IN A BUILDING TO A PROTECTED ESCAPE ROUTE, EXTERNAL ESCAPE ROUTE
OR FINAL EXIT
VENTILATION
SUPPLY OF OUTSIDEAIR INTO, ORTHE REMOVAL OR INSIDEAIR FROMAN ENCLOSED SPACE
VENTING FIRE
THE PROCESS OF INDUCING HEAT AND SMIKE TO LEAVE A BUILDING AS
QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE BY SUCH PATHS THAT LATERAL SPREAD OF FIRE AND
HEAT IS CHECKED, FIRE FIGHTING OPERATIONS ARE FACILIATED AND
MINIMUM FIRE DAMAGE IS CAUSED.
VOLUMETO PLOT AREA RATIO (VPR) :
THE RATIO OF VOLUME OF BUILDING MEASURED IN CUBIC METRES TO THE AREA OF THE PLOT MEASURED IN SQUARE METRES
AND EXPRESSED IN METRES.

10. WET RISER
AN ARRANGEMENT FOR FIRE FIGHTING WITHIN THE BUILDING BY MEANS OF VERTICAL RISING MAINS WITH LANDING VALVES
ON EACH FLOOR/LANDING FOR FIRE FIGHTING PURPOSES AND PERMANENTLY CHARGED WITH WATER FROM A
PRESSURIZED SUPPLY.

12. STORAGE BUILDINGS (GROUP H)
These shall include any building or part of a building
used primarily for the storage or sheltering
Group H including (servicing, processing or repairs incidental
to storage) of goods, ware or merchandise (except those that
involve highly explosive products or
materials), vehicles or animals.
Storage examples :-
warehouses, cold storages, transit sheds,
storehouses, truck and marine terminals, garages,
hangars, grain elevators, barns and stables. Storage
properties are characterized by the presence of
relatively small number of persons in proportion to the
area.
Any new use which increases the number of
occupants to a figure comparable with other classes of
occupancy shall change the classification of the building
to that of the new use,
For example, hangars used for
assembly purposes, warehouses used for office
purposes, garage buildings used for manufacturing.
FAR RATIO FOR OCCUPANCY FACING ONE
PUBLIC STREET AT LEAST 9M WIDE
TYPE 1 :- 6.0
TYPE 2 :- 1.5
TYPE 3 :- 1.3
TYPE 4 :- 1.0
CONSTRUCTION
TYPES
NOTE
OCCUPANCY LOAD FACTOR
GROUP H
(STORAGE)
30m2/PERSON
NOTE :-
CAR PARKING AREAS UNDER
OCCUPANCY OTHER THAN STORAGE
SHALL ALSO BE 30m2 PER PERSON

13. STORAGE BUILDINGS (GROUP H)
NUMBER OF EXITS
The Minimum Number Of Exits Required For A
Storage Building Is 3 With Minimum Width Of 1.5M
CAPACITY FACTOR
WIDTH PER PERSON (mm)
Stairways
10
Level Components And
Ramps
6.5
Capacity Is The Number Of People That Can
Pass Through A Stairway, And Level
Components And Ramps
TRAVEL DISTANCE
(Based On Occupancy And Construction Type)
MAXIMUN TRAVEL DISTANCE(m)
TYPE 1 & 2 TYPE 3 & 4
30.00 N.A
GROUP H
(STORAGE)
LIFE SAFETY
Every Area Used For The Storage Of
Hazardous Commodities Shall Have An Exit
Within 22.5M Of Any Point In The Area Where
Persons May Be Present Or 35M Where
Automatic Sprinkler Protection Is Provided.
Every storage area exceeding 1400 m² gross
area shall have at least two exit access doors
leading to the corridors in exit access, which
can be readily opened.
This shall not be subject to locking so long as
any persons are inside and shall not depend
on power operation.
Exits in such cases shall be as remote from
each other as practicable.

14. STORAGE BUILDINGS (GROUP H)
SPECIAL PROVISION FOR
AIRCRAFT HANGARS
For warehouses, natural draft smoke venting
shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or
near the ceiling level; such vents shall be
normally open, or, if closed, shall be designed
for automatic opening in case of fire, by
release of smoke sensitive devices.
Exits from aircraft hangers
shall be provided at
intervals of not more than
45 m on all exterior walls
of aircraft hangers. There
shall be a minimum of two
exits serving each aircraft
storage or servicing areas.
Horizontal exits through
interior fire walls shall be
provided at intervals
of not more than 30 m.
'Dwarf' or 'smash‘ doors accommodating
aircraft may be used to comply with these
requirements. All doors designated as exits
shall be kept unlocked in the direction of exit
travel while the area is occupied.
SPECIAL PROVISION FOR
GRAIN ELEVATORS
There shall be at least one
stair tower from basement
to first floor and from the
first floor to the top floor of
workhouse which is
enclosed in a dust tight non-
combustible shaft.
Non-combustible doors
of self-closing type
shall be provided at
each floor landing.
An exterior fire escape
of the stair or basket
ladder type shall be
provided from the roof
of the workshop to
ground level or the roof
of an adjoining annexe
with access from all
floors above the first

15. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM
Fire Detection And Alarm Systems In Buildings Shall Be So Planned And
Programmed So As To Enable Operations Of Various Systems And
Equipments To Facilitate Requirements Leading To Life Safety.