HR

1. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
300
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬
/
‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ‬
/
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺱ‬
/
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬
/
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
/
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬
wisraa@yahoo.com b1985_20@yahoo.com
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ‬
)
Lean Manufacturing
(
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
)
sustainable competitive advantage
. (
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺒﻬﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
.
‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺎﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻘﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
.
‫ﳛﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
،
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﰎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬
SPSS
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﳉﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﰎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺴﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
.

2. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
301
The role of Lean Manufacturing Fundamentals to achieve sustainable
competitive advantage / analytical Study In The State Company For Drugs
Industries Medical Appliances/ Nineveh
Bassam Moneeb Ali al-Tai Israa' Wadallah Qassem
Assist Lecturer Assist Lecturer
Industrial Management operations management techniques
Iraq
Abstract
Current research is looking forward The role of Lean Manufacturing
Fundamentals to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. On the one hand is a
Lean Manufacturing is a manufacturing systems major contemporary made to
organizations, since the basic idea behind this concept is to remove all forms of
waste resulting from manufacturing operations which adds value to the product,
and focus on creating value in the final product from the perspective of the
customer. Term that is gaining great importance in business and because of
developments in business which is rapid changes, dynamism and complexity in
various fields it is essential to organizations working to find ways and new
methods for sustainable competitive advantages, and perhaps Lean
Manufacturing Fundamentals is one of these methods. Generally interviewing
Find a number of questions related to the existence of perceptions about the
concept of Lean Manufacturing and its Foundations, on the one hand and the
concept of sustainable competitive advantage on the other hand in the
organization in question, and Been tested hypotheses by a set of statistical
methods and through the program of statistical analysis SPSS was used
questionnaire as a tool head for the collection of necessary data and information
from a sample of research and research found to group conclusions in the light of
the conclusions reached provide researchers with a number of recommendations
that are consistent with those conclusions.
Keywords: of Lean Manufacturing, Lean Manufacturing Fundamentals,
sustainable competitive advantage, organization under discussion

3. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
302
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
:
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﺕ‬
Toyota
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺢ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
Toyota
‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‬
/
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﺘﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
(
‫ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﲝﺚ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‬
:
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﳏﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳋﺰﻳﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﳒﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺑﺸﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻤﻞ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬
(
،
‫ﻭﺭﺃﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬
،
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
،‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬
، ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻒﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺷﲑﻩ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻀﺢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺗﻪ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﳛﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺰﺓ‬
.
‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
"
‫ﺑﻀﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬ ،
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
)
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
(
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
"
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﻷﰐ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
:

4. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
303
1
.
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﻭﻣ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
.
2
.
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
:
‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ‬
:
1
.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
.
2
.
‫ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
.
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬
:
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻻﰐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﰎ‬
:
‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
:
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ‬
/
‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ارتباط‬ ‫عالقة‬
‫تاثير‬ ‫عالقة‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
)
1
(
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬

5. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
304
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺒﺜﻖ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬
:
"
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
"
.
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
:
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﳌ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺒﺜﻖ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‬
:
"
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ‬
. "
‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺞ‬
:
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
.
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
:
1
.
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‬
:
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﱪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ، ‫ﺎﻥ‬
.
2
.
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‬
:
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻼﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
2
/
7
/
2012
‫ﻭﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
20
/
9
/
2012
.
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨ‬
-
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
:
1
.
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬
.
2
.
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺎﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
:
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﰎ‬
، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻱ‬ ‫ﲣﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌ‬
-
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
:
:
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﺍﳎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﰎ‬
SPSS Ver.17
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻻ‬
)
Lean Manufacturing
(
‫ﺃ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬
(Womack, James, Jones, Danial and Roos, Daniel)
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺮﻭﺍ‬
1990
‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
)
The Machine That Change The World
(
‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺻﻒ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬
1950
‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻕ‬
.
‫ﻭﺑﺈﺛﺎﺭﺓ‬

6. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
305
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬
1900
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻛﺰﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺬﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬
)
، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻥ‬
2008
،
101
-
102
. (
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬
‫ـ‬
)
1990
Womack,
Jones,
&
Roos,
(
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬
)
Tinoco,2004,6
.(
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
)
Ballard
(
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
)
Madder,2005
(
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺬﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
) :
James,2012,4
(
1
.
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻁ‬
.
2
.
‫ﺍﳍﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺭ‬
.
3
.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
.
4
.
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
)
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
.(
5
.
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
.
6
.
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
.
7
.
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
)
2
.(
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
)
2
(
‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
)
‫ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ،‫ﻗﻞ‬
(
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
Jidoka
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
)
JIT
(
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‬

7. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
306
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺖ‬
Source: Corakci, M. Alper,2008, "An Evaluation of Kitting Systems in Lean
Production", A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Master in Industrial Management,University College of Borås
School of Engineering,p4.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
)
2
(
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﲰﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬
)
Waste or Muda
*
. (
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
)
Corakci,2008,4
. (
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬
"
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
"
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
)
Waste
(
‫ﻷﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳛﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‬
)
Abdullah,
2003, 8
(
.
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻻﰐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺼﺪﺩ‬
:
‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬
)
Abushaadan,2012,11
(
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳉ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺻﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‬ ‫ﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ‬
)
Slack,et.al,2004:546
(
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﳜﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ، ‫ﻫﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬
)
Liker,2004,25
(
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻫﺐ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺍﺻ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﳑﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬
)
Toyota
(
‫ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
.
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬
)
Botha,2006,6
(
.
‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ‬
)
Wlison,2009,29-30
(
‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﳎﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ‬
.
‫ﻣﺎﺗﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﳍ‬ ‫ﲣﻔﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
.
*
Waste
‫اما‬ ‫الھدر‬ ‫تعني‬
)
Muda
(
ً‫ا‬‫ايض‬ ‫الھدر‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تشير‬ ‫يابانية‬ ‫كلمة‬ ‫فھي‬
.

8. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
307
‫ﺏ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻠﻖ‬
)
Tools
(
‫ﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ،
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
)
Techniques
(
‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
)
Methods
(
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ،
)
Elements
(
‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮ‬ ،
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
)
Fundamentals
.(
)
، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‬
2007
،
37
. (
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺭﻛﺎﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
)
1
(
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ‬
:
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
)
1
(
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
Hank
&
Nicholalas2000)
(Abdullah
2003)
Lee,2003
،
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‬
2007
،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻥ‬
2008
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
)
TPM
(
*
*
*
*
*
5
100
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
)
5S
*
*
*
*
4
80
‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
/
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬
(SMED)
*
*
*
3
60
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬
)
JIT
(
*
*
2
40
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
(CM)
*
*
*
*
4
80
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
)
CI
*
*
*
*
4
80
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
*
*
2
40
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
*
*
2
40
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
)
KS
*
1
20
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
Standard
work
*
1
20
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
*
1
20

9. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
308
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ‬
(Visual
Factory)
*
*
2
40
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
)
TQM
*
1
20
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
*
1
20
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
:
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﳑﻦ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺎﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‬
:
1
.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
Total Preventive Maintenance
2
.
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
5S
3
.
‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
/
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
(SMED)
4
.
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
Cellular Manufacturing
5
.
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺊ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻻﰐ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻢ‬
:
1
.
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
)
TPM
*
(
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
)
Shahanaghi&Yazdian,2009,120
(
.
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬
)
TPM
(
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻠ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
)
Almeanazel,2010,517
(
‫ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ،
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬
)
Faber,2009,5
(
.
‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬
،
‫ﺗﺘﺒﲎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤیﻊ‬
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔیﺬ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼیﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠیﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔیﺬیﺔ‬
‫ﺪﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻈیﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠیﺔ‬
،‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻘیﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ‬
،‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮیﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬
‫ﲣﻔیﺾ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐیﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭیﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬
)
، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻜﻲ‬
2010
،
76
(
.
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬
)
TPM
(
، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
)
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
).(
Abdullah,2003:20
(
.
2
.
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
*
‫الشاملة‬ ‫المنتجة‬ ‫للصيانة‬ ‫مختصر‬ ‫رمز‬
)
aintenance
M
reventive
P
otal
T
(

10. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
309
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬
)
5S
(
‫ﻟـ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
)
Sort
،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺯ‬
Straighten
، ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
Sweep and Clean
،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
Systemize
،‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ‬
Standardize
‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ‬
(
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﲣﻔﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻟﻠـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲏ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
)
5S
(
‫ﺣﺬﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰒ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬
.
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ،‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ‬ ،‫ﻓﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳍﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﳓﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﰐ‬
(Abdullah, 2003, 11-13)
)
، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻥ‬
2008
،
133
-
134
(
:
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺯ‬
:
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻛﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻮﻥ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
:
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﲟﻌﲎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﺟﺎﻫﺰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻧﻈﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﰿ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬
:
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺎﻣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﺎﻳﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬
‫ﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬
)
‫ﳎﺎﻻﺕ‬
(
‫ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﲏ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﱏ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮﻝ‬
.
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ‬
:
‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
(Personal Discipline)
‫ﺳﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﲜﻤﻊ‬ ،
5s
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬
‫ﻗﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﲝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻳﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
.
3
.
‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
/
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬
)
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
(
ngle Minute
Si
Exchange of Die
‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
)
SMED
(
‫ﺗﻮﻳﻮﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ،
)
Toyota
.(
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
)
SMED
(
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬
)
Setup
(
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ،
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻒ‬
)
، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‬
2007
،
47
. (
4
.
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬

11. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
310
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
)
CM
*
(
‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﻻﺕ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﳋ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
.
‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﲑ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﳛﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ‬
)
Gallagher and Knight,1986
(
‫ﺍﳘﻬﺎ‬
:
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﲣﻔﻴﺾ‬
، ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﺾ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﲣﻔﻴﺾ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬ ،
)
Yue,1999,5
.(
5
.
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬
)
CI
*
(
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﻒ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬
)
(Imai Masaaki
‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﳒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬
(Kaizen)
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
(Kai)
‫ﻭﻳﻌﲏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
(Zen)
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﲎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﲏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
)
،‫ﺍﳉﺒﻮﺭﻱ‬
2008
،
254
.(
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬ ،
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ،
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻭ‬
/
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
،
، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻴﺐ‬
)
Nazaruk,2011,211
.(
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
)
Heizer & Render, 1999, 83
(
.
‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﳘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺒﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‬ ً‫ﺀ‬‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬
) :
، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‬
2007
،
52
(
1
-
‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
(JIT)
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
.
2
-
‫ﲟﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬
)
‫ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
(
،
‫ﺣﲔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ، ‫ﻫﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﲟﺮﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋ‬‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻮﺭ‬
ً‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
.
*
‫االنكليزي‬ ‫للمصطلح‬ ‫مختصر‬ ‫رمز‬
anufacturing
M
ellular
C
*
‫االنكليزي‬ ‫للمصطلح‬ ‫مختصر‬ ‫رمز‬
mproving
I
ontinuous
C

12. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
311
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ‬
:
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬
)
Sustainable Competitive Advantage
(
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
)
SCA
(
‫ﺍﻟﺼﲑﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﻏﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻫﺪﻓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻛﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﳑﺎ‬ ،‫ﲣﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺤﻔﺰﻳﻦ‬
.
،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﲡﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻓﺸﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻌﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬
.
‫ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ،‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺎﻳﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ‬ ،‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
،‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ‬
.
)
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎﻧﲔ‬
،
2010
،
7
_
8
(
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
.
)
14
_
15
,
2003
Pavlou,
(
‫ﺃ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻐﻞ‬
،
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺭﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﲝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
Hoffman,
2007,2)
(
.
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻢ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲣﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
).
Chutkaew,2006,33
. (
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬
)
Krajewski&Ritzman,1999,141
(
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻃﺔ‬
,
‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
.
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻳ‬
)
Heizer &
Render,1999,36
(
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬،‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﲡﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
.
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭ‬
( Lynch , 2000 , 153 )
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬
"
‫ﻭﳐ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
، ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬
)
Liu, 2003, 15
(
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﳚﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
.
‫ﺏ‬
.
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬
S
Su
us
st
ta
ai
in
na
ab
bl
le
e C
Co
om
mp
pe
et
ti
it
ti
iv
ve
e A
Ad
dv
va
an
nt
ta
ag
ge
e
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬

13. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
312
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲏ‬ ‫ﲟﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﲏ‬ ‫ﲟﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬
.
.
‫ﲰﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﲰﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﲤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺒﲏ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺒﲏ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳏﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳏﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺗﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺗﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
.
.
)
، ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‬
2007
،
61
(
‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲡﺴﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ،‫ﻣﻘﻄﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﺪ‬ ،‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻷﺟﻞ‬ ،‫ﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬
(
(S
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)
‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺟﺊ‬ ‫ﲞﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺟﺊ‬ ‫ﲞﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
(
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،
‫ﻋﺮﻑ‬
)
، ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻤﻲ‬
2009
،
75
(
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﳛﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺰﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
)
Hoffman, 2007, 10
(
‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ،‫ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ‬ ،‫ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﳏﺎﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬
.
‫ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
)
chutkaew,2006,33
(
‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،‫ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬
، ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ،‫ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
)
،‫ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺎﻳﻨﻦ‬
2010
،
7
(
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﳛﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬،
.
‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ‬
)
Allen,2007,13
(
‫ﺍﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬
.
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ‬
)
Mcllory,2010,39
(
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻻﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﲤﺘﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬
.
‫ﻋﺮﻓﻬ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺎ‬
)
Ishii,2005,8-9
(
‫ﺍﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬
.
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺓ‬‫ﳌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﱪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﲤﺘﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﲤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬
/
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺬﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺤﻮﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻫﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬
.
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

14. ‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻜ‬
‫ﺰ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺼ‬
‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻊ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺷﻴﻖ‬
/
‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬
313
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬
1
.
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬
:
‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﰎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﲤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻀ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻃﻮﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻛﺎﺩﺭ‬
،
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ‬ ‫ﲤﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
)
2
(
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬
.
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
)
2
(
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﺼﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺬﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ‬
)
2002
(
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬ 
‫ﻑ‬‫ﻬﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻭﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﳛﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﲟﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺰﻭﻳﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
-
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
-
‫ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
-
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺒﻮﻻﺕ‬
-
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺧﺎﺕ‬
-
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺴﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
2
.
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬
:
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﲟﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﰎ‬
)
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
(
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﰎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ،
)
40
(
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬
)
40
(
‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬
)
100
.(%
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ‬
)
3
(
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ‬
.
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
)
3
(
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺤﻮﺛﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
%
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
%
3
7.5
37
92.5
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺓ‬
)
‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬
(
1
–
5
6
–
10
11
–
15
16
‫ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
%
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
%
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
%
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
%
5
12.5
16
40
9
22.5
10
25
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮﺭﻳﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‬