TREE DIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE VALUE IN COCOA AGROFORESTS, GHANA.pptx

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A cocoa plant
1. Hütz-Adams et. al. (2016): Strengthening the competitiveness of cocoa production and improving the
income of cocoa producers in West and Central Africa. SÜDWIND e.V. Kaiserstr., Bonn, Germany
2. Asante-Poku A. and Angelucci F. (2013): Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cocoa in Ghana.
Technical notes series, MAFAP, FAO, Rome

Rice, A.R and Greenberg, R. (2000). Ambio Vol. 29 No. 3.
Nunoo, I., Owusu, V. and Darko,. O.B. (2014). ‘Building Organic Bridges’, at the Organic World Congress 2014, Istanbul, Turkey
(eprint ID 23519).

Biodiversity
conservation
Organic
farming
Cocoa
agroforests
 Organic
certification:
 Premium price
 Uses only organic
agrochemicals
and fertilizers
 Encourages the
maintenance of
trees on farms

12/08/2023

a. Young (≤15 yrs.)
c. Old (≥31 yrs.)
b. Mature (16-30 yrs.)
 Number of sampling
plots (n) = 14
 Tree species inventory
in 25 m x 25 m plots

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Organic Conventional
Shannon
diversity
index
Species diversity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Organic Conventional
Species
richness
(per
plot)
Species richness

600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Organic Conventional
Number
of
stems
(per
ha)
Cocoa tree density
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
Organic Conventional
Number
of
stems
(per
ha)
Total tree density

0
5
10
15
20
25
Organic Conventional
Total
basal
area
(m
2
ha
-1
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Organic Conventional
Cocoa
basal
area
(m
2
ha
-1
)

35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Young Mature Old
Jaccard
dissimilarity
index
(%)
Species composition

Importance value vs. shade species utility groups
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Economic Domestic Ecological
Importance
value
index
Organic
Conventional

TREE DIVERSITY AND ITS IMPORTANCE VALUE IN COCOA AGROFORESTS, GHANA.pptx

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a foodstuff that plays a very important role for the world population. In Côte d’Ivoire, its production is estimated at 6.5 million tons after yam. With a view to preserving the genetic diversity of the cassava collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research, several research projects have been carried out on the characterization (morphological, agronomic) and health status (diseases and pests) of the cassava genetic resources conserved in the station. The present study consisted in analysing the composition and evolution of cassava genetic resources and assessing the incidence of diseases and pests in 727 cassava accessions in the collection of the National Centre for Agronomic Research. After analysis, the collection contained a total of 759 accessions of which 32 had disappeared. Of this total, 603 accessions or 83% of the total were from Côte d’Ivoire, 104 or 14% from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and 20 accessions or 3% from various origins. Referring to time and different agronomic research structures, the cassava collection had 106 accessions from 1953 to 1981 for the Office for Scientific and Technical Research Overseas, 101 accessions from 1982 to 1998 for the Savannah Institute and 520 accessions from 1998 to 2019 for the National Centre for Agronomic Research. It was found that the accessions from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were more resistant to virus than the accessions from the Côte d’Ivoire farmers’ environment. For mites, the attack was strong with 60% of the accessions.

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marcuskenyatta275

Studying the escaping atmospheres of highly irradiated exoplanets is critical for understanding the physical mechanisms that shape the demographics of close-in planets. A number of planetary outflows have been observed as excess H/He absorption during/after transit. Such an outflow has been observed for WASP-69b by multiple groups that disagree on the geometry and velocity structure of the outflow. Here, we report the detection of this planet’s outflow using Keck/NIRSPEC for the first time. We observed the outflow 1.28 hr after egress until the target set, demonstrating the outflow extends at least 5.8 × 105 km or 7.5 Rp This detection is significantly longer than previous observations, which report an outflow extending ∼2.2 planet radii just 1 yr prior. The outflow is blueshifted by −23 km s−1 in the planetary rest frame. We estimate a current mass-loss rate of 1 M⊕ Gyr−1 . Our observations are most consistent with an outflow that is strongly sculpted by ram pressure from the stellar wind. However, potential variability in the outflow could be due to time-varying interactions with the stellar wind or differences in instrumental precision.

WASP-69b’s Escaping Envelope Is Confined to a Tail Extending at Least 7 Rp

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2. A cocoa plant 1. Hütz-Adams et. al. (2016): Strengthening the competitiveness of cocoa production and improving the income of cocoa producers in West and Central Africa. SÜDWIND e.V. Kaiserstr., Bonn, Germany 2. Asante-Poku A. and Angelucci F. (2013): Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cocoa in Ghana. Technical notes series, MAFAP, FAO, Rome

3. Rice, A.R and Greenberg, R. (2000). Ambio Vol. 29 No. 3. Nunoo, I., Owusu, V. and Darko,. O.B. (2014). ‘Building Organic Bridges’, at the Organic World Congress 2014, Istanbul, Turkey (eprint ID 23519).

4. Biodiversity conservation Organic farming Cocoa agroforests  Organic certification:  Premium price  Uses only organic agrochemicals and fertilizers  Encourages the maintenance of trees on farms

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7. a. Young (≤15 yrs.) c. Old (≥31 yrs.) b. Mature (16-30 yrs.)  Number of sampling plots (n) = 14  Tree species inventory in 25 m x 25 m plots

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9. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Organic Conventional Shannon diversity index Species diversity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Organic Conventional Species richness (per plot) Species richness

10. 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Organic Conventional Number of stems (per ha) Cocoa tree density 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Organic Conventional Number of stems (per ha) Total tree density

11. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Organic Conventional Total basal area (m 2 ha -1 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Organic Conventional Cocoa basal area (m 2 ha -1 )

12. 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Young Mature Old Jaccard dissimilarity index (%) Species composition

13. Importance value vs. shade species utility groups 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Economic Domestic Ecological Importance value index Organic Conventional