Need for chemical data and properties Sources for data tables Use of standard data tables for property estimation Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for water system Use of steam tables Interpolation

1. CHEMICAL PROPERTY
ESTIMATION BY USE OF
DATA TABLES
A course under Finishing school (Technical)
Module: Campus to Chemical plant
Presented by: Mr. Mehul P Deshpande (Lecturer, Chemical Department)
Government Polytechnic Valsad
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2. CONTENT OUTLINE
• Need for chemical data and properties
• Sources for data tables
• Use of standard data tables for property
estimation
• Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for water system
• Use of steam tables
• Interpolation
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3. Data Tables
A data table is a group of related facts arranged in labelled rows and
columns and is used to record information. Its purpose is to help sort, analyse
and compare data gathered from a experiment or research project.
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4. Foundation of research
• Research Scientists and engineer use chemical property estimates
for chemical study, to design an instrument, or to investigate
suspect experimental measurement
Prediction of behavior of chemical substance
• For storage, handling and Precautionary purpose
Environmental pollution control
• Regulatory personnel and environmental specialists use the
information to screen chemicals for laboratory testing and to set
regulatory priorities
Need for chemical property estimation
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5. Sources for Standard data
• Thermodynamic data ASHRAE Handbook, 1981: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 1981
• Cengel, Y. (2014). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
• SMITH, J. M., & VAN NESS, H. C. (1959). Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics. New York,
McGraw-Hill.
• Baum, Edward J. Chemical property estimation : theory and application. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers,
1998. Print.
• Green,D.& Perry,R. (2007). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Eighth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw
Hill Professional.
➢ More references list from which data is compiled in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook-8TH edt are
available on pg:2-6
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6. Conversion Factors
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7. Conversion Factors (continued..)
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8. Conversion Factors (continued..)
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9. Kinematic Viscosity vs Absolute Viscosity
9
• Dynamic viscosity (Pa-s): If you are interested in the interaction between molecules
that can be interpreted in terms of mechanical stress, temperature effect etc.
• Kinematic viscosity (cm2/s):It has been the standard in oil industries because of the
simplicity of the kinematic viscometers, it does not involve calculation of force
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10. Specific Gravity
Why Specific Gravity is Important
A. Configuration of a mixer
B. In applications with higher specific gravity, more
torque would be required to produce the desired
result.
C. If specific gravity was not taken into
consideration, and a mixer not optimized
accordingly, results would be unpredictable, and
motor damage and/or failure would likely occur
10
SG >1 (substance will sink in water)
SG < 1 (substance will float on water)
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11. Specific Gravity (continued…)
11
Baumé scale
• The Baumé scale is a pair of hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine
Baumé in 1768 to measure density of various liquids.
• One scale measures the density of liquids heavier than water and the other, liquids lighter
than water.
• The Baumé of distilled water is 0.
API gravity
• The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light
a petroleum liquid is compared to water.
• if its API gravity > 10 (floats on water)
• if its API gravity < 10 ( heavier and sinks)
• The API gravity scale is based on errors in early implementations of the Baumé scale.
Twaddell scale
• The Twaddell scale is a hydrometer scale for reporting the measured specific gravity of a
liquid relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1 is reported as 0, and 2 reports as
200.
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12. Physical Properties
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13. Physical properties (continued..)
Viscosity
(Transport property)
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14. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
Phase diagrams
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15. Phase diagrams (continued…)
T-V Diagram of pure
substance
P-V Diagram of pure
substance
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16. PROPERTY TABLES
• For most substances, the relationships among thermodynamic properties are too
complex to be expressed by simple equations.
• Therefore, properties are frequently presented in the form of tables.
• Some thermodynamic properties can be measured easily, but others cannot and are
calculated by using the relations between them and measurable properties.
• The results of these measurements and calculations are presented in tables in a
convenient format.
• In the following discussion, the steam tables are used to demonstrate the use of
thermodynamic property tables
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17. Steam Table
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18. Steam Table (continued…)
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19. Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture
Quality: (x) It is the ratio of mass of vapor to total mass of mixture.
• Its value is between 0 and 1.
• The quality of a system that consists of saturated liquid is 0 (or 0
percent)
• The quality of a system consisting of saturated vapor is 1 (or 100
percent).
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20. Interpolation
Interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the
range of a discrete set of known data points.
Use: To obtain intermediate value on property table for which direct
reference is not available.
Here Linear interpolation technique would be used to obtain the
required values
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21. Interpolation (continued…)
Example
❖ Obtain specific volume of saturated water vapor at 18 °C
(vg@20°C-vg@15°C)/(20°C-15°C) = (vg@20°C-vg@18°C)/(20°C-18°C)
(57.762-77.885)/5 =(57.762- vg@18°C)/2
vg@18°C = 49.7128 m3/kg
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22. Examples
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23. Examples (continued…)
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24. Examples (continued…)
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25. References
• Perry, Robert H., and Don W. Green. Perry's chemical engineers' handbook.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.
• Cengel, Yunus A., and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics : an engineering
approach. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011
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