Global sugar industry report 2010.pdf

www.ecsei.com www.ecse
The Egyptian Center for Studies of Export & Import
Our Summary Report's Notes:
Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes
Introduction:
• Sugar Definition
• Sugar Cane Definition
• Sugar Beet Definition
• Ethanol from Sugar Definition
• Factors impacting sugar to ethanol viability
The EU converts refined sugar to ethanol Market
• Production and consumption
• Production capacity
• Use of raw material
Brazilian Sugar
• Producing Brazilian Sugar
• Types of Brazilian Sugar
• Brazilian Ethanol Production
• Brazilian Sugar and Ethanol Indus
• U.S. and Brazilian Ethanol Comparison
International Sugar Organization (ISO)
The Global Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and Liberalization
World Food Price Inflation in
Sugar(World Production
• PRODUCTION
• World production and consumption of sugar
• Industry structure and development
Sugar Futures and Options Trading
• The Role of the Exchange
• Trading Sugar Options
ISO World Sugar Market Review
The Global Sugar Industry
sei-eg.com Email: info@ecsei.com
The Egyptian Center for Studies of Export & Import ‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
Our Summary Report's Notes:
Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes
Sugar Cane Definition
Sugar Beet Definition
Ethanol from Sugar Definition
Factors impacting sugar to ethanol viability
EU converts refined sugar to ethanol Market
Production and consumption
Production capacity
Use of raw material
Producing Brazilian Sugar
Types of Brazilian Sugar for Export
Brazilian Ethanol Production
Brazilian Sugar and Ethanol Industry
U.S. and Brazilian Ethanol Comparison
International Sugar Organization (ISO)
World Food Price Inflation in 2007/2008 (FAO Report Review)
Sugar(World Production - Supply and Distribution)
World production and consumption of sugar
Industry structure and development
Sugar Futures and Options Trading
The Role of the Exchange
Trading Sugar Options
ISO World Sugar Market Review
The Global Sugar Industry 2009/2010
"The End of Cheap Food"
com info@ecsei-eg.com
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
Review)
2009/2010

Explanatory NotesAbbreviations and
ACP
African, Caribbean and Pacific States
Affination
Production of a magma by mixing sugar with syrup and then centrifuging the
magma with or without washing
Affined sugar
Sugar purified by affination
After product sugar
Sugar of the final crystallization stage (C sugar)
Alkalinity
In the product streams of a beet sugar factory, the result of a titration with
standardized acid solution to a phenolphthalein endpoint or equivalent pH,
expressed as g CaO per 100
Alkalinity, effective
The solid residue left after incineration in the presence of oxygen (crude ash, carbonate ash).
In analysis of sugar products, sulfuric acid is added to the sample, and this residue as
sulfated ash heated to 800 °C is taken to be a measure o
Sometimes determined indirectly by measure of the electrical conductivity of solutions of
the products.
Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and Liberalization
The Global Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and Liberalizations was es
during in November 1999
Colombia, India, Guatemala, South Africa and Thailand) agreed and signed a
communiqué calling for WTO agreement on agriculture that includes positive,
progressive and meaning
sugar is included as an important element of the agricultural trade agenda.
Availability of processing plant capacity, and the weather
Both influence the duration of harvesting and processing
harvested beet until processed, but a frost
unprocessable.
Page (1)
Explanatory Notes
African, Caribbean and Pacific States
magma with or without washing
Sugar purified by affination
gar of the final crystallization stage (C sugar)
100 ml
he solid residue left after incineration in the presence of oxygen (crude ash, carbonate ash).
sulfated ash heated to 800 °C is taken to be a measure of the inorganic constituents.
Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and Liberalization
The Global Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and Liberalizations was es
1999 when members (Australia, Brazil, Canada
progressive and meaningful reform of the world sugar market by ensuring that
Availability of processing plant capacity, and the weather
Both influence the duration of harvesting and processing - the industry can lay up
harvested beet until processed, but a frost-damaged beet becomes effectively
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
he solid residue left after incineration in the presence of oxygen (crude ash, carbonate ash).
f the inorganic constituents.
The Global Alliance for Sugar Trade Reform and Liberalizations was established
Canada, Chile,
ful reform of the world sugar market by ensuring that
dustry can lay up
damaged beet becomes effectively

Bagasse
The residue obtained after crushing cane in a mill is known as bagasse.
Depending on the number of the mill it is referred to as firs
mill bagasse, etc. After a diffuser the residue is called diffuser bagasse. The final
residue from a milling train or from the dewatering mills of a
diffusion plant is called final bagasse or simply, bagasse.
Bagasse Extract
The liquid fraction decanted from the bagasse after blending with water in the
colddigester.
Bear Market:
A market in which prices are declining
Beet
Sugar beet root, botanically the thick main root with
stored.
Beet brei
Beet sample prepared for analysis in the form of fine particles
Beet clamp
Stack of stored beet.
Beet flume
Concrete-lined ditch or metal trough
Beet knife
Rectangular piece of steel designed to slice
Beet pile
Store of beet in suitably prepared areas of the factory yard
Beet pump
Special centrifugal pump used to lift beet and water
Beet rasp, beet saw
Devices to obtain beet brei from beet samples
Beet sampler
Scooping device to collect beet samples
Page (2)
Depending on the number of the mill it is referred to as first mill bagasse, second
residue from a milling train or from the dewatering mills of a
diffusion plant is called final bagasse or simply, bagasse.
liquid fraction decanted from the bagasse after blending with water in the
A market in which prices are declining.
Sugar beet root, botanically the thick main root with hypocotyls in which sugar is
Beet sample prepared for analysis in the form of fine particles.
lined ditch or metal trough designed for the hydraulic transport of beet
Rectangular piece of steel designed to slice beet into cossettes.
Store of beet in suitably prepared areas of the factory yard.
Special centrifugal pump used to lift beet and water.
Devices to obtain beet brei from beet samples.
evice to collect beet samples.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
t mill bagasse, second
liquid fraction decanted from the bagasse after blending with water in the
in which sugar is
the hydraulic transport of beet.

Bid
A contractually binding offer to buy sugar at a certain price within a certain time
limit that can be given either in writing or orally
(Sometimes referred to as a
Blended sugar (sugar dextrose)
In some locales, dextrose, a corn
or beet sugar to create a white granulated blend that may be less expensive than
traditional sugar.
Dextrose is about 70% as sweet as sugar and is more hygroscopic
attracting). Because of these characteristics, blends may not perform exactly as
sugar in certain recipes.
Brown sugar
Brown sugar consists of sugar crystals contained in molasses syrup with natural
flavor and color components.
Many sugar refiners produce brow
containing these components until brown sugar crystals form.
Brix
Refractometer brix the term used when a refractometer equipped with a scale
based on the relationship between refractive indices at
by mass of total soluble solids of a pure aqueous sucrose solution, is used instead
of a hydrometer to test the solids concentration of a sucrose containing solution.
Brix-Free Water
The water associated with the fibre in cane and baga
sorpfionwater behaves in a manner similar to water of hydration and it is not
available for dissolving sucrose. It is driven off at elevated temperatures. The
amount of brix-free water is assumed to be
Candy crystals
Large sugar crystals produced by a special crystallization process
Carryover
The surplus stocks of a commodity from a previous season that are used in the
current season.
Current Crop (CC)
Sugar to have been produced since the star
particular origin.
COMMISSION REGULATION
Commission regulation (EC
obligations for cane sugar to be imported under the ACP Protocol and the
Agreement with India for the
Page (3)
limit that can be given either in writing or orally.
Sometimes referred to as a “firm bid”.
Blended sugar (sugar dextrose)
ome locales, dextrose, a corn-derived sweetener, is added to granulated cane
as sweet as sugar and is more hygroscopic (
ing). Because of these characteristics, blends may not perform exactly as
flavor and color components.
Many sugar refiners produce brown sugar by preparing and boiling special
containing these components until brown sugar crystals form.
term used when a refractometer equipped with a scale
on the relationship between refractive indices at 20°C and the percentage
The water associated with the fibre in cane and bagasse. In some respects this
free water is assumed to be 25% on dry fibre.
Large sugar crystals produced by a special crystallization process (19
Sugar to have been produced since the start of the current crop year for that
OMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 77/2008
EC) No 77/2008 of 28 January 2008 setting delivery
h India for the 2007/2008 delivery period.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
derived sweetener, is added to granulated cane
(water
ing). Because of these characteristics, blends may not perform exactly as
special syrup
term used when a refractometer equipped with a scale,
d the percentage
sse. In some respects this
19. Mai).
t of the current crop year for that
setting delivery

COMMISSION REGULATION
Commission regulation (EC
Agreement with India for the
beginning on 1 July 2009
Convert Metric Tons / Tons
To convert this To this
short tons metric tons
short tons pounds
kilograms pounds
Pounds kilograms
Pounds troy pounds
metric tons pounds
metric tons short tons
Convert Acres / Hectares
1 Hectare = 2.47 Acres
1 Acre = 0.40 Hectares
To convert this
pounds per acre
short tons per acre
kilograms per hectare
kilograms per hectare
tons per hectare
tons per hectare
Crystal content
Proportion by mass of crystals in the magma
Crystallization in concentrated
Crystallization or granulation is natural conversion from liquid state into solid
state due to cooling of supersaturated liquid.
This is NOT deterioration.
CSR Sugar
As Australia’s largest sugar producer, CSR has seven mills located in some of
Australia’s most productive sugarcane regions.
venture interests in sugar refining in Australia and New Zealand and is a maj
Australian ethanol producer.
Page (4)
COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 505/2009
EC) No 505/2009 of 15 June 2009 adjusting the delivery
ndia for the 2008/2009 delivery period and the delivery period
2009.
Convert Metric Tons / Tons
To this Multiply by:
metric tons .9072
pounds 2,000
pounds 2.2046
grams 0.4536
troy pounds 1.2153
pounds 2,204.6
short tons 1.1023
Convert Acres / Hectares
Acres.
Hectares.
To this Multiply by:
kilograms per hectare 1.14
kilograms per hectare 2.25
metric tons per hectare .001
pounds per acre .88
short tons per acre .44
kilograms per hectare 1,000
Proportion by mass of crystals in the magma.
Crystallization in concentrated / supersaturated sugar syrups
supersaturated liquid.
terioration.
Australia’s most productive sugarcane regions. CSR also owns 75%
venture interests in sugar refining in Australia and New Zealand and is a maj
Australian ethanol producer.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
adjusting the delivery
delivery period and the delivery period
/ supersaturated sugar syrups
75% of joint
venture interests in sugar refining in Australia and New Zealand and is a major

DAC Extract
The liquid fraction decanted from the cane after blending with water in the
colddigester.
DAC Factors
Brix Factor
The percentage ratio of the total brix in mixed juice, final bagasseand where
applicable, diffuser press water mud, to total brix in cane as determined by direct
analysis.
Pol Factor
The percentage ratio of the total pol in mixed juice, final bagasseand where
applicable, diffuser press water mud, to total pol in cane as determined by d
analysis.
Fibre
Fiber is the cane plant’s vegetable skeleton in which juice is stored and through
which plant food, dissolved in water, is distributed throughout the plant. In the
milling process, the fiber cells are ruptured, thus freeing the ju
content of sugar cane varies according to variety
16%. Medium and consistent fiber content is desirable in commercial varieties
DAC fibre
Fibre % cane derived from direct cane analysis and applying the formula
Fibre % cane = (100-M-3
in which
M= moisture % cane
b= brix % extract
Demurrage
An agreed amount payable to
the laytime, for which the owner is not responsible.
Despatch
An agreed amount payable by the owner if the vessel completes loading
discharging before the laytime has expired
Despatch On All Time Saved (ATS )
Despatch money shall be payable by the owner
discharging to the expiry of
laytime.
Discounts
Negative price differential between physical sugar and its corresponding futures
month.
Page (5)
ble, diffuser press water mud, to total brix in cane as determined by direct
applicable, diffuser press water mud, to total pol in cane as determined by d
milling process, the fiber cells are ruptured, thus freeing the juice. The fiber
content of sugar cane varies according to variety. The normal range is
Medium and consistent fiber content is desirable in commercial varieties
3b)/(1-0.0125b)
An agreed amount payable to the owner in respect of delay to the vessel beyond
for which the owner is not responsible.
amount payable by the owner if the vessel completes loading
before the laytime has expired.
Despatch On All Time Saved (ATS )
Despatch money shall be payable by the owner from the completion of loading or
discharging to the expiry of the laytime including periods exempted from the
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
ble, diffuser press water mud, to total brix in cane as determined by direct
applicable, diffuser press water mud, to total pol in cane as determined by direct
ice. The fiber
The normal range is 10% to
Medium and consistent fiber content is desirable in commercial varieties.
the owner in respect of delay to the vessel beyond
amount payable by the owner if the vessel completes loading or
completion of loading or
the laytime including periods exempted from the

Discretionary Account
An account in which the customer gives the broker or another
authority to buy and sell commodities on his behalf.
Dried sugar beet cossettes
Commercial term for dried (including pressed) cossettes from which no sugar has
been extracted.
EBA
Everything But Arms (initiative).
Initiative designed in favour o
Ethanol
An alcohol (C2H5OH), used for a variety of purposes
Equity
The total cash value of an
would be incurred if the existing futures positions were liquidated at th
settlement price.
Exercise
Taking advantage of the right to buy or sell the underlying futures contract at the
agreed upon strike price.
Ex-pit Transaction
A legal trade executed outside the exchange trading ring.
Used normally to transfer
EU "quota" and subsidized
The EU subsidies and a high import tariff make it difficult for other countries to
export sugar to the EU states, or to compete with the Europeans on world
markets.
Extraction losses
Quantity of sugar entered but not contained in the raw juice as a percentage of
the beet or cane mass.
False grain
Undesirable small crystals
Fanged beet
Beet with multiple tap roots
Page (6)
An account in which the customer gives the broker or another party tra
authority to buy and sell commodities on his behalf.
Dried sugar beet cossettes
Everything But Arms (initiative).
Initiative designed in favour of Least Developed Countries.
used for a variety of purposes.
The total cash value of an account, including the amount of profit or loss
be incurred if the existing futures positions were liquidated at th
agreed upon strike price.
A legal trade executed outside the exchange trading ring.
Used normally to transfer positions from one clearer to another.
EU "quota" and subsidized
ntity of sugar entered but not contained in the raw juice as a percentage of
Undesirable small crystals.
Beet with multiple tap roots.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
party trading
or loss that
be incurred if the existing futures positions were liquidated at the current
ntity of sugar entered but not contained in the raw juice as a percentage of

Final molasses
The black syrup, commonly known as molasses or ‘C’
sugar syrup has been boiled and passed through the centrifugal for the last item
in a mill or refinery.
The sugar it contains cannot be removed economically.
A typical analysis of final molasses includes sucrose
(16.5%), ash (11.3%), water
(16.3%).
The ash includes calcium, magnesium, potassium, silicon, iron, and phosphorous
and other elements in the form of inorganic salts.
Force Majeure
Events and happenings that occur which prevent or delay loading or shipping
These events, as stated in the rules of SAL and
War, strikes, rebellion, insurrection,
commotion, fire, stress of
(Whether or not of like kind to those before
control.
Form A
Otherwise known as GSTP Form A showing that the sugar is from a country
origin which is a member of the General System of Tr
Fructose
A sugar, which occurs in, fruit, the nectar of flowers, honey, and in cane juice and
sugar products. It is formed in equal quantity with glucose when sucrose is
inverted. In solution, it rotates polarized light to the left. It h
composition C6H12O6.
Fuel ethanol
Ethanol blended with petrol, used as a fuel for the transportation sector.
Ethanol is now the most widely used alternative fuel in the world; the biggest use
of ethanol in the United States is as an addit
oxygenate (to prevent air pollution from carbon monoxide and ozone), as an
octane booster (to prevent early ignition, or 'engine knock'), and as an extender
of gasoline.
GSTP
General System of Trade Preferences. A ce
Form A) showing that the country of origin of the sugar is a member of the
group of countries. This is one of the documents that
enter sugar into other GSTP countries at often preferent
Glucose
A sugar, which occurs naturally in grapes, honey, sweet fruits, and in cane juice
and sugar products. It can also be made from wheat. In the human body, sucrose
is converted into glucose and fructose before being used to
the chemical composition C
Page (7)
The black syrup, commonly known as molasses or ‘C’ syrup, remaining after the
The sugar it contains cannot be removed economically.
A typical analysis of final molasses includes sucrose (34.1%), reduci
water (21.8%) and various sugar, gums and acids
and other elements in the form of inorganic salts.
ngs that occur which prevent or delay loading or shipping
as stated in the rules of SAL and RSA, are as follows:
insurrection, political or labour disturbances,
stress of weather, act of God or any cause of force majeure
or not of like kind to those before mentioned) beyond the sellers
Otherwise known as GSTP Form A showing that the sugar is from a country
which is a member of the General System of Trade Preferences
inverted. In solution, it rotates polarized light to the left. It has the chemical
of ethanol in the United States is as an additive in gasoline. It serves as an
General System of Trade Preferences. A certificate (sometimes referred to as a
showing that the country of origin of the sugar is a member of the
of countries. This is one of the documents that are necessary in order to
into other GSTP countries at often preferential rates of import duty.
is converted into glucose and fructose before being used to provide energy. It has
the chemical composition C6H12O6 and may also be called dextrose
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
syrup, remaining after the
reducing sugars
gums and acids
ngs that occur which prevent or delay loading or shipping.
follows:
disturbances, civil
r any cause of force majeure
beyond the sellers
Otherwise known as GSTP Form A showing that the sugar is from a country of
ade Preferences.
as the chemical
ive in gasoline. It serves as an
referred to as a
showing that the country of origin of the sugar is a member of the GSTP
necessary in order to
ial rates of import duty.
provide energy. It has
and may also be called dextrose.

Hardening of brown sugar
Brown Sugars have a natural tendency to harden upon storage due to inherent
moisture.
The ideal storage conditions for these sugars are
10-22 degrees and with a humidity variation within
However, if storage conditions are not right, then the product will turn hard.
To soften the hard natural brown sugar is to expose it to moisture
putting it in a container and covering it with damp cloth or by putting some apple
wedges in the container and close the lid.
Helms Burton Act
American legislation that prevents US companies and their overseas subsidiaries
from trading Cuban sugar.
HFCS
High Fructose Corn Syrup.
This is the most common name for starch
Corn is the starch base of these syrups. Other suitable but not as widely used
starch sources include rice, wheat and tapioca. In Europe HFCS is referred to
iso-glucose.
ICUMSA
International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis. A scale of
measurement for the colour
sugar.
Insoluble Solids
Insoluble material in mixed juice or press water mud,
by filtration according to a prescribed method.
Initial Margin
The amount of money that must be deposited in an account when a futures
position is established. Also called Original Margin
International Scale(of polarization pr
For every full degree above
above 97to and including
including 99 add 1.0%. Fractions of degree are calculated pro
Intermixed Cane
That portion of cane on a cane carrier originating from the overlapping of
different consignments.
Its composition is unlikely to be representative of anyone consignment and it is
therefore excluded from consignment sampling.
Page (8)
Hardening of brown sugar
The ideal storage conditions for these sugars are a constant temperature between
degrees and with a humidity variation within 40-60%.
To soften the hard natural brown sugar is to expose it to moisture (surprising)
tting it in a container and covering it with damp cloth or by putting some apple
wedges in the container and close the lid.
that prevents US companies and their overseas subsidiaries
from trading Cuban sugar.
High Fructose Corn Syrup.
This is the most common name for starch-based fructose/glucose syrups.
starch sources include rice, wheat and tapioca. In Europe HFCS is referred to
measurement for the colour of sugar. The lower the ICUMSA, the whiter
Insoluble material in mixed juice or press water mud, determined gravimetrically
according to a prescribed method.
Also called Original Margin
International Scale(of polarization premiums).
For every full degree above 96 to and including 97 add 1.5%, for every degree
to and including 98 add 1.25%, and for every degree above
Fractions of degree are calculated pro rata.
portion of cane on a cane carrier originating from the overlapping of
therefore excluded from consignment sampling.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
a constant temperature between
(surprising) by
tting it in a container and covering it with damp cloth or by putting some apple
that prevents US companies and their overseas subsidiaries
based fructose/glucose syrups.
starch sources include rice, wheat and tapioca. In Europe HFCS is referred to as
the whiter the
determined gravimetrically
for every degree
and for every degree above 98 to and
portion of cane on a cane carrier originating from the overlapping of

International Sugar Agreemen
The International Sugar Agreement of
A United Nations Sugar Conference met in Geneva during September and
October, and prepared the text of a new International Sugar Agreement.
ISO
International Sugar Organization
Inverse
Positive price differential where the price of the nearby shipment position is at a
premium to the more deferred position.
Juice
Mixed juice the mixture of juices from the extraction plant delivered into
scales. Press water the juice expressed in dewatering diff
Juice purification
Partial removal of no sugar
juice.
Laytime
The period of time agreed between the parties during which the vessel owner
make and keep the vessel available for l
additional to the freight.
Limit Orders
Orders to brokers to buy or sell at a specified price or better. Sometimes called
resting orders.
Liner Out
The seller / ship owner delivers the commodity to the port of
discharges on to the quay at no cost to the buyer. No demurrage or dispatch to
be paid.
LDA
Late Delivery Allowance.
LDCs
Least Developed Countries
Magma
Mixture of crystals and syrup
Page (9)
International Sugar Agreement
The International Sugar Agreement of 1958:
International Sugar Organization
erential where the price of the nearby shipment position is at a
premium to the more deferred position.
mixture of juices from the extraction plant delivered into
juice expressed in dewatering diffuser bagasse.
no sugar substances from the raw juice while producing a thin
The period of time agreed between the parties during which the vessel owner
and keep the vessel available for loading or discharging without
The seller / ship owner delivers the commodity to the port of discharge and
Least Developed Countries.
Mixture of crystals and syrup.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
erential where the price of the nearby shipment position is at a
mixture of juices from the extraction plant delivered into the juice
user bagasse.
substances from the raw juice while producing a thin
The period of time agreed between the parties during which the vessel owner will
oading or discharging without payment
discharge and

Minimum Price Fluctuation
Also called minimum tick. The minimum price increment in a futures market. In
New York No.11 Sugar it is
Mill Whites
Low quality white sugar produced directly at the mill with a color usually around
300 ICUMSA. (Otherwise known as plantation whites.)
Notice of Readiness (NOR)
The notice to charterer, shipper, receiver, or other person as required by the
charter party that the vessel has arrived at the port or berth and is ready to load
or discharge.
Mixer
Apparatus to distribute magma to the centrifugals
Moistness in sugar sachets during storage
All natural brown sugars
existing moisture to become moist and hard.
The basic character of being
minerals is the main reason why this natural brown sugar retains & imparts rich
flavor to foodstuff.
Moisture absorption is a factor of external parameters like ambient humidity,
storage conditions, packing conditions and am
contents in natural brown sugars.
Molassed dried pulp
Commercial term for a mixture of dried pressed pulp and molasses
Molasses
The sugar-bearing product of the sugar end whose purity has been reduced to the
point that further crystallization of sugar is not economical feasible without
special treatment of molasses
Mud
The material removed from the bottom part of the
the settled insoluble solids.
Net titer (nt)
A measure of the commercial value of raw sugar for refining purposes.
Net titer provides a method for expressing different sugar at a standard value and
is used of statistical and payment purposes.
The net titer of a sugar is calculated by subtracting the reducing sugar cont
and five times the ash content from the polarization of the sugar.
Page (10)
Minimum Price Fluctuation
m tick. The minimum price increment in a futures market. In
Sugar it is 1 point, which equals $11.20 per contract of
white sugar produced directly at the mill with a color usually around
rwise known as plantation whites.)
Notice of Readiness (NOR)
atus to distribute magma to the centrifugals.
Moistness in sugar sachets during storage
have a natural tendency to absorb moisture or use
existing moisture to become moist and hard.
The basic character of being hygroscopic, 100% natural, containing
the main reason why this natural brown sugar retains & imparts rich
storage conditions, packing conditions and amount of natural mineral and nutrient
contents in natural brown sugars.
Commercial term for a mixture of dried pressed pulp and molasses.
bearing product of the sugar end whose purity has been reduced to the
that further crystallization of sugar is not economical feasible without
special treatment of molasses.
The material removed from the bottom part of the subsides. The mud contains
solids.
ercial value of raw sugar for refining purposes.
is used of statistical and payment purposes.
The net titer of a sugar is calculated by subtracting the reducing sugar cont
and five times the ash content from the polarization of the sugar.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
m tick. The minimum price increment in a futures market. In
per contract of 50 tons.
white sugar produced directly at the mill with a color usually around
have a natural tendency to absorb moisture or use
natural, containing molasses,
the main reason why this natural brown sugar retains & imparts rich
ount of natural mineral and nutrient
.
bearing product of the sugar end whose purity has been reduced to the
that further crystallization of sugar is not economical feasible without
. The mud contains
ercial value of raw sugar for refining purposes.
The net titer of a sugar is calculated by subtracting the reducing sugar content

Non-centrifugal sugars
In some areas of the world sugar cane juice is merely evaporated to produce a
crude raw sugar; the sugar crystals are not removed from the mother syrup in
centrifugals.
The sugar is generally consumed where it is produced. Some of these sugars are
known as Jaggery, Gur, Piloncilo and Muscovado.
Jaggery and Gur are made in India by evaporating cane juice in an open pan. The
juice is evaporated to almost dryn
A large amount of sugar consumed in India is in this form.
Nonsucrose
Substances contained in raw material and
Nonsucrose content
Difference between dry substance co
Nonsugar
Common overall term for substances contained in the raw materials and products
of the sugar industry except sucrose (sugar) and water
Nonsugar content
Difference between dry substance content and sugar content i
Sugar content (a) and (b) (q.v.)
Normal Mass
The mass of sample equal to the normal mass of sucrose.
That mass of pure dry sucrose which, when dissolved in water to a total volume
of 100cm3 at 20°C and read at the same temperature in
gives a reading of 100 degrees on a saccharimeter scale
International Sugar Scale the normal mass of sucrose is
Nucleation
Generation and development
Pelleted seed
Beet seed brought to uniform size by coating
Per Hatch Per Day
Means that the lay time is to be calculated by dividing the quantity of cargo by
the result of multiplying the agreed daily per hatch by the number of the
vessel’s hatches. Each pair of pa
Nevertheless, a hatch that can be worked simultaneously by two gangs shall be
counted as two hatches.
Piled beet
Stored beet (as distinct from freshly harvested beet)
Page (11)
centrifugal sugars
known as Jaggery, Gur, Piloncilo and Muscovado.
juice is evaporated to almost dryness and is then cast in open moulds or loaves.
A large amount of sugar consumed in India is in this form.
Substances contained in raw material and its products except sucrose and water
Difference between dry substance content and its sucrose content.
of the sugar industry except sucrose (sugar) and water.
Difference between dry substance content and sugar content in the meaning of
Sugar content (a) and (b) (q.v.).
The mass of sample equal to the normal mass of sucrose.
C and read at the same temperature in a tube 200
degrees on a saccharimeter scale. According to the
International Sugar Scale the normal mass of sucrose is 26,000 g.
Generation and development of small crystals capable of growth.
et seed brought to uniform size by coating.
vessel’s hatches. Each pair of parallel twin hatches shall count as one hatch.
Stored beet (as distinct from freshly harvested beet).
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
ess and is then cast in open moulds or loaves.
products except sucrose and water.
n the meaning of
200 mm long,
According to the
rallel twin hatches shall count as one hatch.

Plantation Whites
Low quality or unrefined white sugar produced directly at the mill.
Points
One point is 1/100 of one cent per pound
points per pound into dollars per metric tone multiply them by
convert them into dollars per long ton
Polarization
Measurement of sucrose content in sugar
sucrose. Raw sugar is usually traded basis
Polarization Premiums
Scale of payments for rewarding the producer for delivering su
polarizations or penalizing the producer for delivering sugar between
Pol
The apparent sucrose content of any substance expressed as a percentage by
mass and determined by the single or direct
used as if it were a real substance.
Polarization
Term customarily used in sugar analysis for the optical rotation of a sugar
industry product, measured under the same conditions
Precision seed
Monogerm seed produced from multi
Preparation index
Percentage ratio of dry substance in ruptured cells to total dry substance in cane
Pressed pulp
Pressed, exhausted cossettes, leaving the pulp presses
Processed seed
Beet seed brought to a uniform size by mechanical treat
Purity
The percentage ratio of sucrose (or pol) to the total soluble solids (or brix) in a
sugar product. The following terms are in general use:
Refractive apparent purity: The percentage ratio of pol to refractometer brix.
G.C. sucrose refractometer brix purity: The percentage ratio of GC sucrose
torefractometer brix.
Page (12)
refined white sugar produced directly at the mill.
of one cent per pound. To convert the price of sugar from
points per pound into dollars per metric tone multiply them by 0.220462
convert them into dollars per long ton multiply by 0.224.
Measurement of sucrose content in sugar. 100 are maximum and means
Raw sugar is usually traded basis 96 polarizations.
Polarization Premiums
Scale of payments for rewarding the producer for delivering sugar above
polarizations or penalizing the producer for delivering sugar between
determined by the single or direct polarization method. The term is
d as if it were a real substance.
industry product, measured under the same conditions.
Monogerm seed produced from multi-germ seed by rubbing and grading
Percentage ratio of dry substance in ruptured cells to total dry substance in cane
Pressed, exhausted cossettes, leaving the pulp presses.
Beet seed brought to a uniform size by mechanical treatment and screening
. The following terms are in general use:
crose refractometer brix purity: The percentage ratio of GC sucrose
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
To convert the price of sugar from
0.220462. To
are maximum and means 100%
gar above 96
polarizations or penalizing the producer for delivering sugar between 96 and 93.
method. The term is
grading.
Percentage ratio of dry substance in ruptured cells to total dry substance in cane.
ment and screening.
crose refractometer brix purity: The percentage ratio of GC sucrose

Purity
Sugar content as percent of dry
Raw juice
Juice obtained from beet or cane after extraction, pressing or milling
Raw juice draft
Mass of juice drawn from the extraction plant as percent of mass of cossettes
introduced.
Ratoon
Cane, which grows from the stools, left in the ground after crop has been
harvested.
Raw Sugar
Raw sugar is a tan to brown, coarse granulated solid obtained on evaporation o
clarified sugar cane juice. Raw sugar is processed from the cane at a sugar mill
and then shipped to a refinery
consumers.
Reducing sugars
Reducing sugars are those, which have the ability to chemical
oxygen) certain other chemical compounds.
In milling and refining, reducing sugars (mainly glucose and fructose) are
regarded as impurities.
Refined sugar
After being harvested, the sugar cane is sent to the refinery (sugar is always
transported in a raw or partially refined condition as humidity will damage a fully
refined bulk shipment) where it is first washed to remove soil and impurities.
Sugar which has passed through the refining process (involving removal of
impurities) making it more suitable for direct human consumption or use in the
manufacture of other foods.
Recoverable sugar
Part of the sugar in beet, which can be obtained as white sugar in % on beet
Refining
Purification of sugar through
Remelting
Refers to taking domestically produced raw sugar and refining it into whites either
for local consumption or for export. (Usually refers to Thailand.)
Page (13)
Sugar content as percent of dry.
Juice obtained from beet or cane after extraction, pressing or milling
n from the extraction plant as percent of mass of cossettes
Raw sugar is a tan to brown, coarse granulated solid obtained on evaporation o
and then shipped to a refinery. It is about 98% sucrose. Raw sugar is not sold to
Reducing sugars are those, which have the ability to chemically reduce (withdraw
oxygen) certain other chemical compounds.
g it more suitable for direct human consumption or use in the
manufacture of other foods. Also known as white sugar.
Part of the sugar in beet, which can be obtained as white sugar in % on beet
Purification of sugar through recrystallizing and chemical and physical methods
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
Juice obtained from beet or cane after extraction, pressing or milling.
n from the extraction plant as percent of mass of cossettes
Raw sugar is a tan to brown, coarse granulated solid obtained on evaporation of
Raw sugar is not sold to
ly reduce (withdraw
g it more suitable for direct human consumption or use in the
Part of the sugar in beet, which can be obtained as white sugar in % on beet.
recrystallizing and chemical and physical methods.

Remelting
Refers to taking domestical
RSA
Refined Sugar Association.
Run-off (syrup)
General term for syrups produced on centrifuging
SAL
Sugar Association of London.
SEOs
Seller’s Executable Orders where the seller gives instructions to the buyer to sell
futures to set the final contract price plus or minus the premium or discount.
Silin number
Length in meters of 100 grams of cossettes
Spreads
Price differentials between different forward shipment positions for either
physicals or futures.
Stop Orders
Orders to buy or sell at the market if the contract trades at or through a specified
price (the stop price).
Stop Limit Orders
Orders to buy or sell at a specified price or better if the contract at or through a
specified stop price.
Store brown sugar
Store brown sugar in a way that allows the product to retain its natural moisture
in its original plastic bag (closed tightly) or in a moistu
sugar hardens, let it stand overnight in a sealed jar with a damp paper towel or
apple slice. For a quick fix
minutes, or microwave on low for
Strike
A concerted industrial action by workmen causing a complete stoppage of there
work which directly interferes with the working of the vessel. Refusal to work
overtime, go-slow, or working to rule and comparable actions not causing a
complete stoppage shall not be considered a strike.
Page (14)
Refined Sugar Association.
General term for syrups produced on centrifuging magma.
of London.
grams of cossettes.
ce differentials between different forward shipment positions for either
or sell at a specified price or better if the contract at or through a
Store brown sugar in a way that allows the product to retain its natural moisture
in its original plastic bag (closed tightly) or in a moisture-proof container. If the
For a quick fix, heat the needed amount in a 250 oven for a few
or microwave on low for 1-2 minutes per cup. Use immediately
slow, or working to rule and comparable actions not causing a
complete stoppage shall not be considered a strike.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
ly produced raw sugar and refining it into whites either
ce differentials between different forward shipment positions for either
or sell at a specified price or better if the contract at or through a
Store brown sugar in a way that allows the product to retain its natural moisture-
proof container. If the
oven for a few
Use immediately
slow, or working to rule and comparable actions not causing a

Strike Price
The fixed price in a range of fixed prices in the option market at which the calls or
puts are traded, for a premium to the seller / granter.
Sucrose
The pure disaccharide α-D
commonly as sugar.
In the South African Sugar Industry sucrose is determined by GC.
Sugar Cane
Botanically a tall grass of the genus Saccharum and agriculturally the
produced from hybrids which are the progeny of a number of Saccharum species
commonly referred to as cane. Specifically for the determination and distribution
of sucrose in cane it is the raw material accepted at the mill for processing.
Sugar No. 11 contract
Is the world benchmark contract for raw sugar trading.
The contract prices the physical delivery
vessel to a port within the country of origin of the sugar.
Supersaturation coefficient
Quotient formed by dividing th
the sugar/water ratio of a saturated solution under the same conditions
(temperature and purity or
Supersaturation, critical
Supersaturation at which nucleation begins spontaneou
Surplus Sugar
Formerly known as C sugar, surplus sugar is that which is produced in
excess quota. Starting in
Sugar buy these feom beet growers
handled.
Syrup
General term for sugar solutions of higher concentration
Swedish number
Ratio of the mass of cossettes longer than
Page (15)
puts are traded, for a premium to the seller / granter.
D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranoside, known
In the South African Sugar Industry sucrose is determined by GC.
Botanically a tall grass of the genus Saccharum and agriculturally the
ids which are the progeny of a number of Saccharum species
ld benchmark contract for raw sugar trading.
The contract prices the physical delivery of raw cane sugar, free-on-board the receiver's
vessel to a port within the country of origin of the sugar.
Supersaturation coefficient
Quotient formed by dividing the sugar/water ratio of a supersaturated solution by
the sugar/water ratio of a saturated solution under the same conditions
(temperature and purity or no sugar/water ratio)
Supersaturation, critical
Supersaturation at which nucleation begins spontaneously.
Starting in 2006, there has been an agreement in place that British
these feom beet growers at a reduced price, similar to how C beet was
General term for sugar solutions of higher concentration.
Ratio of the mass of cossettes longer than 5 cm to those shorter than
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
fructofuranoside, known
Botanically a tall grass of the genus Saccharum and agriculturally the crop
ids which are the progeny of a number of Saccharum species
board the receiver's
e sugar/water ratio of a supersaturated solution by
the sugar/water ratio of a saturated solution under the same conditions.
there has been an agreement in place that British
at a reduced price, similar to how C beet was
cm to those shorter than 1 cm.

Switch
Liquidating a futures position in one delivery month while simultaneously
establishing that position in another delivery month.
Transport water
Water used to transport beet
Tel Quel
Literally Quality as is A method of buying or selling sugar when the seller includes
the cost of the polarization premiums in the price. Theref
premiums are to be paid.
Time Value
The amount of the option premium that exceeds its intrinsic value.
Tolling
The refining of imported raw sugar for
Trade house
A company or corporation that
his or her own account and risk.
TCSC
Thai Cane Sugar Corporation.
TSTC
Thai Sugar Trading Corporation.
Turbinado sugar
Turbinado sugar is raw sugar that has been refined to a light tan color by washing
in a centrifuge under sanitary conditions. Surface molasses is removed in the
washing process. In total sugar content turbinado is closer to refined sugar than
to raw sugar. It can be purchased in many health food stores and some
supermarkets.
UK Scale
Scale of polarization premiums
sugar with a polarization from
pro rata. No extra premium to be paid above
U.S producers of sugar have switched to corn syru
The United States sets high sugar prices to support its producers, with the effect
that many former consumers of sugar have switched to
manufacturers) or moved
Page (16)
a futures position in one delivery month while simultaneously
establishing that position in another delivery month.
Water used to transport beet.
A method of buying or selling sugar when the seller includes
the cost of the polarization premiums in the price. Therefore, no polarization
premiums are to be paid.
The refining of imported raw sugar for re-exports as whites.
A company or corporation that buys sells and transports physical commodity for
his or her own account and risk.
Thai Cane Sugar Corporation.
Thai Sugar Trading Corporation.
entrifuge under sanitary conditions. Surface molasses is removed in the
f polarization premiums. Buyer has to pay an extra 1.4% per degree for
sugar with a polarization from 96 to 99 degree. Part of a degree to be charged
No extra premium to be paid above 99 degree.
U.S producers of sugar have switched to corn syrup
that many former consumers of sugar have switched to corn syrup
manufacturers) or moved out of the country (candy makers).
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
a futures position in one delivery month while simultaneously
A method of buying or selling sugar when the seller includes
ore, no polarization
and transports physical commodity for
entrifuge under sanitary conditions. Surface molasses is removed in the
per degree for
Part of a degree to be charged
(beverage

Variation in crystal size & color of brown sugars
The natural brown sugars at sugarindia are not
sugars.
A non natural brown sugar is simply a white sugar crystal, which is then sprayed
with some form coloring to give it a 'brown' appearance, in which case
manufacturer has a option to control both grain size and color of finished product.
Natural Brown sugars such as demerara, coffee sugar, muscovado etc are
produced directly from sugar c
Variation Margin
The amount of money that must be deposited in a futures account to restore the
equity back to the initial margin requirement.
Ventilation of stored beet
Introduction of air current in order to maintain desired storage temperature
VHPs
Very High Polarization Sugar. A non
Brazilian sugar that has a polarization between
VHPs can refer to bulk raw with a polarization above
VVHPs
Very Very High Polarization sugar. A non
Brazilian sugar with a polarization above
Bks, which refers to VVHPs with a maximum ICUMSA of
WABCG
World Association of Beet and Cane Growers
Washing
Washing of the crystals during centrifuging with syrup, water or steam
Washing off
Unloading of beet by water jet
Wash run-off (syrup)
Syrup produced in washing sugar during centrifuging
Wheat and Corn (maize) threaten the traditional sugar ma
The Cheap prices of glucose syrups produced from wheat and corn threaten the
traditional sugar market.
Used in combination with artificial sweeteners they can allow drink
manufacturers to produce very low
Page (17)
Variation in crystal size & color of brown sugars
The natural brown sugars at sugarindia are not produced by coloring refined
produced directly from sugar cane.
equity back to the initial margin requirement.
Ventilation of stored beet
Introduction of air current in order to maintain desired storage temperature
Very High Polarization Sugar. A non-exact term that usually refers to bulk
Brazilian sugar that has a polarization between 99.0 and 99.5 degree
VHPs can refer to bulk raw with a polarization above 99.5 degree.
larization sugar. A non-exact term that usually refers to bulk
Brazilian sugar with a polarization above 99.5 degree. (They can also be called
which refers to VVHPs with a maximum ICUMSA of 750).
World Association of Beet and Cane Growers.
Unloading of beet by water jet
Syrup produced in washing sugar during centrifuging.
Wheat and Corn (maize) threaten the traditional sugar market
traditional sugar market.
manufacturers to produce very low-cost goods.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
produced by coloring refined
Introduction of air current in order to maintain desired storage temperature.
exact term that usually refers to bulk
degree. In Thailand
exact term that usually refers to bulk
They can also be called
rket

Weather Working Day (WWD)
A working day of 24 consecutive hours except for any time when prevents the
loading or unloading of the vessel or would have prevented it had work been
progress.
Weight variation in sachets
Weight variation in sugar sachets is an inevitable phenomen
Though customers have nothing to lose.
Sugarindia packs sachets/ tubes of sugar by weight & not by counting.
Net weight of each carton is
each or as the case may be.
Whites Premiums
Usually refers to the price differential between raw and white sugar as shown by
the New York and London futures markets. (Expressed in dollars).
WIBON
Whether in Berth Or Not. If no loading or discharging berth is available on her
arrival, the vessel, on reach
entitled to tender notice of readiness from it and lay time shall continue in
accordance with the charter party.
WIFPON
Whether In Free Pratique Or Not. The completion of customs formalities shal
be a condition precedent to tendering notice of readiness, but any time lost by
reason of delay in the vessel’s completion of these formalities shall not count as
lay time or time on demurrage.
Page (18)
Weather Working Day (WWD)
consecutive hours except for any time when prevents the
Weight variation in sachets
Weight variation in sugar sachets is an inevitable phenomenon.
Though customers have nothing to lose.
Net weight of each carton is 10kg counting ideally 2000 sachets/ tubes of
each or as the case may be.
s to the price differential between raw and white sugar as shown by
the New York and London futures markets. (Expressed in dollars).
arrival, the vessel, on reaching any usual waiting place at or off the port, shall be
accordance with the charter party.
Whether In Free Pratique Or Not. The completion of customs formalities shal
lay time or time on demurrage.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
consecutive hours except for any time when prevents the
tubes of 5 gms
s to the price differential between raw and white sugar as shown by
ing any usual waiting place at or off the port, shall be
Whether In Free Pratique Or Not. The completion of customs formalities shall not

TYPES OF SUGARS
SUGAR
Extra-
shine & texture on baking.
specially for the baking industry.
Baker's Sugar
Rich brown sugar having a nutty, caramel flavor, natural moistness,
and subtle molasses aroma. Nutritious substitute for table sugar
Barbados
Granulated sugar melted to
characteristics
Barley sugar
Light to dark brown sugar
inherent molasses content. Its natural moistness and deep, rich aroma
makes it ideal for full
Brown sugar
Produced by slow crystallization of a concentrated sugar solution, this
sugar is commonly used in Belgium be
light to dark. When added to beer, it thins out the high gravity beers
and contributes color and, for the dark version, some residual caramel
flavors.
Cane juice
Produced by slow crystallization of a concentrated sugar
sugar is commonly used in Belgium beers. It comes in several colors
flavors.
Candy sugar
Sugar with extremely fine grain size making it
textured cakes and meringues, as well as for sweetening fruits and
iced-drinks since it dissolves easil
Castor sugar
(or caster sugar)
Finely crystallized refined sugar.Chinese sugar
Lightly colored granulated sugar with added flavoring.Cinnamon sugar
Large crystals of granulated sugar.Coarse sugar
Large grained, sparkling, brown
developed to bring out the true flavor of coffee beans
Coffee sugar
Equimolar mixture of glucose & fructose in liquid form. It absorbs
moisture very fast
soluble in water and alcohol, and caramelizes fast
Invert sugar
Golden brown sugar crystals rolling with the
sugarcane molasses.
ideal for hot and cold beverages, sprinkling on cereals, or as a topping
on cakes and cookies
Demerara sugar
Page (19)
DESCRIPTION
-fine, fine-grained sugar with uniform grain size, gives perfect
shine & texture on baking. As its name suggests, it has been developed
specially for the baking industry.
subtle molasses aroma. Nutritious substitute for table sugar
Granulated sugar melted to 185 deg C. No unique flavor or color
characteristics. If heated to 200 deg C, it caramelizes
Light to dark brown sugar - with color & properties depending on
makes it ideal for full-flavored recipes.
flavors.
Produced by slow crystallization of a concentrated sugar
flavors.
ar with extremely fine grain size making it ideal for extra fine
drinks since it dissolves easily.
Finely crystallized refined sugar.
Lightly colored granulated sugar with added flavoring.
Large crystals of granulated sugar.
Large grained, sparkling, brown-colored sugar crystals specially
moisture very fast, is about 25% sweeter than normal sugar
soluble in water and alcohol, and caramelizes fast
Golden brown sugar crystals rolling with the rich aroma of tropical
sugarcane molasses. Its distinctive flavor and crunchy texture makes it
on cakes and cookies
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
grained sugar with uniform grain size, gives perfect
has been developed
subtle molasses aroma. Nutritious substitute for table sugar
No unique flavor or color
it caramelizes.
erties depending on
ers. It comes in several colors -
sugar is commonly used in Belgium beers. It comes in several colors -
ideal for extra fine
Lightly colored granulated sugar with added flavoring.
colored sugar crystals specially
sweeter than normal sugar, is highly
rich aroma of tropical
Its distinctive flavor and crunchy texture makes it

Introduction
Sugar
Sugar, or sucrose, is a carbohydrate that
occurs naturally in every
the plant kingdom.
It is a major product of Photosynthesis, the
process by which plants transform the sun’s
energy into food.
Sugar occurs in greatest quantities in
sugarcane and sugar beets
separated for commercial use.
Table sugar (sucrose) comes from plant
sources.
In non-scientific use
The term sugar refers to
"table sugar" or "saccharine")
a white Crystalline Solid Disac
Commercially produced table sugar comes
either from Sugar Cane or from Sugar Beet.
Scientifically sugar refers
To any Monosaccharide or Disaccharide.
Monosaccharide (also called "simple sugars")
such as glucose, store chemical energy which
biological cells convert to other types of energy.
The word "sugar" principally refers to
crystalline sugars, two
crops predominate:
Sugarcane
Sugar beets
Difference between sugar produced from sugar beets and sugar
produced from sugarcane?
There is no difference in the sugar produced from either cane or beet.
Sugarcane, a giant grass, thrives in a warm, moist climate, storing sugar
in its stalk.
The sugar beet grows best in a temperate climate and stores
its white root.
Sugar from both sources is produced by nature
green plants produce sugar
Page (20)
ugar, or sucrose, is a carbohydrate that
fruit and vegetable in
Photosynthesis, the
process by which plants transform the sun’s
Sugar occurs in greatest quantities in
sugarcane and sugar beets from which it is
separated for commercial use.
Table sugar (sucrose) comes from plant
Sucrose (Also called
"table sugar" or "saccharine")
Crystalline Solid Disaccharide.
Commercially produced table sugar comes
Sugar Cane or from Sugar Beet.
Scientifically sugar refers
Monosaccharide or Disaccharide.
Monosaccharide (also called "simple sugars")
such as glucose, store chemical energy which
ological cells convert to other types of energy.
The word "sugar" principally refers to
, two important sugar
arcane?
The sugar beet grows best in a temperate climate and stores
Sugar from both sources is produced by nature in the same fashion as all
green plants produce sugar - as a means of storing the sun’s energy.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
The sugar beet grows best in a temperate climate and stores its sugar in
in the same fashion as all
as a means of storing the sun’s energy.

Sugar Cane
The plants are slow growing and require approximately
months to ripen.
Once cut, sugarcane
(actually within hours of being harvested) thus it must be
processed immediately after cutting.
Sugarcane belongs to the genues saccharum, tribe
Andropogoneae, and family poaceae (Graminea).
Sugar cane is really a type of
When it is fully grown, it can be as tall as four or five
Like all grasses, sugar cane has green leaves, a stalk and roots to collect
sunlight, moisture and carbon dioxide which it uses to make its own food
Sugar cane grows best
thrives on a combination of bright
rainfall and fertile soil.
New cane is grown from pieces of cane stalk,
Called setts, which are laid lengthwise in furrows which
have been cut in
As the young cane grows, the land around it is cultivated
to control weeds and let air and water into the soil.
In moist, warm conditions, the cane grows quickly.
It is usually ready to harvest in
Mature cane stands
June and December in the Southern Hemisphere, when its sugar content is
at its highest.
When the first cane is harvested, the stumps are left in
canes grow from the stumps.
Two or three more crops can be produc
These are called ratoon crops.
Most cane sugar comes from countries with warm climates, such as Brazil, India,
China, Thailand, Mexico, and Australia, the top sugar producing countries
in the world.
Growing the Cane
Sugar cane is a sub-tropical and tropical crop that prefers lots of sun
and lots of water - provided that its roots are not waterlogged. It
typically takes about 12 months to reach maturity although the time
varies widely around the world from as short as six months in Louisiana
to 24 months in some places
Where it differs from many crops is that it re
the plant lasts many cycles [or 'ratoons', a word derived from the
Spanish to sprout] before it is worn out.
Harvesting
Sugar cane is harvested by chopping down the stems but leaving the
roots so that it re-grows in time for the next crop. Harvest times tend
to be during the dry season and the length of the harvest ranges from
as little as 2 ½ months up to
factory: often by truck or rail wagon but sometimes
on a cart pulled by a bullock or a donkey!
Page (21)
The plants are slow growing and require approximately 16
Once cut, sugarcane can start to deteriorate quickly
(actually within hours of being harvested) thus it must be
processed immediately after cutting.
Sugarcane belongs to the genues saccharum, tribe
Andropogoneae, and family poaceae (Graminea).
Sugar cane is really a type of giant grass.
When it is fully grown, it can be as tall as four or five meters
sunlight, moisture and carbon dioxide which it uses to make its own food
Sugar cane grows best in tropical countries where it
thrives on a combination of bright sunlight, heat, heavy
rainfall and fertile soil.
New cane is grown from pieces of cane stalk,
setts, which are laid lengthwise in furrows which
have been cut in the field.
the young cane grows, the land around it is cultivated
to control weeds and let air and water into the soil.
In moist, warm conditions, the cane grows quickly.
It is usually ready to harvest in 10 to 18 months.
Mature cane stands 2 to 4 metres high and is usually harvested between
When the first cane is harvested, the stumps are left in the ground. New
canes grow from the stumps.
Two or three more crops can be produced this way.
These are called ratoon crops.
pical and tropical crop that prefers lots of sun
provided that its roots are not waterlogged. It
months to reach maturity although the time
months in some places.
Where it differs from many crops is that it re-grows from the roots so
the plant lasts many cycles [or 'ratoons', a word derived from the
Spanish to sprout] before it is worn out.
ugar cane is harvested by chopping down the stems but leaving the
grows in time for the next crop. Harvest times tend
½ months up to 11 months. The cane is taken to the
truck or rail wagon but sometimes
on a cart pulled by a bullock or a donkey!
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
meters.
sunlight, moisture and carbon dioxide which it uses to make its own food.
is usually harvested between
the ground. New
pical and tropical crop that prefers lots of sun
months to reach maturity although the time
grows from the roots so
ugar cane is harvested by chopping down the stems but leaving the
grows in time for the next crop. Harvest times tend

Sugar beet
Beet sugar comes from regions with
Northwest and eastern Europe,
areas in the United States (including
Cuba, the EU, Australia, Thailand, Brazil, Ukraine
(sugarbeets) and China are the largest exporters.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the beet
with the start of harvesting around September.
Harvesting
In the growing and harvesting of sugar beet, timing is
critical.
The harvesting period, known as the 'campaign' amongst
farmers, takes place between September and Christmas
when the amount of sugar in
Begins the middle of September and continues until
Completed, usually by mid
Sugar beet was harvested at five different times
155, 171 & 187 days after emergence
Sugar beet provides more than one
in United States and about
Production in the world.
Top Ten Countries by Sugar Beet Production
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, in
2007 the United States produced
enough to make the United States
first, producing 32,338,000
Page (22)
regions with coole climates:
ern Europe, northern Japan, plus some
areas in the United States (including California).
Cuba, the EU, Australia, Thailand, Brazil, Ukraine
(sugarbeets) and China are the largest exporters.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the beet-growing season ends
start of harvesting around September.
In the growing and harvesting of sugar beet, timing is
The harvesting period, known as the 'campaign' amongst
farmers, takes place between September and Christmas
when the amount of sugar in the beet is at its highest.
Begins the middle of September and continues until
Completed, usually by mid-November.
Sugar beet was harvested at five different times (123, 139,
days after emergence).
Sugar beet provides more than one- half of sugar produced
States and about 40% of sugar
Top Ten Countries by Sugar Beet Production 2008
the United States produced 31,912,000 tonnes of sugar beets
enough to make the United States Ranks Second in that category. France ranked
32,338,000 tonnes.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
tonnes of sugar beets, which was
in that category. France ranked

Ethanol from Sugar
More than half of world ethanol production is produced
from sugar and sugar byproducts, with Brazil being by
far the world leader.
Currently, there is no commercial production of
ethanol from sugarcane or sugar beets in the United
States, where 97 percent of ethanol is produced from corn
Technologically, the process of producing ethanol from sugar is simpler than
converting corn into ethanol. Converting corn into ethanol requires additional
cooking and the application of enzymes, whereas the conversion of sugar requires
only a yeast fermentation process. The energy requirement for converting sugar
into ethanol is about half that for
Factors impacting sugar to ethanol viability
Corn is currently the least
ethanol production. Ethanol from sugarcane or sugar
beet feedstocks costs twice as much.
USDA’s recent sugar/ethanol report provides these
comparative production costs.
High oil prices have spurred interest in ethanol, to put
it mildly.
But for how long? (Prices were dropping at press
deadline in September.)
With ethanol prices hovering near
summer, the USDA report concludes t
profitable to produce ethanol from sugar and sugar
byproducts.
However, if ethanol prices were to drop below
gallon, it would not be profitable to use raw or refined sugar as a feedstock.
Based on current futures prices, the price
The EU convert refined sugar to ethanol
Europe’s fuel ethanol sector was a slow starter.
It took almost 10 years to grow production from
in 1993 to 525 million litre
In the following two years we saw a true explosion in production.
In 2005 and 2006 there were double
70%.
After a moderate growth in
13% compared to the previous year
spike in 2008.
Last year, total EU bioethanol production significantly
increased by 56%, from 1.8
in 2008.
Compared to the U.S.A. and Brazil, but also to the
European biodiesel sector, the EU fuel alcohol sect
Page (23)
More than half of world ethanol production is produced
from sugar and sugar byproducts, with Brazil being by
Currently, there is no commercial production of
ethanol from sugarcane or sugar beets in the United
percent of ethanol is produced from corn
to ethanol. Converting corn into ethanol requires additional
into ethanol is about half that for corn.
sugar to ethanol viability
Corn is currently the least-cost feedstock available for
ethanol production. Ethanol from sugarcane or sugar
beet feedstocks costs twice as much.
USDA’s recent sugar/ethanol report provides these
mparative production costs.
High oil prices have spurred interest in ethanol, to put
But for how long? (Prices were dropping at press
With ethanol prices hovering near $4 a gallon this
summer, the USDA report concludes that it would be
profitable to produce ethanol from sugar and sugar
if ethanol prices were to drop below $2.35 a
Based on current futures prices, the price of ethanol is expected to drop.
refined sugar to ethanol Market
Europe’s fuel ethanol sector was a slow starter.
years to grow production from 60 million litres
million litres in 2004.
In the following two years we saw a true explosion in production.
there were double-digit growth levels of over
After a moderate growth in 2007, when production increased by
compared to the previous year, figures reached another
Last year, total EU bioethanol production significantly
1.8 billion in 2007 to 2.8 billion
Compared to the U.S.A. and Brazil, but also to the
European biodiesel sector, the EU fuel alcohol sector is
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
to ethanol. Converting corn into ethanol requires additional
of ethanol is expected to drop.

rather small. The USA nowadays produces every month
more than the EU produce in a year. Moreover, the EU
biofuel market is still predominantly a biodiesel market
(80%).
The top 4 EU producers of ethanol are France
Spain and Poland, followed by Sweden and the UK. The
top 6 consumers are France
Poland and the Netherlands
year in terms of imports. Total imports of bioethanol (fuel and non
estimated to have reached
compared to 2007. Thereof
only.
Approximately 50% of total imports have been used for the fuel sector
(approximately 1.1 billion litres
Production capacity
The EU production capacity is steadily increasing. At present, the installed
capacity amounts to 6.1 billion litres
construction is 2.4 billion litres
Use of raw material
In 2007 the preferred raw material was grain and, more in particular, wheat. A
relatively big part is still covered by sugar beet (molasses) and a smaller share is
produced from raw alcohol
shift (mainly in Germany)
If we look at the bigger picture of grain use in the EU it becomes immediately
clear that bioethanol production is only a marginal consumer of grain.
Almost 69% of Europe’s cereals go to the animal feed sector whereas
approximately only 2% of all cereals is destined for the bioethanol
Of this extremely small share about one third goes back to the animal feed sector
as a high protein animal feed called DDGS.
This by-product replaces imported soya meal
BRAZILIAN SUGAR
Brazilian sugar is the most plentiful sugar in the
world, due to the fact that Brazil is the largest
producer of sugar in the world.
Every year Brazil produces up to thirty million tons
of sugar, much of which is sold offshore.
The majority of Brazilian sugar is
which is almost always produced for export and
subsequent refining in other countries.
A smaller amount of ICUMSA
consumption and international export.
Page (24)
rather small. The USA nowadays produces every month
more than the EU produce in a year. Moreover, the EU
biofuel market is still predominantly a biodiesel market
EU producers of ethanol are France, Germany,
wed by Sweden and the UK. The
consumers are France, Germany, Sweden, the UK,
Poland and the Netherlands. 2008 was also a record
year in terms of imports. Total imports of bioethanol (fuel and non-
estimated to have reached 1.9 billion litres in 2008, increasing by 400
Thereof, between 1.4 and 1.5 billion litres came from Brazil
of total imports have been used for the fuel sector
billion litres). This equals 39% of total EU production.
billion litres, while production capacity under
billion litres.
preferred raw material was grain and, more in particular, wheat. A
produced from raw alcohol. In 2008, due to higher grain prices, we have seen a
shift (mainly in Germany) to sugar beet juice.
of Europe’s cereals go to the animal feed sector whereas
of all cereals is destined for the bioethanol.
as a high protein animal feed called DDGS.
product replaces imported soya meal.
sugar is the most plentiful sugar in the
world, due to the fact that Brazil is the largest
producer of sugar in the world.
Every year Brazil produces up to thirty million tons
of sugar, much of which is sold offshore.
The majority of Brazilian sugar is VHP raw sugar,
which is almost always produced for export and
subsequent refining in other countries.
A smaller amount of ICUMSA 45 sugar is also produced both for local
consumption and international export.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
-fuel) are
400 million
billion litres came from Brazil
of total imports have been used for the fuel sector
production.
production capacity under
preferred raw material was grain and, more in particular, wheat. A
we have seen a
of Europe’s cereals go to the animal feed sector whereas
.
sugar is also produced both for local

Global sugar industry report 2010.pdf

Global sugar industry report 2010.pdf

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Global sugar industry report 2010.pdf