What is GPS? GPS Segments Pseudo – Random Numbers (PRN) Coarse acquisition (C/A) code P code (Precision or Protected code) P code (Precision or Protected code) GPS Trilateration EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster Management Cycle ADVANTAGE OF GPS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT GPS LIMITATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT HOW DOES GPS PLAY A ROLE IN EARTHQUAKE RESCUE? Case Study - Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011.

1. Project Report on
GPS BASED VEHICLE MOVEMENT STUDY IN
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT
By
Ma.Mayur .U. Rahangdale
(202030018)
M. Tech (Construction Management)
2020 - 2021
Guided by
Prof. (Dr.) S.Y. Mhaske
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Mumbai 400 019
2020 – 2021

2. 2
STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE
We wish to state that the work embodied in this report titled “GPS BASED VEHICLE
MOVEMENT STUDY IN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT” forms my contribution
to the work carried out under the guidance of Prof. (DR.) S.Y. Mhaske at the Veermata
Jijabai Technological Institute. This work has not submittedfor any other degree or diploma
of any university/ institute. Wherever references have been made to previous works of others,
it has been clearly indicated.
Signature of the Candidate
MA.MAYUR .U. RAHANGDALE
(202030018)

3. 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MA.MAYUR .U. RAHANGDALE (202030018) the studentof
M-Tech.(Construction Management) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai have
Successfully completed the project entitled “GPS BASED VEHICLE MOVEMENT
STUDY IN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MANAGEMENT” During the academic year
2020-2021, Under the guidance of Prof.(Dr.) S.Y. Mhaske.
Prof. (Dr.) S.Y. Mhaske DR. S.Y. MHASKE
(PROJECT GUIDE) PROF & HEAD
CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGG. DEPT

4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is obvious that the development of project needs the support of many
people. Getting idea of analyzing a project, finalizing it as best one for me and above all
developing it successfully always is a job more than dozen of people. It is great pleasure for
me to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of my own effort. I had always been
grateful for the support that I got from all my surroundings with respect knowledge and
support.
I am very grateful to my Parents who have always being supportive of the
strange new twist and turns our life has taken. They are the one who have been the pioneer of
success and achievement in life and of course they have supported us rather directly or
indirectly in developing our project.
I sincerely acknowledge to my project guide Prof. (Dr.) S.Y. Mhaske whose
continuous encouragement and support enabled the project to materialized and contributed to
its success.
Finally, I thankful to all my Friends for their constant inspiration, support and
encouragement.
MA.MAYUR .U. RAHANGDALE
(202030018)

5. Abstract
Natural hazards (i.e. Earthquakes) become disaster when they strike the man-made
environment. To effectively reduce the impact of every disaster, governments prepare a
complete strategy, called disaster management. Availability of data such as: buildings, lifeline
systems, roads, hospitals and etc. Will help the managers to better decision-making. So a
Global Positioning System (GPS) can support disaster management as a powerful tool for
collecting, storing, analysis, modelling and displaying large amount of data. Many
organizations which involve in disaster management, require to access to the right data in the
right time to make the right decisions. Understanding human evacuation behaviour and
observing road network conditions are key for the creation of effective evacuation support
plans and operations and GPS makes it possible using satellites and ground Stations.

6. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr No. Content Page No.
1.1
Chapter 1
Introduction 8
2.1
2.2
2.3
Chapter 2
Literature review
GPS
GPS Segments
Trilateration
9
9
12
3.1
3.2
Chapter 3
Earthquake disaster management
Disaster management cycle
13
13
4.1
4.2
Chapter 4
Advantage of GPS in disaster management
GPS limitation in disaster management
15
16
5.1
Chapter 5
How does GPS play a role in earthquake rescue? 17
6.1
Chapter 6
Case study 21
7.1
7.2
Chapter 7
Conclusion
References
25
26

7. LIST OF FIGURES
FigureNo Description Page
2.1.1 Segments of GPS 12
2.3.1 GPS Trilateration 12
3.2.1 Disaster Management Cycle 13
3.2.2 GPS Disaster Management Process 14
5.1 HVT001 18
6.1 Road Traffic Jams 22
6.2 Probe Vehicle speed before and after the earthquake 23
6.3 Gridlock Traffic 24

8. 8
Chapter 1
Introduction
Earthquake, as the natural hazard, is the part of the world around human being. Its occurrence
is inevitable. It destroys natural environment but the natural environment takes care of itself.
So Earthquake becomes a disaster when it crosses paths with the man-made environment, such
as buildings, roads, lifelines and crops. The man-made environment, in contrast to natural
environment needs disaster management. Government of each country is responsible for
disaster management at all levels (local, state, and regional).
GPS was mainly used to facilitate enterprises to obtain real-time operating indicators such as
vehicle position and speed and when the earthquake struck, the institutions and enterprises can
organize self-rescue according to the specific location. Therefore, it provides important help
for the operation vehicles equipped with GPS monitoring function to get timely rescue. The
success rate and accuracy of rescue have been greatly improved. After the earthquake, there is
a continuous flow of vehicles to the disaster area for rescue. Many cars also entered dangerous
areas that had risk of aftershocks. Vehicles equipped with GPS monitoring and positioning
functions will be more secure.
GPS has played a vital role in relief efforts for global disasters such as the tsunami that struck
in the Indian Ocean region in 2004, and the Pakistan-India earthquake in 2005. In earthquake
prone areas such as the Pacific Rim, GPS is playing an increasingly prominent role in helping
scientists to anticipate earthquakes. Using the precise position information provided by GPS,
scientists can study how strain builds up slowly over time in an attempt to characterize, and in
the future perhaps anticipate, earthquakes.

9. 9
Chapter 2
Literature review
2.1 Global positioning system (GPS) –
It is the quick, accurate and cheap method of obtaining the position, velocity and time of any
object anywhere on the surface of the earth.
It is financed and controlled by US-Department of Defence.
Principle of Operation – Trilateration – Distances between the satellites and the receiver is
used to locate position on the earth surface.
2.2 GPS Segments:
The Global Positioning System basically consists of three segments: The Space
Segment, The Control Segment and the User Segment.
1) Space Segment:
The Space Segment contains 24 satellites, at altitude of about 20000 km from the surface of
the earth, they revolve in 6 orbits (A-F) inclined at 55o
to the equator, therefore in each orbit
there will be 4 satellites. By receiving signals transmitted by minimum 4 satellites
simultaneously, the observer can determine his geometric position (latitude, longitude and
height). Each satellite communicates with the receiver through radio waves. For these radio
waves there are two carrier waves that is L1 and L2.
Frequency of L1 – 1575.42 mhz
Frequency of L2 - 1227.60 mhz
These carrier waves are modulated to carry two pseudo – random numbers (PRN) and one
navigational massage.

10. 10
A) Pseudo – random numbers (PRN)
They are digital Signals
The two PRN are
Coarse acquisition code and p code
1) Coarse acquisition code
- It is a string of binary numbers.
- It is used for Range (Distance) calculation, but it is considered to be less accurate.
- It gives details of the satellite connected.
- Frequency – 1.023 mhz
2) P code (Precision or Protected code)
- It is a string of very long binary numbers.
- It was initially available only for military
- It gives more accurate ranging as compared to ranging by c/a code.
- Frequency – 10.23 mhz
L1 carrier wave consists of C/A code and P code whereas L2 carrier wave consists of only P
code.
Since due to the difference between PRN received by the receiver and the PRN it should have
to be received a shift will occur in PRN and this shift in PRN received is analogous to the
travel time of the carrier waves. Also in Satellites, very accurate atomic clocks are used but in
receiver ordinary quartz clocks are used. This difference in accuracies of the two clock will
introduce an error in the travel time of carrier waves and the range calculation will be biased,
therefore it will be called as pseudo range measurement.
D = (𝑋 − 𝑋𝑠)2 + (𝑌 − 𝑌𝑠)2 + (𝑍 − 𝑍𝑠)2
So to correct this, we will take time into consideration
D = (𝑋 − 𝑋𝑠)2 + (𝑌 − 𝑌𝑠)2 + (𝑍 − 𝑍𝑠)2 + t.c

11. 11
T = correct time after removing of bias
C = speed of radio waves (speed of light)
Xs, Ys, Zs = Coordinates of satellite
X, Y, Z = Coordinates of receiver
Here four unknowns are there (X, Y, Z, t), therefore it requires 4 satellites.
B) Navigational Massage
-It gives accurate co-ordinates of satellite
2) Control Segment
This has a Master Control Station (MCS), few Monitor Stations (mss) and an Up Load Station
(ULS). The mss are transportable shelters with receivers and computers; all located in U.S.A.,
which passively track satellites, accumulating ranging data from navigation signals. This is
transferred to MCS for processing by computer
Thus, role of Control Segment is:
- To estimate satellite [space vehicle (SV)] ephemerides and atomic clock behaviour.
- To predict SV positions and clock drifts.
- To upload this data to svs.
3) User Segment
Components
Antenna and a pre – amplifier
Radio frequency selector
Recording Device
Control Panel
Power Supply
A dual band, circularly polarised micro-strip antenna is used.

12. 12
Fig 2.2.1 – Segments of GPS
2.3 Trilateration –
It is a principle on which GPS works, and find the exact location of the receiver using
Satellites.
Fig 2.3.1 – GPS Trilateration

13. 13
Chapter 3
3.1 Earthquake disaster management
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
It is one of the most devastating natural disasters on earth.
Disaster is an abrupt adverse or unfortunate extreme event, which causes horrific damage to
human beings, plants and animals.
Disaster mitigation is for reducing or minimizing an impact of a hazard or disaster.
Disaster management is a looping process.
3.2 Disaster management cycle
Fig 3.2.1 – Disaster Management Cycle

14. 14
1. Mitigation: Measures put in place to minimize the results from a disaster. Examples:
Building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
2. Preparedness: Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency
Exercises/training; warning systems.
3. Response: Initial actions taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts to minimize the
Hazards created by a disaster. Examples: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.
4. Recovery: Returning the community to normal. Ideally, the affected area should be put in a
condition equal to or better than it was before the disaster took place. Examples: temporary
Housing; grants; medical care.
Fig 3.2.2– GPS Disaster Management Process

15. 15
Chapter 4
4.1 Advantage of GPS in disaster management
One of the greatest advantage of GPS in disaster management is its ability to be used at any
time of the day under any weather condition.
Another advantage of GPS in disaster management is that GNSS has 100 per cent coverage of
the planet, GPS is free for all users, as such it can be used to manage disaster from anywhere
in the world.
GPS is used at every stage of a disaster event, right from the pre-disaster, during disaster and
post-disaster events.
GPS is particularly useful during disasters because it operates in any weather, anywhere and at
all times. While it functions simply to give the location of the receiver, the level of precision
of GPS makes it quite useful in disaster management.
GPS find its greatest utility during the response and recovery phases; however, it can also be
utilized during preparedness and mitigation phases.
An important application of GPS in EDM is tracking of emergency vehicles or supplies. In this
application the GPS receiver attached to the vehicle and the location is overlaid onto a map.
Deliver disaster relief to areas in a more timely and accurate manner, saving lives and restoring
critical infrastructure.
Provide position information for mapping of disaster regions where little or no mapping
information is available.

16. 16
4.2 Gps limitation in disaster management
Like many other geomatics technologies, GPS also has certain limitations in its area of
applications which disaster management is not an exception. Since GPS is mainly concerned
with precise positioning, most of its limitation will not be unconnected to the degree of
precision in finding locations. Consequently, these results to poor accuracy and low accuracies
termed as “ERRORS” resulting from the satellite system, GPS receiver, atmospheric or
environmental effects. Some of the GPS limitations include;
GPS satellite signals are weak (when compared to, say, cellular phone signals), so it does not
work well in indoors, underwater, under bridge and trees, etc.
The highest accuracy requires line-of-sight from the receiver to the satellite; this is why GPS
does not work very well in an urban environment or under thick canopies.
GPS accuracy is affected by certain sources of errors that could be from the satellite system,
the atmosphere/environment or the satellite receiver itself.

17. 17
Chapter 5
5.1 How does gps play a role in earthquake rescue?
According to the recent research of earthquake disaster rescue, we learn that the critical period
of relief is 1 to 5 days, especially 2 days. Because it is the golden age of rescue and the trapped
person have high survival rate during the period. Based on the accurate location, we can
confirm the position of trapped person quickly, so it can save the rescue time.
In the past, for passenger transport and logistics enterprises, GPS was mainly used to facilitate
enterprises to obtain real-time operating indicators such as vehicle position and speed. And
when the earthquake struck, the institutions and enterprises can organize self-rescue according
to the specific location. Therefore, it provides important help for the operation vehicles
equipped with GPS monitoring function to get timely rescue. The success rate and accuracy of
rescue have been greatly improved.
The earthquake has also had a great impact on private cars. After the earthquake, as the
aftershock lasts for a long time, many car owners in many cities in the disaster area chose cars
as their home. Every night there are a lot of vehicles concentrated in the open area. In addition,
after the earthquake, there is a continuous flow of vehicles to the disaster area for rescue. Many
cars also entered dangerous areas that had risk of aftershocks. Vehicles equipped with GPS
monitoring and positioning functions will be more secure.
During the rescue, a great number of volunteers rushed to the disaster area. Due to the large
scale of the disaster, the impact of aftershocks on secondary disasters such as landslides and
mudslides continues to increase, so the road condition information changes at any time. The
road condition information reported on TV cannot meet the real-time requirement. As a result,
volunteers were confronted with situations where the road information they received on their
departure did not match the situation on the ground. For example, when driving to the middle
of the road suddenly meet a temporary closure of a highway or a section of collapse.

18. 18
During the period of aftershocks, extreme traffic jams often occur. Especially when we heard
that there will be a aftershocks, all vehicles will rush out of city at the same time. At that
moment, even bike can't move. If there is a guide for road information at this time, the problem
can be alleviated.
Concox™ Information Technology Co., Ltd.,In China, Concox's market share ranks the 1st
,
Globally Concox™ has reached the Top 3 in GPS tracking terminal among Chinese
manufacturers. They are a proven leader in GPS Fleet Management products and services,
operating in over 150 countries worldwide.
Their production HVT001 has GPS + LBS tracking function which can make the car real-time
tracking by APP, SMS and Web Platform. When the volunteers were driving in the disaster
area, their family can know their track through the platform. If there were some happen, their
family can send information to police. HVT001 also has SOS call function, hidden button
allowing SOS call during an emergency case. It will help reduce the danger.
Fig 5.1 - HVT001
Critical component of any successful rescue operation is time. Knowing the precise location of
landmarks, streets, buildings, emergency service resources, and disaster relief sites reduces that
time and saves lives. This information is critical to disaster relief teams and public safety
personnel in order to protect life and reduce property loss. The Global Positioning System
(GPS) serves as a facilitating technology in addressing these needs.

19. 19
GPS has played a vital role in relief efforts for global disasters such as the tsunami that struck
in the Indian Ocean region in 2004, and the Pakistan-India earthquake in 2005. Search and
rescue teams used GPS, geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing technology
to create maps of the disaster areas for rescue and aid operations, as well as to assess damage.
In earthquake prone areas such as the Pacific Rim, GPS is playing an increasingly prominent
role in helping scientists to anticipate earthquakes. Using the precise position information
provided by GPS, scientists can study how strain builds up slowly over time in an attempt to
characterize, and in the future perhaps anticipate, earthquakes.
GPS has become an integral part of modern emergency response systems -- whether helping
stranded motorists find assistance or guiding emergency vehicles.
As the international industry positioning standard for use by emergency and other specialty
vehicle fleets, GPS has given managers a quantum leap forward in efficient operation of their
emergency response teams. The ability to effectively identify and view the location of police,
fire, rescue, and individual vehicles or boats, and how their location relates to an entire network
of transportation systems in a geographic area, has resulted in a whole new way of doing
business. Location information provided by GPS, coupled with automation, reduces delay in
the dispatch of emergency services.
Incorporation of GPS in mobile phones places an emergency location capability in the hands
of everyday users. Today's widespread placement of GPS location systems in passenger cars
provides another leap in developing a comprehensive safety net. Today, many ground and
maritime vehicles are equipped with autonomous crash sensors and GPS. This information,
when coupled with automatic communication systems, enables a call for help even when
occupants are unable to do so.
The modernization of GPS will further facilitate disaster relief and public safety services. The
addition of new civil signals will increase accuracy and reliability all over the world. In short,
GPS modernization translates to more lives saved and faster recovery for victims of global
tragedies.

20. 20
After an earthquake has taken place, visibility with the naked eye, as well as access to worst
affected areas may be restricted. When this happens, it becomes difficult for emergency
personnel to gain access to survivors in a short period of time.
Using remote sensing technology + GPS, however, would significantly improve the timeliness
and quality of aid that can be provided.
Activities, such as search and rescue, are best affected after major earthquakes using remote
sensing. Since there will be considerable amount of debris from collapsed structures, it would
be advantageous to employ the service of it for deep searching.
Access to necessary services can be scarce during an emergency situation. Access to health
care, food, water, shelter, and even power grids can be compromised. With GPS systems
mapping the locations of these resources, victims of disaster can contact their local law
enforcement agencies and get the information they need to outlast the tumultuous recovery
process. Tracking healthcare fleets can be extremely advantageous, as crews can map ideal
routes for multiple stops in a small area. Not only that, but with collected GPS data, emergency
services are also able to better handle distribution of supplies, helping drivers deliver goods to
where they are needed the most.

21. 21
Chapter 6
Case study
Great East Japan Earthquake in Ishinomaki City, Japan -11 March 2011
Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, vehicle detectors did not work due to the severe
tsunami and electric power failure. Therefore, information was only available from individuals’
probe vehicles and smartphone GPS data. These probe data, along with disaster measurements
such as water immersion levels, revealed the sudden transition of vehicle speed. (i.e., it
eventually slowed to less than walking speed and a serious gridlock phenomenon in the
Ishinomaki central area occurred).
When the earthquake occurred and tsunami warning was given, a substantial number of people
in commercial areas attempted to flee all at once and created a traffic jam in the central area of
the city, preventing evacuation. The central area of Ishinomaki also has a topographical
disadvantage, as it is surrounded by rivers and a canal with several bridges that typically are
traffic bottlenecks even under normal circumstances. As a result, many people were unable to
reach a safe area because the road network could not accommodate the increased demand due
to the evacuation.
Figure 6 shows the traffic congestion conditions in Ishinomaki on March 11, 2011, according
to results of post-disaster surveys of citizens conducted by the Miyagi Prefectural Police. While
it is difficult to determine when the traffic jams started and when they subsided, the figure
shows that the longest traffic jam was 11 km and occurred along Ishinomaki Kaido Street.

22. 22
Fig 6.1 – Road Traffic Jams
This study estimated the road network conditions in Ishinomaki City immediately after the
Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami warning by analysing data from probe vehicles and
smartphone GPS applications.
Probe vehicle data and smartphone GPS data provide valuable, detailed raw data that reveal
important facts about human behaviours after the earthquake and tsunami warning.
Behaviour log data from probe vehicles and smartphones are therefore expected to clarify not
only such long-term human behaviour but also the human behaviours and road network
conditions at the time of a disaster.
Road Network Situation in Ishinomaki
Car stopping after the earthquake
First, we examined the variation of each vehicle’s speed from 14:30 JST to 15:00 JST before
and after the earthquake. As shown in Figure, almost all observed vehicles were stopped from
14:47 JST to 14:50 and each vehicle made a stop or abruptly reduced its velocity when the
earthquake occurred. This is considered to be associated with the surprise caused by the
earthquake.

23. 23
Fig 6.2 – Probe Vehicle speed before and after the earthquake.
Extremely low velocity of cars in central Ishinomaki
Second, we demonstrate evidence of a traffic gridlock effect on central Ishinomaki roads
caused by earthquake Because the speed of these vehicles was less than 1 km/h, we concluded
that extremely low velocity traffic jams or gridlock traffic occurred after the earthquake.
Figure 8 shows the trajectories of probe vehicles moving at a speed that was slower than general
pedestrian speed (4 km/h), including a vehicle that moved a distance of only 160 m in 1 hour
after the earthquake. The corresponding velocity of this vehicle was only 0:17 km/h. Other
examples of probe vehicles that experienced very low velocities include 430 m in 1 hour and
400 m in 40 min.

24. 24
Fig 6.3 – Gridlock Traffic

25. 25
Chapter 7
Conclusion
A brief review on how GPS was used to monitor, assess, detect or manage such disaster was
presented in order to increase our knowledge of GNSS capabilities and to broaden our
initiatives for the management and mitigation of earthquake disaster situations. However, the
utilization of GPS technologies alone cannot be applicable in any disaster events needing
comprehensive management except with the integration of other spatial technologies such as
Remote Sensing data and GIS tools. The use of remote-sensing data with GIS offers high
potential for vulnerability analysis of the interest region, although these techniques should be
adapted according to the analysed area.

26. 26
References
GPS Application in Disaster Management: A Review by Kamil Muhammad Kafi, Mohamed
Barakat A.Gibril Article in Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, February 2016.
Design and Development of Earthquake Emergency Rescue Command System Based on GIS
and GPS by Yuan Tengfei, April 2017.
Traffic Monitoring Immediately after a Major Natural Disaster as Revealed by Probe Data - A
Case in Ishinomaki after the Great East Japan Earthquake - Yusuke Hara and Masao Kuwahara.
Application of remote sensing and GPS in earthquake, Study “a case study of bhuj earthquake
2001” by narender verma and Dr. N. S. Rathore.