A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface and also have 24 hour view of a particular area.This will be very helpful to army,navy etc.,These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint applications.Continuous monitoring is done and also cost effective in long term, risk-less.

1. GEO-IMAGING
SATELLITE
DIVYA LAL

2. CONTENTS
 SATELLITE
 HOW SATELLITES WORKS
 TYPES OF Orbits/SATELLITES
LEO(low-earth-orbit)
MEO(middle-earth-orbit)
GEO(geostationary-earth-orbit)
 REMOTE-SENSING SATELLITE
 APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE
 DISADVANTAGES
 GEO-IMAGING CONCEPT
 CHALLENGES
 PRESENT EFFORTS
 SUGGESTIONS

5. WHY SATELLITES?
 To avoid number of repeaters on the earth surface.
 Avoiding line of sight propagation.
 High coverage area i.e., a single satellite covers 48% earth
surface. For this we require 3 satellites to cover the total
surface.
 To avoid obstacles like building, tree, mountain, etc.,
 Instant communication.
 To cover remote areas.
 Increase data transfer rates.

6. HOW SATELLITES WORK
1. A earth station sends
message in GHZ range
(uplink)
2. Satellites receives
and re transmit
signals back
(downlink)
3. Other earth station
receives message in
useful strength area
(Footprint)

11. SATELLITE CATEGORIES

12. 500-800km EARTH
LEO
MEO
GEO

13. Low-earth-orbit(LEO)
 Altitude up to 1000km
 Revolution time 90 min-3 hours
 Advantages
 Reduces transmission delay
 Eliminates need for bulky
receiving equipment
 High resolution, easy to
build, cost effectiveness
 Disadvantages
 Smaller coverage area
 Shorter life span(5-8yrs) than
GEOs(10yrs)
 Repetitivity, costly.
 Maintenance is very difficult

14. Middle-Earth-orbiting(MEO)
 MEOs orbits between the altitudes of
10000km to 20000km
 These orbits are primarily reserved for
communications satellites that cover the
north and south pole
 Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary satellites,
MEOs are placed in an elliptical(oval-shaped)orbit

16. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
 These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s
surface along the equator.
 Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at
the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO
satellites remain in the same position relative to the
surface of earth.

17. Advantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large
coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.
 GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
 These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and
other multipoint applications.
 Continuous monitoring, cost effective in long term, risk-
less.

18. Payload
 Satellite
 Remote sensing
 Communication
 Navigation
 Space science
 Human space
 Payload
 Camera
 Transponder
 Navigation payload
 Telescopes
 Human beings

19. REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES

20. What is Remote Sensing?
Remote Sensing is a method of obtaining
Information about the properties of an
object without coming into physical
contact with it.

21. Remote Sensing
 RS System capture radiation in different wavelength
reflected/ emitted by the earth’s surface features and
recorded it either directly on the film as in case of aerial
photography or in digital medium used for generating the
images.
 RS provides valuable data over vast area in a short time
about resources, meteorology and environment leading to
better resource management and accelerating national
development.

22. Elements involved in Remote sensing
1. Energy source or illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere(B)
3. Interaction with the object(C)
4. Recording of energy by the sensor (D)
5. Transmission, reception and
processing(E)
6. Interpretation and analysis(F)
7. Application(G)

23. Satellite images
Advantages
 Covers large areas
 Cost effective
 Time efficient
 Multi -temporal
 Multi-sensor
 Multi-spectral
 Overcomes inaccessibility
 Faster extraction of GIS-ready
data
Disadvantages
 Needs ground verification
 Doesn’t offer details
 Not the best tool for small
areas
 Needs expert system to extract
data

24. Applications of Remote Sensing
 Urbanization & transportation
 Updating road maps
 Urban planning
 Agriculture
 Crop health analysis
 Forest application
 Natural resource management
 Habitat analysis
 Hydrology
 Lake monitoring
 National security
 Damage assessment
 Navigation
 Targeting

25.  TV BROADCASTING
 VSAT CONNECTIVITY
 BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS
 RADIO NETWORKING
 SPEECH CIRCUITS ON TRUNK ROUTES
 MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES
 SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES
 METEOROLOGY IMAGING
 DISASTER WARNING SYSTEM
 AGRICULTURE & CROPS
 FOREST & BIO-RESOURCES
 OCEAN/COASTAL
 WATER RESOURCES
 URBAN MANAGEMENT
 CARTOGRAPHY/MAPPING
 RURAL DEVELOPMENT
 ENVIRONMENT
 GEOLOGY
 CLIMATE MODELLING
 GLOBAL CHANGE
 IMPROVED POSITION ACCURACY
 NAVIGATION SERVICES : AIRCRAFT,
SHIPS, VEHICLE, FLEET MOVEMENT,
ROUTING / ALIGNMENT
 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
FOR ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES
 IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATIONS
COMMUNICATION NAVIGATION REMOTE SENSING
Satellite Applications – Societal Benefits

26. Present remote sensing satellites
IKONOS 1 & 4m U.S 98.33 min
QUICKBIRD 0.65m RUSSIA 93.4 min
WORLDVIEW-1 0.46m U.S 94.49 min
CARTOSAT-2 <1m INDIA(ISRO) 90 min
resolution country Orbital periodSatellites

27. Ikonos

29. Remote Sensing : Challenges
 Satellites are very expensive to built and launch.
 No direct measurements – radiance (light) measurements
must be converted to geophysical parameters, such as
temperature or pollutants concentrations.
 Tradeoffs between spatial and temporal resolution

30. Present efforts
 Cartosat-2C/2D/2E
 Follow on mission in Cartosat series
 The primary mission objective of providing high resolution scene
specific spot imageries.
 It carries Panchromatic camera (0.65 m resolution) and Multispectral
camera(2.0 m resolution)
 The Spacecraft configuration is similar to Cartosat-2B with a lift-of
mass of around 710 Kg with a mission life of 5 years.
 The spacecraft is planned to be launched by PSLV into a nominal
altitude of 500 Km.
 Cartosat-2D/2E are similar to Cartosat-2C
 The readiness of the first satellite in this series is planned in mid of
2016 and the other during 2017

31.  Continuity Mission
 Hexagonal Bus Payloads: PAN, MX
0.64m Resolution - Panchromatic
camera
2m Resolution - Multi-spectral
camera with 4 Bands
Event Monitor - Video camera
 Orbit: 505 Km SSPO
 Mass: 710 Kg
 Power : 1000W
 Applications: High Resolution
Cartography with TDI Imaging
CARTOSAT-2C/2D/2E
Future Earth Observation Satellites
Cartosat-2D & Cartosat 2E being planned to be
launched together in one PSLV Vehicle

32. Cartosat-3
 It is an advanced agile satellite to obtain advanced Cartographic
Applications with an operational life of 5 years.
 Advanced High resolution Panchromatic Camera (AHRPAN) - 0.25m
 Advanced High resolution Multispectral Camera (AHRMX) - 1m in 4
band
 Advanced High Resolution Hyper Spectral Imager (AHRHYSI) – 12m
 New technologies/elements are – highly agile structural problem,
Payload platform, Data handling & Transmission systems, Advanced on
board computer and New power electronics, Dual gimbal antenna ,
etc.
 A series of three satellites are being planned with similar
configuration for cartographic applications.
FUTURE

33. Hexagonal Bus Payloads: PAN, MX
Orbit: 450 Km SSPO
Mass: 1500 Kg
Power : 2000 W
Applications: Adv. High Resolution PAN & MX Camera & Hyper Spectral Imager
for Cartography
CARTOSAT-3
Future Earth Observation Satellites
Satellite with advanced technology demonstrator & high resolution imaging capability (0.25m)

34. GEO-IMAGING CONCEPT

35. GEO IMAGING CONCEPT
 Imaging from GEO orbit
 Camera/sensor is put in GEO
 Continuous imaging capability
 Multiple satellites are not required as in LEO
 Works out economical solution
 Requirements of various agencies can be met with same satellite
 Agriculture
 Ocean
 Land
 Urban planning
 Drought monitoring
 GAOFEN – world’s most powerful GEO spy satellite(china-70000km).

36. Challenges in GEO
 Require powerful cameras
 High resolution(<5m) not yet achieved
 Cost very high

37. Differences
LEO
 Resolution - 20cm
 Optics size – 1 to 2m
 Memory – 1 to 10 TB
 Detectors - ordinary
GEO
 Resolution – 50 to 100m
 Optics size – 2 to 4m
 Memory – 0.1 to 1 TB
 Detectors- advanced

38. GISAT-1
 India’s first Geo Imaging Satellite operating from geostationary orbit
to provide high temporal resolution.
 The spacecraft is planned to be positioned at 93.5deg East longitude
in the geostationary orbit of 36,000 km height to provide near real
time images of large areas of the country, under cloud free
conditions, at frequent intervals.
 That is, selected sector-wise image every 5 minutes and entire
Indian landmass image every 30 minutes at 50 m spatial resolution.
 The potential applications are quick monitoring of disasters, natural
hazards and calamities, episodic events and any short term event
along with the meteorological applications
 Payload derived from the in-orbit proven Cartosat-2 imager,
 Provides a spatial resolution in the range of 50 m to 1.5 km,
 the spectral band (VNIR, SWIR, TIR)
 power handling capability of around 2037 W during Equinox with a
lift-off mass of 2100 kg.
 The readiness of the satellite is planned during first quarter of 2017.
FUTURE

39. Future Geo-Imaging Satellites
GISAT Geo Imaging Satellite
 First Geo Imaging Satellite
 Payload :
Multi-spectral VNIR (6 Bands)
Resolution : ~ 50 m
Hyper-spectral VNIR (60 Bands)
Resolution : <500 m
Hyper-spectral SWIR (150 Bands)
Resolution : <500m
Multi-Spectral LWIR (6 Bands)
Resolution : ~ 1500 m
 Dry Mass : 1000kg
 LOM : 2100kg
 Mission Life : 7 Yrs
 Launcher : GSLV MK-II

40. Future Geo Imaging Satellites
AGISAT Hi Resolution Geo Imaging Satellite
 The mission objective is to design & develop a geo-orbit multispectral advanced
satellite to obtain imagery with a very high spatial resolution.
 A-GISAT is envisaged to provide high-resolution multi-spectral (VNIR & LWIR) and
hyper-spectral capability (VNIR & SWIR) from a single platform.
 GSLV Launch
Bands AGISAT
VNIR-MX bands 15m
VNIR & SWIR Hyper-
Spectral bands
100m
LWIR-MX bands 500m

41. Suggestions
 Good labs (world class labs) for developing advanced
optical systems
 Advanced detectors
 Advanced sensors
 FUTURE DEMANDS ARE VERY HIGH

42. THANK YOU