2. CONTENTS
SATELLITE
HOW SATELLITES WORKS
TYPES OF Orbits/SATELLITES
LEO(low-earth-orbit)
MEO(middle-earth-orbit)
GEO(geostationary-earth-orbit)
REMOTE-SENSING SATELLITE
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE
DISADVANTAGES
GEO-IMAGING CONCEPT
CHALLENGES
PRESENT EFFORTS
SUGGESTIONS
3.
4.
5. WHY SATELLITES?
To avoid number of repeaters on the earth surface.
Avoiding line of sight propagation.
High coverage area i.e., a single satellite covers 48% earth
surface. For this we require 3 satellites to cover the total
surface.
To avoid obstacles like building, tree, mountain, etc.,
Instant communication.
To cover remote areas.
Increase data transfer rates.
6. HOW SATELLITES WORK
1. A earth station sends
message in GHZ range
(uplink)
2. Satellites receives
and re transmit
signals back
(downlink)
3. Other earth station
receives message in
useful strength area
(Footprint)
13. Low-earth-orbit(LEO)
Altitude up to 1000km
Revolution time 90 min-3 hours
Advantages
Reduces transmission delay
Eliminates need for bulky
receiving equipment
High resolution, easy to
build, cost effectiveness
Disadvantages
Smaller coverage area
Shorter life span(5-8yrs) than
GEOs(10yrs)
Repetitivity, costly.
Maintenance is very difficult
14. Middle-Earth-orbiting(MEO)
MEOs orbits between the altitudes of
10000km to 20000km
These orbits are primarily reserved for
communications satellites that cover the
north and south pole
Unlike the circular orbit of the geostationary satellites,
MEOs are placed in an elliptical(oval-shaped)orbit
15.
16. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s
surface along the equator.
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at
the same speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO
satellites remain in the same position relative to the
surface of earth.
17. Advantages
A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large
coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and
other multipoint applications.
Continuous monitoring, cost effective in long term, risk-
less.
18. Payload
Satellite
Remote sensing
Communication
Navigation
Space science
Human space
Payload
Camera
Transponder
Navigation payload
Telescopes
Human beings
20. What is Remote Sensing?
Remote Sensing is a method of obtaining
Information about the properties of an
object without coming into physical
contact with it.
21. Remote Sensing
RS System capture radiation in different wavelength
reflected/ emitted by the earth’s surface features and
recorded it either directly on the film as in case of aerial
photography or in digital medium used for generating the
images.
RS provides valuable data over vast area in a short time
about resources, meteorology and environment leading to
better resource management and accelerating national
development.
22. Elements involved in Remote sensing
1. Energy source or illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere(B)
3. Interaction with the object(C)
4. Recording of energy by the sensor (D)
5. Transmission, reception and
processing(E)
6. Interpretation and analysis(F)
7. Application(G)
23. Satellite images
Advantages
Covers large areas
Cost effective
Time efficient
Multi -temporal
Multi-sensor
Multi-spectral
Overcomes inaccessibility
Faster extraction of GIS-ready
data
Disadvantages
Needs ground verification
Doesn’t offer details
Not the best tool for small
areas
Needs expert system to extract
data
25. TV BROADCASTING
VSAT CONNECTIVITY
BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS
RADIO NETWORKING
SPEECH CIRCUITS ON TRUNK ROUTES
MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES
SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES
METEOROLOGY IMAGING
DISASTER WARNING SYSTEM
AGRICULTURE & CROPS
FOREST & BIO-RESOURCES
OCEAN/COASTAL
WATER RESOURCES
URBAN MANAGEMENT
CARTOGRAPHY/MAPPING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT
GEOLOGY
CLIMATE MODELLING
GLOBAL CHANGE
IMPROVED POSITION ACCURACY
NAVIGATION SERVICES : AIRCRAFT,
SHIPS, VEHICLE, FLEET MOVEMENT,
ROUTING / ALIGNMENT
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
FOR ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES
IONOSPHERIC SCINTILLATIONS
COMMUNICATION NAVIGATION REMOTE SENSING
Satellite Applications – Societal Benefits
26. Present remote sensing satellites
IKONOS 1 & 4m U.S 98.33 min
QUICKBIRD 0.65m RUSSIA 93.4 min
WORLDVIEW-1 0.46m U.S 94.49 min
CARTOSAT-2 <1m INDIA(ISRO) 90 min
resolution country Orbital periodSatellites
29. Remote Sensing : Challenges
Satellites are very expensive to built and launch.
No direct measurements – radiance (light) measurements
must be converted to geophysical parameters, such as
temperature or pollutants concentrations.
Tradeoffs between spatial and temporal resolution
30. Present efforts
Cartosat-2C/2D/2E
Follow on mission in Cartosat series
The primary mission objective of providing high resolution scene
specific spot imageries.
It carries Panchromatic camera (0.65 m resolution) and Multispectral
camera(2.0 m resolution)
The Spacecraft configuration is similar to Cartosat-2B with a lift-of
mass of around 710 Kg with a mission life of 5 years.
The spacecraft is planned to be launched by PSLV into a nominal
altitude of 500 Km.
Cartosat-2D/2E are similar to Cartosat-2C
The readiness of the first satellite in this series is planned in mid of
2016 and the other during 2017
31. Continuity Mission
Hexagonal Bus Payloads: PAN, MX
0.64m Resolution - Panchromatic
camera
2m Resolution - Multi-spectral
camera with 4 Bands
Event Monitor - Video camera
Orbit: 505 Km SSPO
Mass: 710 Kg
Power : 1000W
Applications: High Resolution
Cartography with TDI Imaging
CARTOSAT-2C/2D/2E
Future Earth Observation Satellites
Cartosat-2D & Cartosat 2E being planned to be
launched together in one PSLV Vehicle
32. Cartosat-3
It is an advanced agile satellite to obtain advanced Cartographic
Applications with an operational life of 5 years.
Advanced High resolution Panchromatic Camera (AHRPAN) - 0.25m
Advanced High resolution Multispectral Camera (AHRMX) - 1m in 4
band
Advanced High Resolution Hyper Spectral Imager (AHRHYSI) – 12m
New technologies/elements are – highly agile structural problem,
Payload platform, Data handling & Transmission systems, Advanced on
board computer and New power electronics, Dual gimbal antenna ,
etc.
A series of three satellites are being planned with similar
configuration for cartographic applications.
FUTURE
33. Hexagonal Bus Payloads: PAN, MX
Orbit: 450 Km SSPO
Mass: 1500 Kg
Power : 2000 W
Applications: Adv. High Resolution PAN & MX Camera & Hyper Spectral Imager
for Cartography
CARTOSAT-3
Future Earth Observation Satellites
Satellite with advanced technology demonstrator & high resolution imaging capability (0.25m)
35. GEO IMAGING CONCEPT
Imaging from GEO orbit
Camera/sensor is put in GEO
Continuous imaging capability
Multiple satellites are not required as in LEO
Works out economical solution
Requirements of various agencies can be met with same satellite
Agriculture
Ocean
Land
Urban planning
Drought monitoring
GAOFEN – world’s most powerful GEO spy satellite(china-70000km).
36. Challenges in GEO
Require powerful cameras
High resolution(<5m) not yet achieved
Cost very high
37. Differences
LEO
Resolution - 20cm
Optics size – 1 to 2m
Memory – 1 to 10 TB
Detectors - ordinary
GEO
Resolution – 50 to 100m
Optics size – 2 to 4m
Memory – 0.1 to 1 TB
Detectors- advanced
38. GISAT-1
India’s first Geo Imaging Satellite operating from geostationary orbit
to provide high temporal resolution.
The spacecraft is planned to be positioned at 93.5deg East longitude
in the geostationary orbit of 36,000 km height to provide near real
time images of large areas of the country, under cloud free
conditions, at frequent intervals.
That is, selected sector-wise image every 5 minutes and entire
Indian landmass image every 30 minutes at 50 m spatial resolution.
The potential applications are quick monitoring of disasters, natural
hazards and calamities, episodic events and any short term event
along with the meteorological applications
Payload derived from the in-orbit proven Cartosat-2 imager,
Provides a spatial resolution in the range of 50 m to 1.5 km,
the spectral band (VNIR, SWIR, TIR)
power handling capability of around 2037 W during Equinox with a
lift-off mass of 2100 kg.
The readiness of the satellite is planned during first quarter of 2017.
FUTURE
40. Future Geo Imaging Satellites
AGISAT Hi Resolution Geo Imaging Satellite
The mission objective is to design & develop a geo-orbit multispectral advanced
satellite to obtain imagery with a very high spatial resolution.
A-GISAT is envisaged to provide high-resolution multi-spectral (VNIR & LWIR) and
hyper-spectral capability (VNIR & SWIR) from a single platform.
GSLV Launch
Bands AGISAT
VNIR-MX bands 15m
VNIR & SWIR Hyper-
Spectral bands
100m
LWIR-MX bands 500m
41. Suggestions
Good labs (world class labs) for developing advanced
optical systems
Advanced detectors
Advanced sensors
FUTURE DEMANDS ARE VERY HIGH