2. Course objectives:
To explore various agro machinery related operations such as
ploughing, harrowing, threshing etc.
To learn the working mechanisms of different agro machines.
To make the student to know about design aspects of different
agro machines.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
3. Course outcomes:
After completion of this course, a student will be able to
Distinguish between various agro operations such as ploughing,
harrowing, threshing etc.
Select and design mechanism for various agro machines
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
4. Chapter No. 2
Primary Tillage Equipments
Tillage: Mechanical manipulation of soil which is performed in order to
obtain a seedbed of desired tilth favorable for the seed emergence and
crop growth .
Tillage operations are generally carried out before sowing or planting.
The tillage can be classified in to two main categories,
Primary tillage
Secondary tillage
Primary tillage: Ploughing which is opening of compact soil with
tools and implements.
Primary tillage or ploughing is opening of the compacted soil as well as
reduce strength and also to cover the surface vegetation and/or
residue of previously grown crops with the help of different tools and
implements preferably by ploughs.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
5. Force analysis of tillage tools and their
measurement:
The engineers are concerned with the forces acting on a tillage
implement because of:
i) Total power requirements
ii) Proper hitching or application of pulling force
iii) Designing for adequate strength and rigidity
iv) To determine best shape and adjustment of tools
A tillage implement (or tool) moving at a constant velocity is subjected
to three main forces or force system which must be in
equilibrium. These are:
i) Force of gravity upon the implement
ii) The soil forces acting upon the implement
iii) The forces acting upon the implement and the prime mover
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
6. If, P = Pull exerted by power unit has components in all the major planes
and associated with it is a couple.
R = Resultant of all useful forces acting upon tool or implement.
Let us resolve the forces in three components L, S, V.
L = Horizontal component also called draft.
V = Vertical component It removes load from the front wheel of tractor and
effects on tractive ability of tractor, stability and steerability.
It helps in penetration and maintains working depth.
S = Side draft or force. Maintains directional stability.Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
7. L = R cosθ cos
V = R sinθ cos
S = R cosθ sin
Where; θ = Angle of inclination of ‘R’ in vertical plane with horizontal.
= Angle of inclination of ‘R’ in transverse plane with horizontal.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
8. For mounted implements supported and pulled by tractor, this
force P between implement & tractor in vertical plane is force
containing L & V component
P = √L2 +V2
= √R2 cos 2 θ cos 2 + R2 sin2 θ cos 2
= √R2 cos 2 ( cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
= R cos
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
9. Mould Board Plough:
This type of plough leaves no un-ploughed land as the furrow
slices, cuts clean and inverted to one side resulting in better
pulverization.
Animal OperatedMr. Matin A. Shaikh
13. Components/Parts of Mould Board plough:
Plough bottom – The part of the plough which actually cuts, lifts,
pulverizes and through the soil out of the furrow. It is composed of those
parts necessary for the rigid structure required to cut, lift, turn, and invert
the soil. Parts of the mould board plough bottom are,
a) Share
b) Mould board
c) Land side
d) Frog and
e) Tail piece.
Share, landside, mould board are bolted to the frog which is an irregular
piece of cast iron.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
14. Continued…
Share: It is that part of the plough bottom which penetrates into the soil
and makes a horizontal cut below the surface.
Mould board: It is the curved part which lifts, turns, and pulverizes the
soil slice.
Land side: It is the flat plate which presses against the furrow wall and
prevents the plough from lateral swinging.
Frog: It is the part to which share, land side and mould board are
attached.
Tail piece: It is an adjustable extension, which can be fastened to the rear
of the mould board to help in turning the furrow slice.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
15. There are various types mould board available that are suitable to
the different soil types and soil condition.
General Purpose type
Stubble type
Sod or breaker type
Slat type
General Purpose type: This type of mould board is used for
normal work. The surface of the mould board has gradual slope
and is slightly convex. It defines well defined furrow slice.
Types of Mould Board:
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16. Stubble type: It is short and broader mould board has abrupt
(Sharp) curvature along the top edge which causes furrow slice
to be thrown over quickly resulting in better pulverization as
compared to other types of mould boards. This type of mould
board is suitable for stubble soil in which plant residues of
previous crop are present. It is not suitable for high speed
ploughing.
Stubble – चारा / gavat
Continued…
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
17. Sod or breaker type: It is the longest mould board with
greater twist along the length to provide thorough turning
and less pulverization. In general, it is used where
complete inversion is required. It is used in tough and
heavy soils with weeds/trash or in grassy lands.
Inversion - उलटापालट
thorough - संपूर्ण
Continued…
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
18. Slat type: The surface of this type of mould board is made of
slats placed along the length of mould board so that there are
gaps between the slats. It is done to reduce surface area. It is
best suited for sticky soils where other types of mould board
do not rub well.
Slat - पातळ लांब पटटी
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
19. Plough Accessories:
There are a few accessories necessary for efficient function of the
plough. They are (i) Jointer (ii) Coulter (iii) Gauge wheel (iv) Land wheel
and (v) Furrow wheel.
a) Jointer: It is a small irregular piece of metal having a shape similar to
an ordinary plough bottom. It looks like a miniature plough. Its purpose
is to turn over a small ribbon like furrow slice directly in front of the main
plough bottom.
Miniature - लहान प्रमार्ातील
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
20. b) Coulter: It is a device used to cut the furrow slice vertically from the land
ahead of the plough bottom. It cuts the furrow slice from the land and
leaves a clear wall. It also cuts trashes which are covered under the soil by
the plough.
Continued…
trashes - कचरा
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
21. c) Gauge wheel: It is an auxiliary wheel of an implement to maintain an
uniform depth of working. Gauge wheel helps to maintain uniformity in
respect of depth of ploughing in different soil conditions. It is usually placed
in hanging position.
d) Land wheel - It is the wheel of the plough which runs on the ploughed
land.
e) Front furrow wheel - It is the front wheel of the plough which runs in the
furrow.
f) Rear furrow wheel - It is the rear wheel of the plough which runs in the
furrow.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
23. Disc Ploughs:
The disc plough is designed to work in all types of soil for basic functions such as
soil breaking, soil raising, soil turning and soil mixing. it is used open the new
fields and to process the stony areas. it can be used easily at rocky areas.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
24. Disc blade: Disc type blades are mounted for cutting of soil. Number
of blades and diameter determine plough capacity. Depth of cut
depends on diameter of discs. About 1/3rd of blade diameter is the
limit for depth. Width of cut depends on diameter of blade. Width of
cut is normally 0.4 times of diameter of disc blade.
Parts of Disc Plough:
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25. Standard: Connects disc bearing and plough frame. Sometimes beam is
bent for disc attachment for reducing the cost.
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26. Plough Frame: Standards are attached to the plough frame. It has
provision for disc angle adjustment, adding or removing standard and
discs.
Rear Furrow Wheel: To stabilize the plough and take side thrust, rear
furrow wheel is fixed at end.
Bearings: Disc blades are at an angle to the direction of travel so both
radial and thrust forces are present. Radial forces push against an axle
at right angle while thrust forces push along the axis. That is why taper
roller bearings are used.
Scraper: Device to remove soil that tends to stick to working surface
of a disc, for great pulverization to furrow slice, invert the furrow slice
and cover the trash better.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
27. Rotavators are powerful pieces of gardening machinery, often
used in gardens, allotments and fields, to breakup, churn and
aerate the soil. Rotavators use a set of blades or rotors which
spin and break tough soil.
Rotavators:
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
28. Subsoiler:
A subsoiler or flat lifter is a tractor-mounted farm implement used for
deep tillage, loosening and breaking up soil at depths below the
levels worked by moldboard ploughs, or rototillers(Subsoiler). Most
such tools will break up and turn over surface soil to a depth of 15–20
cm (6–8 in), whereas a subsoiler will break up and loosen soil to twice
those depths.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
29. Paddy Puddler:
It has a central shaft carrying blades inclined to the shaft. The shaft is
firmly secured in the bearing and the main frame.
Puddling is the tillage of rice paddies while flooded, an ancient
practice that is used to prepare for rice cultivation.
Mr. Matin A. Shaikh
