science

1. How can you
describe the
Earth?

2. - the only planet we know of in
our solar system that
humans can live on.
- the third closest planet to the
Sun
- is the largest of the terrestrial
planets

3. The Age of the Earth
4.567 billion years old
or
4,567,000,000 years

4. Shape
Oblate spheroid (flat at
the poles and bulges at
the equator)

5. Surface Area
510,072,000 square km

6. Mass
5.98 x 1024 kilograms

7. ROTATION
- the motion of spinning
about an axis.

8. ROTATION
- the Earth completes one
rotation every 24 hours
equivalent to 1 day

9. REVOLUTION
- The movement of the
Earth around the sun.
- It completes one revolution in 1
year or approximately 365 ¼
days.

10. The Earth’s
Subsystems/Spheres

11. Earth Subsystems
• Earth is a dynamic body
with many separate, but
highly interacting parts or
spheres.
• Earth system science
studies Earth as a system
composed of numerous
parts, or subsystems.

12. The Earth’s Four Spheres

13. Which of the following is a gaseous envelope
that surrounds the Earth?
a. Geosphere
b. Atmosphere
c. Hydrosphere
d. Biosphere
Answer Me!!!

14. Which of the following is a gaseous envelope that surrounds the
Earth?
Geosphere: comprises the solid Earth and includes both Earth’s surface and
the various layers of the Earth's interior.
Atmosphere: gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth
Hydrosphere: includes all water on Earth (including surface water and
groundwater)
Biosphere: the life zone of the Earth and includes all living organisms, and all
organic matter that has not yet decomposed.
Answer Me!!!

15. 1. The Atmosphere
The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air,
which we call the atmosphere.
• The atmosphere consists of four unique layers
(the troposphere, the stratosphere, the
mesosphere, thermosphere, and the
exosphere).
• The atmosphere reaches over 560 kilometers
(348 miles) up from the surface of the Earth.
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html

16. 1. The Atmosphere
TROPOSPHERE
Inner membrane of air around the
planet, 11 miles thick
STRATOSPHERE
Lower portion contains ozone to filter
out most of the sun’s harmful UV
radiation
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html

17. This is the life zone of the Earth and includes all
living organisms, and all organic matter that
has not yet decomposed.
a. Geosphere
b. Atmosphere
c. Hydrosphere
d. Biosphere
Answer Me!!!

18. 2. The Biosphere
The biosphere is the “life
zone” of the Earth, and includes
all living organisms (including
humans), and all organic matter
that has not yet decomposed.
• The biosphere is structured into
a hierarchy known as the food
chain.
http://www.geology.ufl.edu/Biosphere.html

19. This includes all water on Earth (including surface
water and groundwater).
a. Geosphere
b. Atmosphere
c. Hydrosphere
d. Biosphere
Answer Me!!!

20. Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere contains all the
water found on our planet.
• Water found on the surface of our planet
includes the ocean as well as water from
lakes and rivers, streams, and creeks.
• Water found under the surface of our
planet includes water trapped in the soil
and groundwater.
http://water.tamu.edu/watercycle.html

21. This comprises the solid Earth and includes both
Earth’s surface and the various layers of the
Earth's interior.
a. Geosphere
b. Atmosphere
c. Hydrosphere
d. Biosphere
Answer Me!!!

22. Geosphere
The geosphere is the solid Earth that
includes the continental and ocean crust as
well the various layers of Earth’s interior.
• 94% of the Earth is composed of the
elements oxygen, silicon, and magnesium.
•Mineral resources are mined from the
geosphere.

24. CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE STUDY OF EARTH
1. Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt
-He considered the universe as one interacting entity.
2. The term "biosphere" was popularized by Vladimir
Vernadsky (1863-1945), a Russian - Ukranian scientist who
hypothesized that life is a geological force that shapes the
Earth.

25. CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE STUDY OF EARTH
3. Gaia Hypothesis(1970) was jointly developed by James
Lovelock, an English scientist/naturalist, and Lynn Margulis, an
American microbiologist.
‘‘the biosphere is a self-regulating system that is capable of
controlling its physical and chemical environment”
4. In 1983, NASA (Earth Systems Science Committee)
-Moustafa Chahine, Chairman
-scientist were able to demonstrate how the many systems
interact.

26. 1. The Earth system is essentially a closed system. It receives
energy from the sun and returns some of this energy to the
space. This happens in the four sub-systems interrelated to each
other. What are these subsystems?
2. The thin gaseous layer that envelopes the lithosphere.
3. These includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic
liquid outer core, and the solid metallic inner core.
4. The atmosphere is composed of gases necessary to sustain
life like oxygen, nitrogen, argon and other trace of gases. The
most abundant element in the atmosphere is ____.

27. 5. About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water and much of it is in
the form of ocean water.
Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds are in the form of ice, and the
remaining one-third is present in streams, lakes, and groundwater.
What covers this subsystem?
6. This is the set of all life forms on Earth.
It covers all ecosystems—from the soil to the rainforest, from mangroves
to coral reefs,
and from the plankton-rich ocean surface to the deep sea.
7. photosynthesis/cellular respiration
8. Weathering of rocks
9. Formation of typhoon
10. Water cycle

28. A. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes the
lithosphere.
B. The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen (N),
21% oxygen (O2), 0.9%
argon, and trace amount of other gases.
C. One of the most important processes by which the heat on
the Earth's surface is
redistributed is through atmospheric circulation.
D. There is also a constant exchange of heat and moisture
between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere through the
hydrologic cycle.

29. Inside the Earth

31. The
Layers
of the
Earth

32. o How are the
earth’s layers
similar to an egg?
o Shell=crust
o Egg white=mantle
o Yolk=core

33. THE CRUST
•the layer
that you
live on,
and it is
the most widely studied
and understood.

34. THE CRUST
• Outermost layer
• 5-100 km thick
2 types:
• Continental
(less dense, made of granite)
• Oceanic (very dense, made of basalt)

37. THE MANTLE
• Located below
the crust
• Middle layer
• It is the
largest layer
(about 5,200
km thick).

38. THE MANTLE
•This is where most
of the internal heat
of the Earth is
located.

39. What separates the crust from
the mantle?
- Mohorovicic or Moho
discontinuity by Andrija
Mohorovicic)

42. Sub-layers of the mantle
LITHOSPHERE:
- This is the “crunchy”
(brittle) layer of the
Earth.
- It includes the crust
and the uppermost part
of the upper Mantle

44. Sub-layers of the mantle
ASTHENOSPHERE:
- Soft – can bend like
plastic, layer in the upper
portion of the mantle
- located right below the
Lithosphere. The
lithosphere floats on this
layer

45. The movement of the
asthenosphere is the reason that
the plates of the Earth move.

46. Convection Currents
- The middle mantle "flows"
because of convection
currents. Convection currents
are caused by the very hot
material at the deepest part of
the mantle rising, then cooling
and sinking again --repeating
this cycle over and over.

48. THE CORE
• Made mostly of iron
• It makes up nearly one third the
mass of the earth
• Very hot
2 parts:
o 2,200 km-thick liquid outer core
and
o 1,250 km-thick solid inner core

49. What do you call the boundary
between the mantle and the
core?
- Gutenberg discontinuity
discovered by Beno
Gutenberg, who made an
analysis of earth velocities

51. Divided into two:
- Outer Core
- Inner Core
THE CORE

52. OUTER CORE
• is liquid and
is made up of
mostly iron
and nickel
(easily
magnetized)

53. INNER CORE
• Is the center of the
Earth (1200 km
thick)
• It’s solid iron and
nickel. Most dense
layer (heaviest)
• The increased
pressure causes it
to be solid

54. - this separates the
inner and the outer
core
JEFFREYS DISCONTINUITY