Earth Science Part 3

1. The Four Systems and the
Four Subsystems
Lesson 1
Origin and Structure of the Earth

2. What are the four major systems of Earth?
The four major systems of Earth is Air,Water, Land, Life. Each helps
shape the structure of the planet.
What are the subsystems biological components of the Earth
System?
The biological components of the Earth Systems are often referred
to as spheres and are subdivided into four:
• geosphere
• hydrosphere
• atmosphere
• biosphere

3. What is Geosphere?

4. What is Geosphere?
▪Geosphere is considered that portion of the Earth
system that includes the Earth's interior, rocks and
minerals, landforms and the processes that shape
the Earth's surface.
▪ It makes up the solid portion of the Earths layer, its
structure and land.

5. What is Geosphere?
What are the layers of the Earth?
▪Crust – it has a thin layer measuring 40 km deep
composed of solid rocks and minerals. It is divided
into two forms Oceanic and Continental Crust.
▪Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic
portion of a tectonic plate.

6. The continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and the areas of
shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves
2. Mantle – It represents about 85 % of the total weight and mass
of our planet, can be found between the crust and the core.
Composition of mantle
First 50 miles of the mantle – very hard, rigid rock
Next 150 miles of the mantle – super-heated solid rock
Next several hundred miles – solid sturdy rock materials.
The mantle is divided into Upper and Lower mantle

7. • Upper Mantle
The upper mantle extends from the crust to a depth of about 410
kilometers (255 miles).The upper mantle is mostly solid, but its
more malleable regions contribute to tectonic activity.
• Lower Mantle
The lower mantle extends from about 660 kilometers (410 miles) to
about 2,700 kilometers (1,678 miles) beneath Earth’s surface.The
lower mantle is hotter and denser than the upper mantle and
transition zone.
The lower mantle is much less ductile than the upper mantle and
transition zone. Although heat usually corresponds to softening
rocks, intense pressure keeps the lower mantle solid.

8. 3. Core - Scientists believe that deep down inside the Earth, there’s
a huge ball of liquid and solid iron.This is the Earth’s core, and it
protects us from the dangerous radiation of space.
The core is divided into two parts: Inner and Outer Core
• Outer Core – is a fluid layer about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) thick and
composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid
inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890
km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.
• Inner Core - is the innermost part and according to seismological
studies, it has been believed to be primarily a solid ball with a
radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70%
of the Moon's radius.It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and
some light elements.

9. What is Hydrosphere?

10. What is Hydrosphere?
▪Hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found
on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor
planet or natural satellite.
▪Mostly 70% of Earth is composed of water, 97% of
Earth’s water is in the form of oceans (salty) and the
rest is fresh water (non-salty).

11. What is Cryosphere?
Cryosphere is the frozen part of the hydrosphere such as glaciers,
ice caps and icebergs.
What is water cycle?
The water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologic
cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even
you, can turn into water vapor.Water vapor condenses into millions
of tiny droplets that form clouds. Clouds lose their water as rain or
snow, which is called precipitation.

12. What is Atmosphere?

13. What is Atmosphere?
▪ Atmosphere particularly, Earth’s atmosphere is not
just merely the air that we breathe but also a blanket
of gas that surrounds our planet up to the edge of
space.
▪The atmosphere of Earth is mostly composed of
nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon
(about 0.9%) with carbon dioxide and other gases in
trace amounts

14. 1.Troposphere – Extends 6 to 20 kilometers high, considered the
densest among the other parts of the atmosphere. All weather
types are in this region.
2. Stratosphere – Extends up to 50 kilometers high, it is in this
region where we can find the ozone layer which absorbs and
scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation.
3. Mesosphere – Extends 80 kilometres high, meteors usually burn
up in this region as they approach our planet.
4.Thermosphere – Extends up to 600 kilometers above the
mesosphere, aurora and satellites are located here.
5. Exosphere – this is the upper limit of the atmosphere, extends
from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km.

15. 6. Ionosphere – Extends about 48 km above the surface to the
edge of space up 965 km, it is the part where abundant layers of
electron, ionized atoms and molecules occur.

16. What is Biosphere?

17. What is Biosphere?
▪Biosphere is termed as the “zone of life”, it is the
part where life exists.