SARS updates

2. Dr. Kumbhare Manoj Ramesh
Professor
S.M.B.T. College of Pharmacy
Nashik-422403
SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)

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Learning 'objectives
After completion of session, learner will be able to Explain -
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
 Signs and symptoms
 Transmission
 Diagnosis
 Prevention
 Vaccine
 Epidemiology
 Summary and Questions

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INTRODUCTION
is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the first
identified strain of the
SARS coronavirus species severe acute
respiratory syndrome–related
coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). The first known cases
occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome
caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak

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Signs and symptoms
5
Flu-like
symptoms and
may include
fever, muscle
pain, lethargy,
cough, sore
throat, and
other nonspecific
symptoms

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Transmission
The primary route of transmission for
SARS-CoV is contact of the mucous
membranes with respiratory
droplets or fomites. While diarrhoea is
common in people with SARS,
the fecal–oral route does not appear
to be a common mode of
transmission.

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Diagnosis
A chest X-ray showing increased opacity in both lungs, indicative of
pneumonia, in a patient with SARS approved tests (ELISA, immunofluorescence or PCR)
but whose chest X-ray findings do not show SARS-CoV infection

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Prevention
• There is no vaccine for SARS,
although immunologist Anthony Fauci mentioned that
the CDC developed one and placed it in the US national
stockpile. That vaccine, however, is a prototype and not field-
ready as of March 2020. Clinical isolation and quarantine remain
the most effective means to prevent the spread of SARS. Other
preventive measures include :Hand-washing with soap and
water, or use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer
• Disinfection of surfaces of fomites to remove viruses
• Avoiding contact with bodily fluids
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Treatment
As SARS is a viral disease, antibiotics do not have direct effect but
may be used against bacterial secondary infection. Treatment of
SARS is mainly supportive with antipyretics, supplemental oxygen
and mechanical ventilation as needed. While ribavirin is commonly
used to treat SARS, there seems to have little to no effect on SARS-
CoV, and no impact on patient's outcomes. Tested drugs,
include ribavirin, ritonavir, type I interferon, that have thus far
shown no conclusive contribution to the disease's
course. Administration of corticosteroids, is recommended in
patients with severe disease and O2 saturation of <90%.

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Vaccine
Vaccines can help immune system to create enough antibodies and also it
can help to decrease a risk of side effects like arm pain, fever, headache
etc. According to research papers published in 2005 and 2006, the
identification and development of novel vaccines and medicines to treat
SARS was a priority for governments and public health agencies around
the world In early 2004, an early clinical trial on volunteers was
planned. A major researcher's 2016 request, however, demonstrated that
no field-ready SARS vaccine had been completed because likely market-
driven priorities had ended funding.
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Country
or
region
Cases Deaths
Fatality
(%)
China 5,327 349 6.6
Hong Kong 1,755 299 17.0
Taiwan[ 346 81 23.4
Canada 251 43 17.1
Singapore 238 33 13.9
Vietnam 63 5 7.9
United
States
27 0 0
Philippines 14 2 14.3
Thailand 9 2 22.2
Germany 9 0 0
Mongolia 9 0 0
France 7 1 14.3
Australia 6 0 0
Malaysia 5 2 40.0
Sweden 5 0 0
United
Kingdom
4 0 0
Italy 4 0 0
Brazil 3 0 0
India 3 0 0
South Korea 3 0 0
Indonesia 2 0 0
South Africa 1 1 100.0
Colombia 1 0 0
Kuwait 1 0 0
Ireland 1 0 0
Macao 1 0 0
New Zealand 1 0 0
Romania 1 0 0
Russia 1 0 0
Spain 1 0 0
Switzerland 1 0 0
Total
excluding
China[a]
2,769 454 16.4
Total (29
territories)
8,096 782 9.6
Probable cases of SARS by country or region,
1 November 2002 – 31 July 2003

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Questions ???…
SARS
• 1.Viral respiratory
disease of zoonotic origin caused
by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1)
• 2. Flu like symptoms
• 3Transmission via mucous and
respiratory droplets
• 4. Prevention
• 5.Vaccine andTreatment
Explain SARS.
Write note on prevention and
control of SARS.

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1.Andersen, A. Rambaut, W.I. Lipkin, E.C. Holmes, R.F. Garry The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 Nat. Med., 26 (2020), pp. 450-452
2. Bao, W. Deng, B. Huang, H. Gao, J. Liu, L. Ren, Q. Wei, P. Yu, Y. Xu, F. Qi, et al. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2
transgenic mice Nature, 583 (2020), pp. 830-833
3.S. Belouzard, V.C. Chu, G.R. Whittaker Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two
distinct sites Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106 (2009), pp. 5871-5876
4.J.A. Blow, D.J. Dohm, D.L. Negley, C.N. Mores Virus inactivation by nucleic acid extraction reagents J. Virol. Methods, 119 (2004),
pp. 195-199
5.M.F. Boni, P. Lemey, X. Jiang, T.. Lam, B.W. Perry, T.A. Castoe, A. Rambaut, D.L. Robertson Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2
sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic Nat. Microbiol., 5 (2020), pp. 1408-1417