Coronavirus is the virus which is responsible for causing the disease COVID-19, and it has been declared pandemic by WHO and it is the virus which has been emerged from the bats.
Artifacts in Nuclear Medicine with Identifying and resolving artifacts.
Novel Corona virus [COVID-19]
1. Name – Kajal Sharma
Course – B.Pharmacy (8th sem)
College- K.R. Mangalam University
2. INDEX
1. History
2. Introduction
3. About
4. Symptoms
5. Patients Category
6. Complications
7. Treatment
8. Laboratory Abnormalities
9. Precautions
10. References
3. HISTORY
It was first reported by Tyrrell and Bynoe, they named the virus as
B814.1
In late 1960s, it is named as corona virus ( corona denoting the
crown-like appearance of the surface projections).
Coronavirus is responsible for upper respiratory tract infections.
7 types of coronaviruses have been identified till now.
i. 229 E : is a type of alpha coronavirus.
ii. NL63 : alpha coronavirus found in Netherlands in 2004.
iii. OC43 : is a type of beta corona virus.
iv. HKU1 : beta coronavirus found in Hong Kong in 2005.
v. SARS : found in southern china in 2003, a type of beta
coronavirus.
vi. MERS : form of beta coronavirus found in camels in Saudi Arabia
in 2012.2
vii. SARS-CoV2 : is responsible for causing the COVID-19 disease, is
a type of beta corona virus and has emerged form Wuhan, China
in 2019.
4. INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by
a newly discovered coronavirus.
WHO named SARS-CoV2 as COVID-19 in 11 February 2020.
It is commonly known as novel coronavirus throughout the world.3
COVID-19 has a features representative to the beta coronavirus
family and has classified in 2b lineage.
It is closely related to the bat coronavirus and it has been postulated
that bats are the primary source of this virus.
It firstly occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.4
Now this disease is spreading widely all over the world, by majorly
affecting the older age patients, pregnant women and children.
According to the WHO report 575,444 are the confirmed cases,
26,654 deaths throughout in 202 countries, areas or territories with
cases are been discussed till now.
Director-General of WHO has declared COVID-19 pandemic on 11
March 2020.3
5. ABOUT
COVID-19 has homotrimer structure which contain spike
glycoprotein in both closed (ligand-free) and open (ligand-bound)
conformation, which helps it to get involved in host cell adhesion.
Scientists also predicted that the COVID-19 has unique N- and O-
linked glycosylation sites of spike glycoprotein which distinguish it
from the SARS. And this also helps it from the host defence system
by covering and shielding the virus.5
6. SYMPTOMS
Mild symptoms include : Headache, Dizziness, Abdominal pain,
Diarrhea, Nausea and Vomiting
Moderate symptoms include : Fever, non-productive or dry cough,
Dyspnea, Myalgia, Fatigue, normal or decreased Leukocyte count
and radiographic evidence of pneumonia.
Extreme symptoms include : Organ dysfunction ( eg., shock, acute
respiratory distress syndrome[ARDS], acute cardiac injury, acute
kidney injury), most severe lymphopenia and Death can occur in
severe cases.4
REFERENCES
Pictures are taken from www.WHO.org.
7. PAITENTS CATEGORY
Older age people ( age more than 80 or in between 79-51)
Pregnant women and children
And youth age with underlying comorbidities like hypertension,
diabetes, COPD, malignancy, asthma or other respiratory infections,
chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, HIV infection,
cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease.
These comorbidities are common in old age people.4
21.9% death rate of confirmed cases of old age people due to
COVID-19, according to WHO, till now.3
COMPLICATIONS
Shock
Arrhythmia
Acute cardiac injury
ARDS
ARI [Acute respiratory infection]
9. LABORATORY
ABNORMALITIES
There are various laboratory abnormalities such as :
Depressed total lymphocytes, Prolonged prothrombin
time and lactate dehydrogenase levels are seen elevated.
Studies have shown that large number of laboratory
abnormalities in those people who have received ICU
care.
Some studies also postulated that 2019-nCoV infection
can be associated with cellular immune deficiency,
coagulation activation, myocardia, hepatic injury and
kidney injury.4
10. PRECAUTIONS
Wash hands frequently with alcohol based sanitizer or soap and
water.
Maintain social distancing
Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth
Practice respiratory hygiene
Consume properly cooked food only
Avoid unprotected contact with farm animals such as: Pigs, hen etc.
Stay home if not necessary
If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing seek medical care
early.3
NOTE:
Till now, we don’t have a proper medication and any vaccine against novel corona virus
11. REFERENCES
1. Tyrrell DA, Bynoe ML. Cultivation of viruses from a high proportion of patients
with colds. Lancet. 1966;1. p76–77.
2. Kahn, S. Jaffery. History and recent advances in coronavirus discovery. The
Pediatric Infectious Disease J. November 2005; 25(1). p S223-S227.
3. www.WHO.org
4. Wang D., Hu Bo., et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with
2019 Novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. March
2020; 323(11). p 1061-1069.
5. Vankadari N., Wilce A. Jacqueline. Emerging Wuhan(COVID-19) coronavirus:
glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction
with human CD26. Taylor and Francis Online. March 2020. p 601-604.
6. Cao B., Wang Y., et al. A trail of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with
severe COVID-19. The New England J. of Med. March 2020. p 1-13.
7. Zhou H. Yi., et al. Effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with severe
novel coronavirus pneumonia: Protocol of a randomized controlled trail. Chin
Med J; 2020.