The document discusses the basic components of a building, which are divided into two main parts: the sub-structure and the super-structure. The sub-structure is the lower portion located below ground level and includes the foundation, which transmits loads to the soil. The super-structure is above ground level and includes the floors, walls, and roof structure. Loads flow from the super-structure through beams and columns down to the foundation and soil below. Key components include foundations, walls, floors, columns, beams, openings, stairs, ceilings, and roofs.

1. Building Materials & Construction - I
Chapter IV: Components of a Building
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2. CONTENTS
 Basic Parts
 Sub- structures
 Super- structures
 Load transfer mechanism

3. 3
 Basic Parts :-
Components of a Building
 A building has two basic parts:
 Sub-structure
 Super structure
 Every building consists of two major elements substructure /foundation and super structure.

4. 4
 Sub- structures :-
Components of a Building
 is the lower portion of the building, usually located
below the ground level, which transmits the loads of
the superstructure to the supporting soil.

5. 5
 Super- structures :-
Components of a Building
 is that part of the structure which is above the
ground level, and which serves the purpose of its
intended use.

6. 6
 Load path in a Structure is a path through which the load of a
structure is transmitted to the foundations.
1. Different loads are transmitted from the slab to
primary / secondary beams
2. Beams transfer the load to the columns
3. Columns forward the load to the foundations
4. Foundations have to support the whole weight
of the building
 Load transfer :-
Components of a Building

7. 7
Components of a Building

8. 8
Components of a Building
 The basic component of a building include:
 Foundations
 Walls
 floor
 structures
 Building finishes
 Roof structures
 Doors, windows and other openings
 Vertical transportation
 Structure :-

9. 9
Components of a Building
Foundations
 Foundation is the lowest part of a structure below the
ground level.
 which is direct contact with the ground and transmits
all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on which
the structure rests..
 The functional requirements of a foundation includes
Strength and stability.

10. 10
Components of a Building
Plinth
 The portion of the building between the ground surrounding of the building and the top
of the floor immediately above the ground is known as plinth.
 The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level or simply ground level and the
level of the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level.

11. 11
Components of a Building
Walls
 is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height,
built to provide; shelter as an external wall or divide buildings
into rooms or comportments as an internal wall.
 Walls can be broadly divided in two categories,
1.Load bearing walls and
2.Non-load bearing walls.

12. 12
Components of a Building
Walls
1. Load bearing walls: wall supports its own weight as well as the super imposed
loads transferred to it through floors/roofs.
2. Non-load bearing walls: carries its own weight and is not designed to carry any super-
imposed load from the structure.They are normally provided as partition walls.
 Partitions/ walls/: are a vertical building structure, which are constructed inside
the enclosed area and it can be constructed either on ground floor or upper floors.

13. 13
Components of a Building
 Commonly accepted requirements of a wall
 Strength and stability
 Resistance to weather and ground moisture
 Durability & Freedom from maintenance
 Fire safety/resistance
 Resistance to the passage of heat
 Resistance air borne & impact sound security
Walls

14. 14
Components of a Building
Columns
 are usually vertical structural elements and are used to carry the compressive forces comes
from the above part of the structure;
 the concrete part of the column is mainly suited to resist compressive type of force.

15. 15
Components of a Building
Beams
 Types of beam
 Grade beam: A beam located below a wall, used to transfer the load to the foundation.
 Cantilever beam/ sun shade/: A projecting beam supporting only at one point.
 Intermediate beam: A beam which carries the load of the upper roof, furniture, people,
& floor load to the column.
 Lintel:This supports the wall above an opening.
 Upper tie beam: A beam which carries the roof load.

16. 16
Components of a Building
Floor
 Floors are flat supporting elements of a building.
 The horizontal surface at the plinth level in a building is called as flooring. Usually
prepared in different layers.
 Functional requirements of floors
 Strength and stability
 Resistance to weather & ground moisture
 Durability & freedom from maintenance
 Fire safety/resistance
 Resistance to passage of heat and sound.

17. 17
Components of a Building
Openings
 Doors: in a building provide access, privacy, and safety f
or different rooms. A door normally consists of
two components namely Doorframe, and Door shutter.
 window may be defined as an opening left in a
wall for the purpose of providing day light, vision and
ventilation.

18. 18
Components of a Building
Stair
 A stair is a structure comprising of number of steps connecting one floor to another.
 Stairs may be made from material like timber, stone, bricks, steel, reinforced concrete etc.
 The selection of the type of material to be used depends upon the aesthetical importance,
Funds available, durability and fire resisting quality desired.

19. 19
Components of a Building
Ceiling
 Ceiling: is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room.
It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the
underside of the floor or roof structure above..

20. 20
Components of a Building
Roof
 Roof: It is the uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover the
space below and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc…
 Roof basically consist of two component
 The roof decking is the structural component which supports the roof covering.
The structural components or roof decking in case of pitched roof is generally a
truss, in case of curved roof it is a shell or dome and in case of flat roof it is a flat slab.

21. 21
Components of a Building
Roof
 The roof covering or roofing which is provided
over pitched roof could be in the form of tiles, sheets,
etc. In case of flat roofs, the roof covering is termed as
terracing, which could comprise of a layer of
varying thickness of material like lime concrete,
RC concrete etc…

22. End of Lecture - IV