This document provides an overview of memristors, including what they are, how they are modeled, applications, and the future potential of this emerging technology. A memristor is a two-terminal electronic component that can remember the amount of charge that previously flowed through it. It functions as a resistor whose resistance depends on the history of applied voltage or current. Memristors have applications in non-volatile memory, computational circuits, and neuromorphic systems that mimic the brain. They may eventually replace other components like transistors, capacitors, and flash memory.

1. PRESENTED BY,
MANASVI PRASAD.
8th SEM IT.
Dept of IT

2. Dept of IT
CONTENTS
 Abstract
 Introduction
 What Is a Memristor?
 Modelling
 Applications:
I. Memory
II. Crossbar latches
III. Computational logic
IV. Neuromorphic Systems
 Future
 When Is It Coming??
 Conclusion
2

3.  When most people talk about electronics they may initially
think of devices such as cell phones , computers etc.
 Others, having some engineering background may think of
RESISTORS, CAPACITORS,INDUCTORS,TRANSISTORS.
 The arrangement of these fundamental circuit components
form the basis of all of the electronic devices to function that
we use in our everyday life.
 However a professor, Leon Chua noticed that the three
fundamental passive circuit elements should logically be joined
by a fourth element which he called as the MEMRISTOR.
ABSTRACT
Dept of IT 3

4. Dept of IT 4

5.  What if we could have a computer that requires no booting?
 The unique properties of memristors would allow future chips
to both store and process data in the same device.
 Memristors are used in design of both analog and digital
circuits.
INTRODUCTION
Dept of IT
 Is there any relation between
charge and flux?
5

6. What is MEMRISTOR?
 Resistor with memory.
 The device can not only store information but also can
remember the stored information.
 It is a two terminal passive element whose resistance
depends on the direction and the duration of time that
voltage has been applied.
 Characterized by MEMRISTANCE which is given by
V(t) = M(q(t))*I(t) with unit ohm (Ω) . Here,
Dept of IT 6

7. MODELLING
 HP’s realization defines the
memristor as a thin film of TiO2
sandwiched between two metal
contacts of platinum consisting of
two regions-an undoped and
doped region.
Dept of IT 7
-x
TiO2
undoped
+
-
TiO2-x
doped
-
Platinum electrode
Platinum electrode
2-3nm

8. 1. A positive direction of voltage will
decrease the resistance of the
device and attempts to close the
switch.
2. A negative direction of voltage will
increase the resistance of the device
and attempts to open the switch.
3. When voltage is cut-off, the oxygen
vacancies remain in the same
position that they where in when
voltage went to zero. Hence the
resistance is retained.
Dept of IT 8

9.  Non-volatile memory is the dominant area being pursued for memristor
technology.
 When used within caches and main memory , it will make these memories
non volatile.
 Memristors can be used to make new types of system memory that can
remember information even after power is shut down.
 A potential replacement for the existing Flash memory such as the
memory cards,USB mass storage etc.
 The actual implementation of it includes replacing capacitors with
memristors.
MEMORY APPLICATIONS
Dept of IT 9

10.  Miniaturization of transistor on the integrated
circuits cannot go on forever . Transistors are
usually made of silicon, a non-metal.
 Memristors are made of metal, which is easier
to reduce to extremely small sizes.
 Solid-state memristors can be combined into
devices called crossbar latches, which could
replace transistors in future computers.
 Memristors can be integrated into functioning
circuits along with fewer transistors capable of
increasing the performance of the device.
 About 9-10 transistors can be replaced with a
single memristor.
CROSSBAR LATCHES AS TRANSISTOR
REPLACEMENTS
Dept of IT 10
This is an image of hardware in IC’S
embedded with memristors.

11.  Perform Logic within memory.
1.On the same die area more
computation and hence more logic can be
handled.
2.Beyond von Neumann architecture.
 Used to do digital logic using
implication.An example of this approach,
the IMPLY logic gate. Denoted by P Q.
COMPUTATIONAL LOGIC
Dept of IT
P Q
Rg
11
V1 v2
Image of memristors used to connect logic gates in
FPGA.

12. Dept of IT 12
 Use of Memristors in an FPGA or PLA, as configurable switches, connecting the
CMOS logic gates. This is called the HYBRID MEMRISTOR-CMOS circuits.
 This circuit has advantage of reduced area and increases the speed of the
computations.

13. SYNAPSES IN NEUROMORPHIC
SYSTEMS
 Neuron is a core component of the nervous
system.
 Synapses connect the different neurons.
 Memristors are the most suited devices to
represent synapses as electronic devices in
neuromorphic systems mimicking the way
human brain functions.
 This feature finds application in pattern
recognition and Neural Networks.
 Circuits based on an LC network and
memristors have been built. This circuit
subjected to train of pulses could actually
anticipate the next pulse to come.
Dept of IT 13

14.  Memristors + on chip photonic interconnects will improve
the overall computational throughput of a computer
system by two orders of magnitude per unit of power, far
outpacing what Moore's law and transistors can
accomplish.
Future of computer science building a better computer
architecture.
The possibilities are endless since the memristor provides
the gap to miniaturizing functional computer memory past
the physical limit .
 Future of computer science building a better computer
architecture that include the computations and storage.
 Memristors + on chip photonic interconnects will improve
the overall computational throughput of a computer system.
 The possibilities are endless since with memristors it is
possible to decide if you want some block to be memory, a
switching network, or logic.
 In addition,memcapacitors and meminductors will play an
important role for neuromorphic and bio inspired
computing.
FUTURE
Dept of IT 14

15.  Memristors made to replace flash memory will likely
appear first.
 Beyond that , memristors will likely replace both DRAM and
hard disks in the 2014-to-2016 time frame.
 For memristor based analog computers, that step may take
20-plus years.
WHEN IS IT COMING???
Dept of IT 15

16. CONCLUSION
 Thus the discovery of this new fundamental circuit element
has the potential to provide a variety of opportunities for
electronics.
 The building block of all computing devices could be about to
undergo a drastic change that would allow faster and more
efficient machines.
 It provides for more advanced chips.
 However , Memristor technology is still in its early stages and a
lot has to be done in order to manufacture systems that
embed them.
Dept of IT 16

17. Dept of IT 17
REFERENCES
 Memristors for memory,digital and neuromorphic systems circuits by dirar
homouz.
 Chua, L. O. Resistance switching memories are memristors. Appl. Phys.
A 102, 765–783(2011).
 Waser, R. & Aono, M. Nanoionics-based resistive switching memories. Nat.
Mater. 6,833–840.
 Valov, I., Waser, R., Jameson, J. R. & Kozicki, M. N. Electrochemical
metallization memories - fundamentals, applications,
prospects. Nanotechnology 22, 254003 (2011).
 Hertz, J., Krogh, A. & Palmer, R. G. Introduction to the Theory of Neural
Computation Perseus: Cambridge, MA, (1991).
 Saraju p.Mohanty,Memristor: From basics to deployment,IEEE Potentials.
 Memristors for digital,memory and neuromorphic systems,IEEE Network.
 Google advanced search.
 Finding the missing Memristor-R Stanley williams,mashpedia.

18. Dept of IT