Cultural Resource Management Study: Borobudur Temple Compounds

1. Seminar in Tangible Cultural Resource Studies II
Wednesday, October 23rd 2013
Maharani Dian Permanasari
Graduate School of Cultural Resource Management Program
world’s cultural heritage:
borobudur temple
compounds
© Maharani Dian Permanasari. 2010.

2. List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
4 cultural
heritage:
Borobudur Temple Compounds
Prambanan Temple Compounds
Sangiran Early Man Site
Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: The Subak
System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana
Philosophy
image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia, edited by Maharani
4 natural
heritage:
Komodo National Park
Lorentz National Park
Ujung Kulon National Park
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatera
(endangered)

3. Borobudur temple compounds
Borobudur Temple is not only known as a Buddhist shrine, but also for a pilgrimage.
Archaeologists and historians estimated that it was built during the Syailendra dynasty in the 8th century.
Borobudur is one of several temples located in Central Java built during this era.
image source: http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/01/01/12241365/Wisatawan.Saksikan.Matahari.Terbit.dari.Punthuk.Setumbu

4. Borobudur location

5. 750-­‐850
(8th
century)
•
Borobudur
built
by
Syailendra
Dynasty
•
Possibility:
three
phases
in
its
construc>on
process
1006
(11th
century)
•
Mahapralaya
(huge
volcanic
erup>on)
15th
century
(abandonment)
•
Conflict
between
Syailendra
and
Sanjaya
Dynasty,
shiUing
the
central
ruling
to
East
Java
16th
century
•
Incoming
of
Islam
1814
(18th
century)
•
Raffles
sent
Cornellius
to
inves>gate
“the
temple
ruins”
1817
•
Raffles
introduce
“Borobudur”
in
his
book,
“The
History
of
Java”
1873
•
The
1st
monograph
of
Borobodur
was
published
•
•
•
meant
to
be
built
as
a
structured
pyramid,
but
finally
changed
to
be
CONSTRUCTION
structure
on
soil/hill
founda>on
widened,
added
with
two
square
levels
and
one
circle
level
with
main
stupa
top
circle
steps
were
demolished,
replaced
by
three
circle
levels.
Stupas
were
built
ABANDONMENT
one
big
in
this
area,
with
stupa
in
the
center
Historical Timeline of Borobudur
REDISCOVERY
“Borobudur”
by
Van
Kinsbergen,
1873.
Retrieved
from
hbp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur
1900
•
VOC
conducted
the
commibee
for
Borobudur
excava>on
and
restora>on
1907-­‐1911
•
The
1st
excava>on
&
restora>on
led
by
Theodoor
van
Erp
1926-­‐1940
•
The
2nd
excava>on
&
restora>on,
stopped
because
of
the
World
War
2
EARLY
RESTORATION
1956
•
Indonesian
government
consulted
the
UNESCO
about
deteriora>on
in
Borobudur
1963
•
Indonesian
government
issued
the
Restora>on
Act
of
Borobudur,
got
cancelled
by
G-­‐30-­‐S
1968
•
UNESCO
decided
to
give
aid
to
save
Borobudur
in
the
15th
Conference
in
France
1971
•
Indonesian
Government
made
a
team
for
restora>on
of
Borobudur
PREPARATION
FOR
2ND
PHASE
OF
RESTORATION
Early
restora>on.
Retrieved
from
hbp://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/aboutBorobudur

6. 1971
•
Interna>onal
Consulta>ve
Commibee
consists
of
several
countries
was
established.
This
commibee
got
sponsored
by
UNESCO
and
fund
most
80%
of
Borobudur
restora>on
1973
•
President
Soeharto
inaugurated
the
Borobudur
restora>on,
and
it
is
officially
started
1980
•
Government
Organiza>on,
PT
Taman
Wisata
Candi
Borobudur,
was
established
1983/1984
•
Borobudur
restora>on
finished
Historical Timeline of Borobudur
RESTORATION
1985
•
Terrorist
abacked
some
stupas
in
the
temple.
Stupas
restored
quickly
by
the
government.
1991-­‐1992
•
Late
former
1st
lady,
Tien
Soeharto,
contributed
a
female
elephant
from
Way
Kambas,
Lampung.
this
act
was
followed
by
the
late
minister
of
Tourism
and
Telecommunica>on,
Soesilo
Soedarman,
with
another
2
female
elephants
1991
•
UNESCO
officially
announced
Borobudur
as
World’s
Heritage
1992
•
TWC
officially
inaugurate
the
82
ha
“Borobudur
Archaeological
Park”,
and
also
started
to
manage
Prambanan
and
Ratu
Boko
Temple
Compounds.
1999
•
Former
governor
of
Lampung
Province
contributed
each
male
and
female
elephant
from
Way
Kambas
2006
•
Earthquake
in
Yogyakarta,
badly
damaged
nearby
2010-­‐2011
Prambanan
Temple,
leU
Borobudur
unscathed
•
Borobudur
was
heavily
affected
by
Merapi
erup>on,
and
closed
from
5-­‐9
November
2010
to
clean
up
the
ash-­‐fall.
•
UNESCO
donated
US$3
million
as
a
part
of
rehabilita>on:
restore
the
drainage
system,
replant
trees
&
vegeta>on,
campaign
TOURISM
&
BRANDING
STRATEGY
hbp://www.borobudurpark.com/AppManual/in>/content/
manualimageimage/borobudur_aerial.jpg
REHABILITATION
BOROBUBUR
NOWADAYS

7. Overview: Borobudur
Borobudur is built as a single large stupa, and when viewed
from above takes the form of a giant tantric Buddhist
mandala, simultaneously representing the Buddhist
cosmology and often drawn repeatedly as a meditative
mechanism.
Working from the exterior to the interior, three zones of
consciousness are represented, with the central sphere
representing unconsciousness or Nirvana. According to this
Buddhist cosmology, the universe is divided in to three
major zones. The Borobudur temple represents these zones
in its layers.
Zone 1 Kamadhatu
The phenomenal world, the world inhabited by
common people.
Zone 2 Rupadhatu
The transitional sphere, in which humans are
released from worldly matters.
Zone 3 Arupadhatu
The highest sphere, the abode of the gods.
images are recreated from http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

8. Borobudur
Building
Structure
•
•
•
•
•
The foundation is a square, approximately 118 metres (387 ft) on each side.
The one main dome in the centre is the highest point of the monument: 35 metres (115 ft) above ground level.
It has nine platforms, of which the lower six are square and the upper three are circular.
The upper platform features 72small stupas surrounding one large central stupa.
Each stupa is bell-shaped and pierced by numerous decorative openings. Statues of the Buddha sit inside it.
image source: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

9. Borobudur cross section, building ratio, statues, and relief
• A survey conducted in 1977
revealed frequent findings of
a ratio of 4:6:9 around the
monument.
• There are Buddha statues
inside niches on each wall in
Rupadhatu level, and inside
each stupa in Arupadhatu
level.
• This ratio is also found in the designs of Pawon and Mendut,
nearby Buddhist temples.
image source: http://www.borobudurpark.com

10. Borobudur Relief
Zone 3 Arupadhatu
No reliefs.
Zone 2 Rupadhatu
• Jataka and Avadana
• Bhadracari
• Lalitavistara
• Gandavyuha
720 panels
72 panels
120 panels
388 panels
Zone 1 Kamadhatu
• Karmawibhangga
160 panels
image source: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

11. Borobudur Statues
http://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/aboutBorobudur

12. Zone 2: Rupadhatu
• Jataka and Avadana
720 panels
• Bhadracari
72 panels
• Lalitavistara
120 panels
• Gandavyuha
388 panels
Borobudur Reliefs Panels
Zone 1: Kamadhatu
• K a r m a w i b h a n g g a
160 panels

13. ICOMOS evaluations of
borobudur temple
Criterion (i): “to represent a masterpiece of human its
(i): Borobudur Temple Compounds with
creative genius”
stepped, unroofed pyramid consisting of ten
compounds
superimposing terraces, crowned by a large bell-shaped
Criterion harmonious marriage of stupas, temple and
dome is a(i): “to represent a masterpiece of human creative
genius”
mountain that is a masterpiece of Buddhist architecture
• a harmonious marriage of stupas, temple and mountain
and monumental arts.
that is a masterpiece of Buddhist architecture and
monumental arts.
Criterion (vi): Laid out in the form of a lotus, the sacred
Criterion (vi): “to be directly or tangibly associated
flower of Buddha, Borobudur Temple Compounds is an
Criterion (ii): “to exhibit blending important interchange
with events or living aexhibit with the very with
exceptional reflection oftraditions,an of ideas, or central of
human indigenous a span time or within a cultural
beliefs, with artistic and literary works of the Buddhist
idea of values, over ancestorofworship and outstanding area of
the world, attaining Nirvana. The ten mounting or technology,
universal on developments in architecture terraces
concept ofsignificance”
monumental structure correspond to the design”
of the entirearts, town-planning or landscapesuccessive
• an outstanding example of achieve before
stages that the Bodhisattva has toIndonesia’s art and
architecture from between the early 8th and late 9th
attaining to Buddhahood.
centuries that exerted considerable influence on an
architectural revival between the mid-13th and early 16th
centuries.
Criterion (ii): “to exhibit Temple Compounds is of
Criterion (ii): Borobudur an important interchange an
human values, over a span of time or within a cultural
outstanding example of Indonesia’s art and architecture
area of the the early 8th and late in centuries that
from between world, on developments9tharchitecture or
technology, monumental arts, tangiblyarchitectural
exerted considerable influence orontown-planning or
an associated
Criterion (vi): “to be directly
landscape design”mid-13th and early ideas, or with
revival events or living traditions, with16th centuries.
with between the
beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding
universal significance”
• an exceptional reflection of a blending of the very
central idea of indigenous ancestor worship
(lotus) and the Buddhist concept of attaining
Nirvana (ten mounting terraces).

14. UNESCO Statements
Integrity: The boundaries contain three temples (Borobudur
Temple, Mendut Temple, and Pawon Temple) including
imaginary axis between them.
developments in tourism or anything that could compromise the
extraordinary relationship between the main monument and its
wider setting could be a threat towards the Outstanding
Universal Value of the property.
The map of Borobudur Archaeological Park and its surrounding, showing that Mendut, Pawon, and Borobudur forming a straight line. Self made, redrawed by Gunawan Kartapranata, 2011.
r

15. Protection and Policy Law
concerning with the site
• Indonesian Law No. 11/2010 concerning Cultural
Heritage and its surrounding cultural landscape.
• The legal and institutional framework for the effective
management of the property is regulated by a
Presidential Decree Number 1 Year 1992.
• a New Presidential Regulation is still being
formulated by a Coordinating Board (14 Ministries
and local authorities as well as representatives of
local communities)
• Monitoring programs has been effectively executed
to monitor the growing rate of deterioration of
building stone and also damage by unsupervised
visitors.
• The Borobudur Heritage Conservation Office has
conducted community development programs
targeting especially at the youth to raise their
awareness.
UNESCO Jakarta Annual Report 2011

16. Contemporary Borobudur
----Borobudur nowadays----
images source: http://www.kompastravel.com

17. Borobudur in present days
• Rehabilitation (towards natural disasters)
images source: http://www.portal.unesco.org

18. Borobudur in present days
• Mitigation (towards ash fall caused by volcanic eruption)
images source: http://www.antarafoto.net

19. Borobudur in present days
• Maintenance
images source: http://www.antarafoto.net

20. Borobudur in present days
• Contemporary Events: International Festival
images source: http://www.borobudurpark.co.id

21. borobudur in present days
• Contemporary Events: Pilgrimage; Holy
Ceremony
• Vesak/Waisak: to celebrate the bir th,
enlightenment and death of Buddha Siddharta
Gautama.
images source: http://www.travel.kompas.com

22. Borobudur in present days
• Tourism & Management: Visitors of Borobudur
images source: http://www.travel.kompas.com; http://www.antara.org; http://www.bumn.go.id

23. Borobudur in present days
Tourism & Management: Museums (Karmawibhangga & Samudraraksa)
• Karmawibhangga Museum/Borobudur Museum, is an archaeology museum located just several hundred meters
north of 8th century Borobudur Buddhist monument, within Borobudur Archaeological Park.
• The museum featuring:
• pictures of Karmawibhangga bas reliefs carved on the hidden foot of Borobudur
• disassembled Borobudur stones, archaeological artifacts founds around Borobudur and Central Java
• The Borobudur architecture and structure
• The documentation of restoration project conducted between 1975 and 1982 under UNESCO guidance
• The museum was built in traditional Javanese architecture; the joglo house with pendopo pavilion.
• The museum is integrated within Borobudur Archaeological Park inaugurated in 1983.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmawibhangga_Museum

24. Borobudur in present days
Tourism & Management: Museums (Karmawibhangga & Samudraraksa)
• Also located within Borobudur archaeological complex, right on west side of Karmawibhangga Museum is Samudra
Raksa Museum displaying Borobudur Ship. The museum featuring:
• the ancient maritime Indian Ocean trade links between ancient Indonesia, Madagascar, and East Africa
popularly dubbed as "the cinnamon route".
• The centerpiece of museum is the full scale reconstruction of Borobudur ship that have took the journey
across Indian Ocean from Jakarta, Indonesia, to Accra, Ghana in 2003—2004.
• The Ship Museum Samudra Raksa was opened by Coordinating Minister for Welfare Prof.Dr. Alwi Shihab of the
Republic of Indonesia on 31 August 2005. A fitting tribute to the crew and all who worked with and supported the
Borobudur Ship Expedition.
• The entry to both museums are included within the entrance ticket of Borobudur Archaeological Park.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Raksa_Museum

25. Borobudur in present days
• Tourism & Management: Souvenirs and Environments

26. Borobudur in present days
• Tourism & Management: Infrastructures & Facilities (Package Tour)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Borobudur Sunrise / Sunset
Borobudur Museum
Mahakarya Borobudur
Elephant Safari
Village Tour
Yogyakarta Tour
Prambanan Temple Compounds
http://manoharaborobudur.com/package/

27. Borobudur in present days
• Tourism & Management: Infrastructures & Facilities

28. Borobudur in present days
• Tourism & Management: Infrastructures & Facilities

29. Borobudur in present days
Entrance fees:
• US$20/Rp 190,000 for adult non-Indonesians. (as
of Jun. 2013)
• US$10/Rp 95,000 for non-Indonesian registered
students (proof, e.g. ISIC, is required).
• Rp 30,000 for Indonesian adults or foreign holders
of an Indonesian work permit (as of Aug. 2012).
“The people who ran Borobodur were fervent
exploiters of tourists (Prambanan was marginally less
bad), charging foreigners 10 times what locals paid. It
isn't that bad to go on the overpriced tours (at about
100,000 Rp - which don't include admission), unless
you want to take your time.”
-a tourist’s review on TripAdvisor-
http://www.borobudurpark.com/temple/borobudurTemple at 2011

30. Borobudur in present days
Visitors of Borobudur in 2012 reached 3.020.526
or exceed the target of Taman Wisata Candi
Borobudur (TWCB) which is 2.700.000 visitors.
Head-Chief Operational I of TWCB, Suryono,
Magelang, Thursday (3/1/2013), said, the
successful fulfillment of the target visitors can not
be separated from several contributing factors,
such as the access road to the temple is back to
normal, promotion to schools, as well as improving
the quality of services and facilities.
(http://travel.kompas.com/read/2013/01/04/09083369/
Pengunjung.Borobudur.Melebihi.Target)

31. problems in the maintenance
and utilization of borobudur
Factors, or variables that can be affected or controlled:
• • natural disasters (earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.)
the number of visitors
• • vandalism on reliefs and statues.
the types of activity
• • there is no system to limit the number of visitors per day.
visitors’ behavior
• • thereenvironment’sto introduce mandatory guided tours only.
the is no system physical
• • uncivilized behaviour ofand resilience. holy ceremony.
and social resistance visitors during
(whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-113-2.pdf‎)
images source: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/04/a-tranquil-waisak-borobudur-despite-hiccups.html
Tourism Management

32. strategies to tourism management problems
in borobudur temple compounds
management
actions
direct
regulations
raising the
entrance fees
for certain
groups,
certain days,
or
threatened
areas
make
borders to
avoid
vandalism
indirect
restricting
activities
restricting
opening
hours and
adding
security
guards
one-wayroad system
to avoid
walking
traffic in
temple
education
information
persuasion
teaching
respect and
protection
issues
designing
promotion/
campaign to
influence the
use of one
area over
another
by providing
or not
providing
facilities in
certain areas

33. thank you for
your attention
© Maharani Dian Permanasari.