Lesson plan - nervous system
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This is a lesson plan for class 11 biology topic - nervous system along with the presentation to be used.
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Membrane physiology
This PPT is uploaded by Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande.This is prepared by Prof.Dr.A.R.Joshi ,Physilogist on Membrane Physiology
Nerve physiology
The document discusses the resting membrane potential and action potential in nerve cells. It explains that the resting membrane potential of -70 mV is established primarily due to the concentration gradients of potassium and sodium ions across the plasma membrane. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell, while sodium ions diffuse into the cell. This creates an equilibrium potential close to the potassium equilibrium potential of -94 mV. When an excitatory stimulus is strong enough to depolarize the membrane past its threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing rapid sodium influx and further depolarization. The membrane potential then reaches about +30 mV before sodium channels inactivate and voltage-gated potassium channels open, causing repolarization back to the resting potential.
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The document discusses membrane potentials, including resting membrane potential and graded and action potentials. Resting membrane potential is maintained by ion concentration gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump and differential membrane permeability. It varies between cell types but is around -70 mV for neurons. Graded potentials are caused by neurotransmitters and can summate to reach threshold for an action potential. Action potentials are rapid, regenerative changes in membrane potential triggered by voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. They propagate along neurons to transmit signals in the nervous system.
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The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It functions to receive, store, and transmit information. The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which consists of dendrites, a soma, an axon, and axon terminals. Neurons are classified based on their structure, form, and myelination. The membrane potential and action potentials allow neurons to conduct electrical signals. Synapses allow signals to pass between neurons through the release and detection of neurotransmitters. The neuromuscular junction uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to transmit signals from motor neurons to muscles.
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This document provides an overview of action potentials and nerve conduction. It discusses synaptic transmission through both electrical and chemical synapses. It then covers the major classes of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. The document reviews graded potentials, spatial and temporal summation, and electrotonic conduction. It describes the ionic basis and phases of the action potential as well as how action potentials propagate along axons. Finally, it discusses nerve conduction disorders like demyelination and multiple sclerosis.
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The document discusses the history and discoveries of nerve physiology. It describes how Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser developed tools to measure nerve impulses using oscilloscopes. Their work led to their shared Nobel Prize in 1944. Later, Hodgkin, Huxley, and Eccles advanced understanding of ionic mechanisms in nerves through experiments on squid nerves. Neher and Sakmann also received a Nobel Prize for developing a technique to measure currents through single ion channels. The document then provides detailed explanations and diagrams about the resting membrane potential, action potentials, graded potentials, and the mechanisms of nerve signal propagation.
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Membrane physiology
This PPT is uploaded by Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande.This is prepared by Prof.Dr.A.R.Joshi ,Physilogist on Membrane Physiology
Nerve physiology
The document discusses the resting membrane potential and action potential in nerve cells. It explains that the resting membrane potential of -70 mV is established primarily due to the concentration gradients of potassium and sodium ions across the plasma membrane. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell, while sodium ions diffuse into the cell. This creates an equilibrium potential close to the potassium equilibrium potential of -94 mV. When an excitatory stimulus is strong enough to depolarize the membrane past its threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing rapid sodium influx and further depolarization. The membrane potential then reaches about +30 mV before sodium channels inactivate and voltage-gated potassium channels open, causing repolarization back to the resting potential.
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The document discusses membrane potentials, including resting membrane potential and graded and action potentials. Resting membrane potential is maintained by ion concentration gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump and differential membrane permeability. It varies between cell types but is around -70 mV for neurons. Graded potentials are caused by neurotransmitters and can summate to reach threshold for an action potential. Action potentials are rapid, regenerative changes in membrane potential triggered by voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. They propagate along neurons to transmit signals in the nervous system.
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The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It functions to receive, store, and transmit information. The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which consists of dendrites, a soma, an axon, and axon terminals. Neurons are classified based on their structure, form, and myelination. The membrane potential and action potentials allow neurons to conduct electrical signals. Synapses allow signals to pass between neurons through the release and detection of neurotransmitters. The neuromuscular junction uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to transmit signals from motor neurons to muscles.
Generation and conduction of action potentials
This document provides an overview of action potentials and nerve conduction. It discusses synaptic transmission through both electrical and chemical synapses. It then covers the major classes of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors. The document reviews graded potentials, spatial and temporal summation, and electrotonic conduction. It describes the ionic basis and phases of the action potential as well as how action potentials propagate along axons. Finally, it discusses nerve conduction disorders like demyelination and multiple sclerosis.
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The document discusses the history and discoveries of nerve physiology. It describes how Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser developed tools to measure nerve impulses using oscilloscopes. Their work led to their shared Nobel Prize in 1944. Later, Hodgkin, Huxley, and Eccles advanced understanding of ionic mechanisms in nerves through experiments on squid nerves. Neher and Sakmann also received a Nobel Prize for developing a technique to measure currents through single ion channels. The document then provides detailed explanations and diagrams about the resting membrane potential, action potentials, graded potentials, and the mechanisms of nerve signal propagation.
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This document discusses neuron and muscle potentials. It begins by introducing muscles and neurons, explaining that muscles contract to produce movement while neurons transmit electrical and chemical signals. It then describes how neuron potentials arise from the electrochemical activity of neurons and the resting potential difference across the neuron membrane. When a neuron is stimulated, this polarity is reversed, generating an action potential. A similar process occurs in muscles - the action potential travels to the neuromuscular junction and causes the release of acetylcholine, generating a muscle action potential and contraction.
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Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that vary in strength depending on the stimulus. They spread through passive diffusion but decay over short distances. Action potentials occur when the membrane reaches threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels to open and reverse the membrane potential before restoring it. They travel along axons through contiguous conduction. At synapses, neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons can excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons through temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs. Presynaptic inputs determine postsynaptic responses through facilitation or inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
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The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
Membrane potential + action potential
The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
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The nervous system allows for the transmission of electrical signals throughout the body to coordinate actions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct these signals. An electrical impulse called an action potential travels along neurons when they reach a threshold stimulation level. This occurs via changes in the sodium and potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the neuron. Myelin sheaths surround axons and allow the action potential to jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding signal transmission. Sensory neurons receive external and internal stimuli and relay this information to interneurons and motor neurons via synapses using neurotransmitters.
Mechanism of Generation and Propagation of Nerve Impulse.docx
This document is a project write-up submitted by Abhinav Baranwal on the topic of the mechanism of generation and propagation of nerve impulses. It begins with an introduction discussing neurons and nerve impulses. It then explains that neurons maintain a resting membrane potential due to ion gradients established by ion pumps and channels. When stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid sodium influx and depolarization. This initiated action potential travels as a wave of depolarization along the axon. Myelination and nodes of Ranvier allow saltatory conduction to increase speed. The write-up provides detailed explanations and diagrams of these concepts in 13 pages.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses. Nerves are bundles of axons.
- The central nervous system (CNS) contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, and white matter with bundles of myelinated axons.
- There are three main types of neurons - sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. Neuroglial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
- The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to other body parts and allows sensory input, integrative processing, and motor output functions.
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Classification and structure of synapses
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. ... The axon can synapse onto a dendrite, onto a cell body, or onto another axon or axon terminal, as well as into the bloodstream or diffusely into the adjacent nervous tissue.
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1) Synapses allow neurons to communicate chemically or electrically. Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitters while electrical synapses use gap junctions to directly connect cells.
2) At chemical synapses, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron leads to neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open.
3) Synaptic interactions include convergence of many inputs onto one neuron, divergence of one neuron's output to many targets, and temporal and spatial summation of postsynaptic potentials.
Action potential
The document discusses membrane potential and action potentials in neurons. It provides details on:
- The resting membrane potential is established by ion gradients maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. There is a net negative charge inside and positive outside the membrane.
- An action potential is initiated when the membrane reaches its threshold potential due to sodium influx. It involves stages of depolarization, repolarization and refractory periods.
- The all-or-none principle states that an action potential will only be generated if the threshold is reached. Speed and propagation depends on myelination.
- Different cell types like cardiac and smooth muscles exhibit variations in their action potential waveforms.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. Key points include:
- Cardiac muscle cells are self-exciting and contract rhythmically through an action potential involving sodium and potassium ion channels.
- The cardiac cycle involves five stages: ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumic ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation.
- The heart is regulated by the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes which coordinate contractions and timing of the cardiac cycle through electrical impulses.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and receives and processes sensory information. The PNS transmits signals between the CNS and body. Within the nervous system are neurons, which transmit signals, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
Nervous coordination
The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
1electrophysiology-110623133004-phpapp02.pdf
This document provides an overview of basic cardiac electrophysiology concepts including:
- The four primary characteristics of cardiac cells: automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility.
- The phases of the cardiac action potential: polarization, depolarization, repolarization.
- Key components of the EKG complex including the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave.
- The cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
- Methods for calculating heart rate from the rhythm strip including the 6-second rule and rule of 300s.
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Graded potentials are local changes in membrane potential that vary in strength depending on the stimulus. They spread through passive diffusion but decay over short distances. Action potentials occur when the membrane reaches threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels to open and reverse the membrane potential before restoring it. They travel along axons through contiguous conduction. At synapses, neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons can excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons through temporal and spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs. Presynaptic inputs determine postsynaptic responses through facilitation or inhibition of neurotransmitter release.
Membrane potential + action potential
The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
Membrane potential + action potential
The membrane potential arises from separation of charges across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. Nerve and muscle cells have the greatest membrane potential due to their ability to generate rapid changes in potential when stimulated. The resting membrane potential results from small passive leak of potassium out of the cell, generating a potential of around -70 mV. An action potential is initiated when the membrane potential surpasses the threshold, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and allow sodium to rush in, rapidly depolarizing the membrane before voltage-gated potassium channels open to repolarize it.
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The nervous system allows for the transmission of electrical signals throughout the body to coordinate actions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct these signals. An electrical impulse called an action potential travels along neurons when they reach a threshold stimulation level. This occurs via changes in the sodium and potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the neuron. Myelin sheaths surround axons and allow the action potential to jump between nodes of Ranvier, speeding signal transmission. Sensory neurons receive external and internal stimuli and relay this information to interneurons and motor neurons via synapses using neurotransmitters.
Mechanism of Generation and Propagation of Nerve Impulse.docx
This document is a project write-up submitted by Abhinav Baranwal on the topic of the mechanism of generation and propagation of nerve impulses. It begins with an introduction discussing neurons and nerve impulses. It then explains that neurons maintain a resting membrane potential due to ion gradients established by ion pumps and channels. When stimulated, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing rapid sodium influx and depolarization. This initiated action potential travels as a wave of depolarization along the axon. Myelination and nodes of Ranvier allow saltatory conduction to increase speed. The write-up provides detailed explanations and diagrams of these concepts in 13 pages.
Cardiac Electrophysiology
This document provides a high-level overview of cardiac electrophysiology and EKG interpretation. It discusses the different types of cardiac cells, the cardiac action potential, and the phases of the cardiac cycle. It describes how electrical signals travel through the heart via specialized conduction pathways, and explains common EKG complexes and intervals like the P wave, QRS complex, and ST segment. Key concepts covered include the roles of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers in cardiac conduction.
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The document summarizes various techniques used to study neural activity in the brain. It describes how neurons function through ion gradients and action potentials. It then outlines different methods researchers use to examine the brain, including stereotaxic surgery, lesion methods, stimulation and recording techniques, pharmacological manipulation, and brain imaging tools like fMRI. Genetic engineering methods are also briefly discussed to provide insight into gene functions.
Nervous system review
The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that transmit electrochemical signals called nerve impulses. Nerves are bundles of axons.
- The central nervous system (CNS) contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, and white matter with bundles of myelinated axons.
- There are three main types of neurons - sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. Neuroglial cells provide support and insulation for neurons in the CNS.
- The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to other body parts and allows sensory input, integrative processing, and motor output functions.
EEG use during DBS
This document discusses a project investigating the use of electroencephalography (EEG) during deep brain stimulation (DBS). The project aims were to research EEG and DBS, select an EEG system, and begin testing on healthy human subjects. Background information provided includes the brain lobes and areas controlling motor function. It also describes neuron behavior such as action potentials, synaptic potentials, signal speed, and the process of depolarization and hyperpolarization. The goal is to observe EEG signal patterns during DBS as it applies to treating Parkinson's disease.
Classification and structure of synapses
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. ... The axon can synapse onto a dendrite, onto a cell body, or onto another axon or axon terminal, as well as into the bloodstream or diffusely into the adjacent nervous tissue.
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1) Synapses allow neurons to communicate chemically or electrically. Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitters while electrical synapses use gap junctions to directly connect cells.
2) At chemical synapses, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron leads to neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open.
3) Synaptic interactions include convergence of many inputs onto one neuron, divergence of one neuron's output to many targets, and temporal and spatial summation of postsynaptic potentials.
Action potential
The document discusses membrane potential and action potentials in neurons. It provides details on:
- The resting membrane potential is established by ion gradients maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. There is a net negative charge inside and positive outside the membrane.
- An action potential is initiated when the membrane reaches its threshold potential due to sodium influx. It involves stages of depolarization, repolarization and refractory periods.
- The all-or-none principle states that an action potential will only be generated if the threshold is reached. Speed and propagation depends on myelination.
- Different cell types like cardiac and smooth muscles exhibit variations in their action potential waveforms.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. Key points include:
- Cardiac muscle cells are self-exciting and contract rhythmically through an action potential involving sodium and potassium ion channels.
- The cardiac cycle involves five stages: ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumic ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation.
- The heart is regulated by the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes which coordinate contractions and timing of the cardiac cycle through electrical impulses.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and receives and processes sensory information. The PNS transmits signals between the CNS and body. Within the nervous system are neurons, which transmit signals, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate bodily functions.
Nervous coordination
The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
1electrophysiology-110623133004-phpapp02.pdf
This document provides an overview of basic cardiac electrophysiology concepts including:
- The four primary characteristics of cardiac cells: automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility.
- The phases of the cardiac action potential: polarization, depolarization, repolarization.
- Key components of the EKG complex including the P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave.
- The cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
- Methods for calculating heart rate from the rhythm strip including the 6-second rule and rule of 300s.
On the Mechanism of Depolarisation and Repolarisation in the Sino-Atrial Node...
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- 12. TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE. Resting potential – The electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a neuron, when it is not conducting an impulse.
- 13. TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE. Action potential – The reversal and restoration of the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of a neuron, as an electrical impulse passes along it (depolarization and repolarization respectively).
- 15. TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE. Sodium potassium pump maintains an electrochemical gradient inside neurons (shown in teal). The purple molecule at bottom right is ATP, providing energy to activate the pump. For every two positively charged potassium ions (blue) it pumps in, it pumps out three positively charged potassium ions (red), making it more positively charged outside the neuron