the birth of the nation and the american rule

9. INCREDULOUS BATTLE OF
MANILA
August 13 1898

10. The Incredulous Battle of
Manila
• General Fermin Jaudenes succeeded
general basilio Augustin as governor
general of the Philippines. The new
governor negotiated the surrender of
Manila with an arranged show of resistance
to save the prestige of the Spanish
government. Governor General Jaudenes,
through a Belgian consul, Edouard Andre,
secretly told Dewey and Meritt in early
August 1898 concerning the capture of
Manila. With the end of hostilities,
American forces would be occupying the
beleaguered city and its harbor.
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11. GENERAL FERMIN
JAUDENES
Fermín Jáudenes y Álvarez was briefly
a Spanish Governor-General of
the Philippines, from July 24 to August 13,
1898 during the Spanish–American
War and the second phase of the Philippine
Revolution.
During his term, Spanish turned over the
Philippines capital, Manila, to the United
States Army in the "mock" Battle of
Manila and in the process the Spanish
surrendered to America, ending over 330
years of rule of Spanish colonial rule.
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12. Edouard Andre
Was a Belgian consul to Manila in
1898. His services were sought by
the American admiral George
Dewey in order to assist in Spain's
surrender of Manila after the
mock Battle of Manila Bay. André
took this role after the sickness
and death of British consul Edward
Henry Rawson-Walker, and acted
as intermediary with the Spanish
governor Fermín Jáudenes
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13. Wesley Merritt
(June 10, 1836—December 3,
1910) served in the cavalry of
the United States Army during
the American Civil War, American
Indian Wars, Spanish–American
War, and the Philippine–American
War. He was the first
American Military Governor of the
Philippines.
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14. George Dewey
(December 26, 1837 – January
16, 1917) was Admiral of the
Navy, the only person
in U.S. history to have attained
the rank. Admiral Dewey is best
known for his victory at the Battle
of Manila Bay during the Spanish–
American War
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15. It was a rainy morning on august 13, 1898 when the
sham battle of manila began after Dewey's naval
gun bombarded Fort San Antonio abad
near the luneta at about 11:20 a.m., the
Spaniards had already raised the flag of surrender
General Greene only noticed the flag at
around noontime the American troops entered the
city gates which they closed it at around five in the
afternoon the terms of capitulation were resolved.
The Spanish authorities decided to surrender the
Spanish troops and the Filipino volunteers within the
walled city. The Americans agreed to secure the city
including the inhabitants and churches.
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16. Back entrance
of the Fort of
San Antonio
Abad
showing
restored
Spanish-era
bas relief
work.
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17. Although some 12,000 Filipinos had taken part in
siege of Manila, the Americans did not allow them
to enter the city and its suburbs, even if unarmed.
The Filipino troops deeply resented this American
gesture. Many frankly voiced the apprehension
that the Americans wished to exercise colonial
power in the country. On the other hand, the
Spaniards insisted on the exclusion of the Filipinos
in the capitulation area.
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18. • The Americans established a military government in the
Philippines, after the surrender of Manila. The Philippines
was ruled by the President of the US in his capacity as
commander in chief of the United States Armed Forces.
On March 9,1901 the military government in the
Philippines ended when the United States Congress
enacted the Army Appropriations Act. This law carried the
Spooner Amendment which removed from the United
States President the final authority to govern the
Philippines, instead this power was to be exercised by the
United States Congress through the President.
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19. • After the fall of Manila, General Diego de los Rios
become the governor of general. He became the last
Spanish governor general of the Philippines. On
August 28,1898, he transferred his headquarters to
iloilo and took command for the Spanish forces. But
the Visayans led by General Martin Delgado forced
Governor de los Rios to leave iloilo on December 24
for Zambaonga. The next day after the Spanish
forces evacuated Iloilo City,Visayan patriots under
General Martin Delgado occupied it. On May 19,1899
the American troops occupied jolo, displacing the
Spanish garrison of Governor General de los Rios in
Zamboanga.
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20. The Malolos Republic
Uncertain about the outcome of the forth coming
peace conference in Paris, General Aguinaldo
ordered on August 22, 1898 the transfer of the
government's seat of power from Bacoor, Cavite
to Malolos, Bulacan and used the convent of the
Malolos Cathediral (now Basilica Minore de la
Immacelada Conception) as the Palacio
Presidential (Presidential Palace. Aguinaldo
preparing the foundation of a republican state.
The wanted a government without foreign
supervision.

21. Presidential Aguinaldo sat with his cabinet
facing delegates on both side's of the aisle .
The congress adopted the parliamentary rules
of the Spanish cortes. In the afternoon, the
congress elected the following officers.
-< Pedro Patero - President
-< Benito Legarda - Vice President
-< Gregorio Aianeta - Secretary
-< Pablo Tecson - Secretary
-< Pablo Ocampo - Secretary

22. • A total of 93 representatives took part in the
congress, 35 of them were directly elected. Many of
them were holders of academic degrees from
universities of Europe.
• Mabini argued that under the decree of its creation
the congress was a mere consultative body. It
posessed no legislative powers. Felipe C. Calderon
contended that it was necessary to show that the
Philippines was duly constituted as a state in order
to strengthen its claim to recognition of its sovereign
status.
• President Aguinaldo uphelds Calderon's view and
considering congress to be authoritative spokesman
for the filipino peole.

23. • The committee to draft the constitution was
composed of 19 members with Felipe Calderon as
the chairman. It studied the three constitutional
drafts submitted the Mabini plan, the Paterno plan,
and the Calderon plan.
• The Mabini plan was a constitutional program of
the Philippines Republic. The Paterno plan was based
on the spanish constitution of 1868. The Calderon
plan was a constitution based on the constitution of
France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala
Nicaragua and Brasil. The committee chose the
Calderon plan and submitted it to the Malolos
congress for approval.

24. • According to Felipe Calderon, the committee rejected the
Mabini draft because it was based on the statutes of universal
memory, abhorred by the majority of the delegates who were
catholics. Mabini draft were the provision advocating
womens fight like the exercise of public office, education in
any branch of science or of the arts in public, exercise in a
profession or industry right to vote and exemption from
military service and from personal tax, but Calderon
mentioned that the Paterno draft was also discarded because
it was patterned from the Spanish constition of 1868.
• Other matters were also taken up in congress. On
September 29, 1898 the declaration of Philippine
Independece make on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, was confirmed
in special ceremonies. In the following month, the congress
authorised the executive to float a domestic loan of million
pesos redeemable in 40 years to support the new
government.

25. • Dicussions on the draf constitution lasted
until November 29, 1898. Article 5, tittle lll of
the draft become most debatable. This refers
to the religion and separation of church and
state. Tomas del Rosario spoke in favor of the
principle of separation of church and state:
while Calderon on the contrary position
wanted to make Catholicsm the state religion
after the members of the congress voted for
it, the result was a tie.
• The second voting resulted to the separation
of church and state, winning by only one vote
by Pablo Tecson.

26. • Finally, on January 21, 1899, President
Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos
Constitution as the fundamental law of land,
Then on January 23, the first Philippine
Republic was inaguerated amidst festive
ceremonies at the Barasoain church. Popularly
known as Malolos Republic.
• For Mabini, Independence would simply
mean liberation from Spain but also educating
the people for autonomy and refraining from
colonial memtality. This the Malolos congress
had set up educational institutions.

27. • A system of free compulsory elementary
education was provided by Malolos
constitution and a Collage for boys called
burgos institute was established in Malolos
under Enrique Mendiola, with a regular
academic course in agriculture, commerce,
and surveying. The girls learned lesson under
private tutor.
• Military training for officers in the army of
the republic was offered in the military
academic of Malolos whose director was
Mayor Manuel Sityer, a former Spanish
Guardia Civil.

28. • The filipino Army in Luzon included a
battalion of Igorut lancers and a company of
Negros Archers. Those without rifles were
armed with Balos, bamboo spears, anting-
anting and bows and narrows.
• In Mindanao, Spanish colonial rule
particularly ended in Butuan, Agusan del
Norte with the horsting of the Philippine flag.
Butuan was then the Military capital of the
province of Surigao led by WenceslaoGonsales
proclaimed a Philippine Republic in Butuan on
January 17, 1899.

29. • Four flags were hoisted on that they the flag of the
Philippine Revolution, the white flag of surrender,
the national flag of Spain and the pontifical flag.
These flags are the symbol of forces operating in the
Philippines of that time.
• The Malolos Republic is the first republic in Asia.
The new government has empowered the people to
choose thier representatives to creat laws beneficial
for the nation. The decision of the members of the
congress became the cornerstone of democracy. It
has manifested the capability of the Filipinos to
govern in the midst of turbulent times. At a time
when must of asia was still under colonial power,
Philippines stood out as a beam of hope.

32. • President Aguinaldo egarded the US an ally in the
Philippines road towards independence. Filipino -
American relations deteriorated as the American
military authorities took over Manila in August 1898.
The mandatory evacuation of the Filipino troops in
the captured districts of the city dismayed Aguinaldo
and his men who joined the battle, thinking that the
Americans were on their side. The signing of the
Treaty of Paris without consulting the Filipinos
heightened the tension. Niether Spain nor the
US gave felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo's special envoy a
chance to join the Paris peace talks.

33. • Previously in Hong Kong, the Americans
offered assistance to Aguinaldo in fighting the
common adversary, the Spaniards. However
the negotiations turned out to be tentative in
nature. The plan of the new coloniser was
becoming more evident as the Americans
eventually controoled more areas in the
country.

74. Philippines Independent Church
•

85. The Colorums
• Indigenous religious groups mostly thrive in isolated
islands and mountainous lacalities. Some are induced by
the power of natural forces, others a mixture of
Catholicism, and superstition. The remnants of Hermano
Pule's Cofradia de San Jose retreated to the mountains
between Tayabas and Laguna.
• They settled at the mountain of San Cristobal and
considered tjis place their Jerusalem. This group came
to be known as colorums, a corruption of the Latin
phrase, et saecula saeculorum (world without end) used
at Mass to end certain prayers.

86. The Colorums
• During the American occupation, the term colorum was
used by the authorities to refer to rebel organizations
with mystical caracteristics. These colorum groups were
characterized by religious fanaticism, which was a
combination of Catholic devotion, hero-worship and folk-
superstition. Members were recruited from the
oppressed masses that sought the messiahs for their
redemption.
• Colorum organizations were active in the 1920s. in Leyte
and Samar, the Sociedad de la Confianza was formed.
The Caballeros de la Sagrada Familia had one thousand
followers in Pampanga, Pangasinan, Bulacan, and
Nueva Ecija. Other colorum groups were established in
Tarlac, Rizal, La Union, Batangas, and Surigao.

87. The Colorums
• In Tarlac, the colorums worshipped Jose Rizal
and Apo Ipe Salvador. They believed that the
twoo leaders would resurrect and save them.
Felipe Salvador, otherwise known as Apo Ipe
was born in Baliuag, Bulacan on May 26, 1870.
When the Katipuneros from Balintawak arrieved
in Baliuag, Ipe joined them. He was appointed
as colonel by Aguinaldo in 1899. When
Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans, he
went to the mountains and began his guerrilla
operations. Soon, he organized his group and
called it Santa Iglesia or Holy Church.

88. The Colorums
• Apo Ipe warned his follwers that a second deluge would
occur and destroy all non-followers and that after the
flood,there would be rain of gold and jewels for his
followers. The colorums of Tarlac believed that anting-
antings made all members invulnerable to the bullets
fired by the enemy.
• In Surigao, the colorum groups were devoted to the
Sacred Heart of Jesus, Immaculate Heart of Mary, and
Jose Rizal. They believed that one day Rizal would
return and rule the Philippines. The group grew in
number and spread from Surigao to Agusan, Cotabato,
Samar, and Leyte.

89. The Colorums
• The colorums of Surigao began their uprising by
the end of 1923. They killed five Constabulary
soldiers and later attacked a Constabulary
detachment, which resulted in the death of the
provincial commander and 12 soldiers. The
government had to suppress the colorum
rebellion, which lasted from January to October,
1924.
• Governor General Leonard wood, recognizing
the patriotic zeal that animated the colorum
rebellion, prohibited the display of pictures of
filipino hereos in all schools in Mindanao.

92. Land Tenure System
• During the American colonical rule, the Spanish feudal system was
not dismantled. Through the system of land registration that favored
the Filipino elite, tenancy became more widespread. The Hacienda
(estate) system kept the peasants in bondage. the landlord-tenant
relations ensued even after the institution of democratic government.
• Tenants were either inqilinos (cash tenants) or kasamas (share
tenants). The inquilinos paid yearly rent for using a piece of land.
Aside from this, he was often required to give various services to the
haciendero for free.
• The kasama or sharecropper provided the labor on the hacienda
where he shared the harvest on 50-50 basis with his landlord or
haciendero, after deducting the expenses incurred in planting and in
harvesting. Like the inquilino, he was expected to render personal
services to land owner, at the latter's discretion.

93. Land Tenure System
• Low productivity, due to trditional farming
methods, along with cacique (landlord)
exploitation insured the tenantsa low standard of
living. Free trade likewise reinforced the feudal
agrarian system of the Spanish regime and
twisted the normal development of local
industries. The leading families of the Filipino
elite joined the free trade system. This system
paved the way to multinational corporations.
Rich land owners and investment capitalists took
control of the economy, laying the groundwork
for limited per capita income, inflation, and
structural poverty.

94. Dependence upon duty-free, American goods increased
the suffering of local producers. in the 1920s to 1930s, a
number of peasant uprisings and labor protests evolved
from cases of exploitation and poor living conditions.
• The Philippnes through a country rich in resources, was
unable to sustain the basic needs of the masses. the
Filipino leaders, absorbed with much attention on how to
gain political autonomy had not fully given efforts to bring
about economic independence. Pressing issues like
social reform, land ownership, tenancy rights, and the
distribution of wealth had been the causes of public
discontentment.
Land Tenure System

101. Sakdalism