8. “The South African landscape is littered with failed
aquaculture projects”
Tom Hecht AASA 2013
9. Reasons for failure
Ineffective institutional
arrangements
Lack of
good
quality
feed and
technical
advice
Poor market
infrastructure
Central
planning
instead of
private
sector
initiative
11. 1) 2 honors students
2) R3500
3) Build 2 aquaponics systems each
4) USE locally sourced materials within 25 km of your
house!!!
5) Get your honors degrees
12. Aims
1) Determine if plant growth in goldfish and koi fish
systems were significantly different
2) Determine if LED light was different to sunlight on crop
production
3) Determine whether aquaponics can be considered a
form of leap frog technology
4) Evaluate the costs and benefits
14. Methods
New number of leaves produced,
root production,
shoot production,
mass production,
average leaf size,
relative plant growth
mean number of mortalities
were recorded for each plant type.
Nitrate concentration & pH measured
end of each harvest
Plants:
Lettuce, Tomato, Spinach,
Coriander, mint & watercress
Fish – Koi (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Gold fish (Carassius auratus L.)
(Ecofilms, 2011)
15. Results
Round 1
27 27
14 12
1
5
6
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Numberofmortalities
Plant type
Lettuce Spinach Mint Watercress
Goldfish
Koifish
*
Mean mortalities for each plant type
t =2.828
df = 70
p = 0.047
Goldfish Koi fish
16. Results
Round 2
Figure 4: Relative plant growth for each plant type
t = 2.885
df = 70
p = 0.005
Goldfish Koi fish
*
0,03 0,04
0,09
0,13
0,19
0,39
0,26
0,28
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
Lettuce Spinach Mint Watercress
Relativeplantgrowth(g/day)
Plant types
Goldfish
Koi fish
17. Results
Round 3
Figure 5: Root: shoot ratio for each plant type
8 3 30 28
55 50
109
89
18 18
33 32
127
167
87
95
0
50
100
150
200
250
Root:Shootratio(mm)
Plant type
Lettuce Spinach Mint Watercress
Koifish root length (mm)
Koifish shoot length (mm)
Goldfish root length (mm)
Goldfish shoot length (mm)
Goldfish Koi fish
18. Results
Round 4
Goldfish system Koi fish system
Nitrates (*)
pH
80 mg/l (±4.4)
7.5 (±0.48)
110 mg/l (±12.9)
7.8 (±0.81)
Table 1: The nitrates concentration (n = 6) and pH levels (n = 6) in the goldfish and koi fish systems
Nitrate significance : t = 4.176, df = 5, p = 0.006
Goldfish Koi fish
21. Number of leaves
Average leaf size
Shoot length
Root length
Leaf area ratio
Dry plant mass
Relative growth rate
NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
Results
Round 1 – 7
22. Wet plant massMortality
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Spinach Tomato Lettuce
Wetplantmass(g)
Type of plant
Sunlight
LED
The effect of LED versus sunlight on the
marginal means of the wet plant mass for
each plant species
The mean mortality of harvests for each species
under sunlight and LED light
Spinach (T-test: df = 70, t = 2.277, p = 0.026)
Tomato (T-test: df = 70, t = 2.194, p = 0.031)
Coriander (T-test: df = 70, t = 3.245, p = 0.000)
0
3
0
34
0
3
5
35
Spinach Tomato Lettuce Coriander
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Type of plant
MeanmortalityharvestS(N=36)
Sunlight
LED
High mortality of coriander
Insufficient nutrient supply by fish
Possibly potassium which has a
significant relationship with other
nutrients such as calcium and
magnesium
Wet plant mass
Increased wet mass of plants
result of many factors such as:
- plants growing environment
- water storage ability
23. Problems with aquaculture
Aquaculture is similar to the
electric network.
It depends on government
funding and a large quantity
of fries to stock a pond.
Electric stations are interlinked
24. Leapfrog technology
“An approach in which areas with poorly developed technology or
economic bases are able to move themselves forward at a rapid
pace through the adoption of modern systems, without going
through intermediary steps”
It is the implementation of advanced technology in areas where
prior technology hasn’t been implemented.
e.g. The mobile network.
Telephone stations emitting signals that is received by communication technologies
25. Ornamental trade is similar
to the the mobile network
Graphs representing all pet stores, hardware stores and nurseries within a
50km radius of the study site
DurbanRichards Bay
90 +
0 +
270 -
180 -
Stores
Nurseries
Growbed materials
Fish products
Electrical products
Plumbing supplies
Research institute
Rhodes University
Government hatchery
Scale
Stores
1 block = 1 km
Research institute
1 block = 50 km
29. References
Alexandratos, N. (1999). World food and agriculture: outlook for the medium and longer term. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences: 96, 5908-5914.
Aquaponicsideasonline (2001-2014) How it works, http://aquaponicsideasonline.com/how-to-care-for-fish-in-an-aquaponic-system Accessed 27
February 2014
Bitsizebio (2000-2014) Brainfood for biologists, http://bitesizebio.com/8046/pseudoreplication-don%E2%80%99t-fall-for-this-simple-statistical-
mistake/ Accessed 28 February 2014
Bernstein, S. (2011). Aquaponics Gardening: A step by step guide to raising vegetable and fish together. New Society Publishers, Canada, 24-
27.
Bornman, E. (2014). Access to the Internet and Mobile Phones in South Africa: The Results of Longitudinal Studies, 3-4.
Castellani, D., Camargo, A. F. M., & Abimorad, E. G. (2009). Aquaponics: use of the effluent from the secondary nursery of Macrobrachium amazonicum for the production of hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and watercress (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum). Bioikos: 23, 67-75.CCRES (2011-2014) Chinampa
aquaponics, http://ccresaquaponics.blogspot.com/2012/06/chinampa-aquaponics.html Accessed 3 March 2014
Diver, S. (2006) Aquaponics – Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture. Attra 4-6
Ecofriend (1999-2014) Promoting an eco friendly lifestyle http://www.ecofriend.com/860-mile-wide-ball-water.html Accessed 27 February 2014
Ecofilms (2011-2014) Plants that go crazy in aquaponics, Accessed 28 February 2014
Eskom appliance energy calculator, (1999) http://www.eskom.co.za/sites/idm/Pages/EnergyCalculator, Accessed on 12 October 2014
Farmers weekly, (2009), Retrieved from http://www.farmersweekly.co.za . Accessed on 10 October 2014
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., & Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: the challenge of
feeding 9 billion people. Science: 327, 812-818.
Gentlemangourmet. (2010-2014) Food for thought, http://gentlemangourmet.com/tag/travels-2/ Accessed 27 February 2014
Hopkins, G. & Goodwin, C. (2011) Living Architecture, CSIRO Publishing, Australia
Hurlbert, S.H., 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 54(2):187-211
Masters, G., Norgrove, L., 2009. Climate change and invasive alien species. CABI Protection paper, pp 1-36.
Powell, W. (2013). Aquaponic Gardening Demystified: The Art Of Growing Crops And Raising Fish. Speedy Publishing LLC.of Agricultural
Economics, 77(4), 853-864.
Rosegrant, M. W., & Ringler, C. (1997). World food markets into the 21st century: environmental and resource constraints and policies.
Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 41(3), 401-428.
The future we want (2012-2014) No water, no future, http://www.dropbydrop.eu/36680 Accessed 28 February 2014
Transgenada (2012-2014) Foodupgraded, http://www.transgenada.com/2012/bill-gates-of-it-renown-says-biotechnology-is-critical-to-our-
survival/ Accessed 28 February 2014
Wharton, J. (2013) Academic Encounters (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press, New York
Wikipedia (1999-2014) Irrigation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation Accessed 28 February 2014
Rogers, P. & Leal, S. (2010) Running out of water, Palgrave Macmillan, New York