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Middle eastern politics (1)
- 2. Module 1 •A brief introduction to Islam – the predominant religion of the Middle East •A brief introduction to the history of the Middle East •Colonialism in the Middle East •Partition of Palestine
- 3. Module 2 •Arab-Israeli conflict •Oil and natural resources •Western interests in the region •Patrimonialism in the Arab world
- 4. Module 3 •Democracy in the Middle East •The Arab Spring – Causes, impact and Global consequences •Contemporary political development in the Middle East and role of the Military •Case study: Europe – Gulf war •Libya
- 5. Module 4 •Radical Islam and Political Islam (definition and discussion) •Terrorist groups – Alqaeda, Daesh, ISIL…etc. •Middle East and Europe Migrant crisis •Case study: Parallels between Middle East and Central Europe
- 6. AIM To develop a comprehensive perspective for understanding the dynamic transformations in the Middle East and combine this with a discussion of the meaning and relevance to Europe and the world of the current political developments .. The program aims to help students develop their analytical skills; enrich their knowledge and understanding of the Middle East; and examine the challenges resulting from the Middle East’s pivotal situation at the intersection of Europe and the world in the post – Cold War era. Modules are designed to enhance students’ theoretical understanding and empirical knowledge about the Middle East and to provide the opportunity to focus on particularly salient issues such as: •Radical Islam and Political Islam (definition and discussion) •Terrorist groups – Alqaeda, Daesh, ISIL…etc. •Middle East and Europe Migrant crisis •Case study: Parallels between Middle East and Central Europe
- 7. Middle Eastern politics (MODULE 1) • A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ISLAM • A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST • COLONIAL LEGACY AND CONFLICTS • PARTITIOINM OF PALESTINE
- 8. What is Islam? There are 5 pillars of Islam 1) There is only one God, and Mohammed is his prophet 2) Prayer five times a day 3) Fasting during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset 4) Charity to the poor 5) Visit Mecca once in your lifetime (if you can)
- 9. The Fundamentals of Islam Islam is a monotheistic religion Muslims accept the original unaltered Torah (as revealed to Moses) and the original unaltered Bible (as revealed to Jesus) since they were revealed by God. But none of these scriptures exist today in their original form or in their entirety. Therefore, Muslims follow the subsequent, final and preserved revelation of God, the Qur'an.
- 10. ISLAM Majority of states are Sunni Shia Islam is the majority religion in Iran, Iraq and Bahrain. There are Shiite minorities in Kuwait and Yemen Non ME countries Pakistan, Azerbaijan and India have high populations of Shia Smaller sects of Islam are: The Alawites, The Druze The Ibadis The Ismailis The Shafis Various Sufi Orders
- 11. Sunni & Shia Islam Sunni 1.2 billion, or 85-90% of the Muslim population Believe that no successor of the Prophet Mohamed was chosen, and that leadership lay with the Caliphate, which is no longer in existence. Shia 10- 15% of population of the Muslim population Both origins are from the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and the Quran and share fundamental beliefs and practices, Differ in doctrine, law and religious organization.
- 12. A Brief History of the Middle East FROM THE 7TH CENTURY TO PRESENT
- 13. What is the Middle East? Bahrain Egypt Iraq Iran Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Syria Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen North African Countries of Algeria, Libya, Morocco & Tunisia
- 14. Ethnicity The ARABS The Arabs constitute the majority in all the Middle Eastern countries except Iran, Israel & Turkey 60% of the Middle East speak Arabic and consider themselves Arab Other Ethnicities include: Persians in Iran Turkic in Turkey Jewish in Israel Kurdish in Iraq, Syria and parts of Turkey
- 15. RELIGION ISLAM Islam is the dominant religion in all the Middle Eastern states, except Israel. Islam is the dominant religion in other non- Middle Eastern states such as: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Malaysia & Indonesia Large numbers of Muslims in the Philippines, China, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Europe & United States. More Muslims live outside the Middle East, than within and estimates between 1.5 - 1.8 billion Muslims - 1/5th of the World's population Other Religions in the Middle East JUDAISM In Israel, 82% of the population is Jewish. CHRISTIANITY Practiced especially in Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Palestine and Israel
- 16. The Birth and Expansion of the Islamic Empires Mohamed receives his first revelation by the Angel Gabriel 610 AD Major Empires that existed at that time were the Sassanids in Persia and the Byzantine Empire in Turkey The Tribes of the Arabian Peninsula united. Within 100 years the Empire stretched as far West as Spain and Portugal, throughout North Africa, and as far north as Pakistan, all the Levant and to Iraq. This Caliphate was ruled by the Caliph – the religious successor of Mohammed (according to Sunni) Eventually these Arab Empires gave way to the Ottoman Empire, also Islamic but ruled by Turks
- 17. The Ottoman Empire – 1299 - 1922 The Ottomans continued the successful expansion of their empire throughout the 16th c. most notably with their capture of Constantinople from the Byzantines in 1453. By the end of the 15th c., the Ottoman Empire occupied much of southern and eastern Europe present-day Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Croatia, Serbia and parts of Hungary, Poland, and Ukraine. The occupation of these countries by the Ottomans was the high point of the Ottoman Empire's power. The Ottoman forces even came close to capturing Vienna, Austria on two different occasions: once in 1529, and again in 1683.
- 18. European Influence in the Middle East Over the next few centuries, the Ottoman Empire's power declined and their peoples and territory were influenced and controlled by European powers. For various military, political, and economic motives, the European powers began to take a more active interest in the Middle East. More portions of the Middle East came under European control. In an effort to halt the erosion of their empire, the Ottomans joined with Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I. The defeat of these nations during the war led to the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
- 20. The Balfour Declaration The Balfour Declaration (1917) was a letter from the UK's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Walter Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for the Zionist Federation of UK and Ireland. It read: "His Majesty's government view with favor to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. The "Balfour Declaration" was later incorporated into both the Sèvres peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and the Mandate for Palestine.
- 21. Balfour Declaration Repercussions The declaration was in contrast to the McMahon-Hussein correspondence - an exchange of letters during World War I between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon the British High Commissioner in Egypt, concerning the political status of lands under the Ottoman Empire Growing Arab nationalism had led to a desire for independence from the Ottoman Empire. The issuance of the Declaration had many long lasting consequences, and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict"
- 22. The Sykes – Picot Agreement Officially known as the Asia Minor Agreement was a secret agreement between the UK and France with the assent of the Russian Empire defining their proposed spheres of influence and control in SW Asia should the Triple Entente succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The negotiation of the treaty occurred between 1915 and 1916, the agreement was signed on 16 May 1916. The Agreement is considered to have shaped the region, defining the borders of Iraq and Syria and leading to the current conflict between Israel and Palestine.
- 23. Sykes – Picot Britain was allocated areas roughly comprising Palestine, Jordan & Iraq. France was allocated control of SE Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria & Lebanon. Russia was to get parts of Turkey & Armenia The controlling powers were left free to decide on state boundaries. The terms were negotiated by the British & French diplomats Mark Sykes and Francois Georges-Picot The Agreement is seen by many as a turning point in Western–Arab relations. It negated British promises for a national Arab homeland in Greater Syria, in exchange for siding with British forces against the Ottoman Empire.
- 25. Some Homework For the next class: Know the location of every country in the Middle East and its capital. Also know the topography of every country - does it have additional important cities perhaps of religious significance as in Jerusalem and Mecca, or tourist cities, major port cities, as the Suez Canal. Try to memorise the neighbouring countries. Choose two neighbouring countries that have had political conflicts in the past and be prepared to speak about it for 5-10 minutes in the next class.