Phonetics INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS MECHANISM OF VOICE PRODUCTION COMPONENTS OF SPEECH CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS FACTORS IN DENTURE DESIGN AFFECTING SPEECH PALATOGRAMS SPEECH TEST SPEECH PROBLEMS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

1. DR. KUMARI KALPANA
PGT 1ST YEAR
DEPT. OF
PROSTHODONTICS,CROWN &
BRIDGE
1

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
MECHANISM OF VOICE PRODUCTION
COMPONENTS OF SPEECH
CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS
2

3. FACTORS IN DENTURE DESIGN AFFECTING SPEECH
PALATOGRAMS
SPEECH TEST
SPEECH PROBLEMS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
3

4. 4

5. 5

6. •PHONETICS1 – the science of sounds used in speech.
Larynx provides the first level of controlling the
respiratory air stream.
•Phonetic value1 – the character or quality of vocal cord.
Sharry J.J Complete denture prosthodontics ; third edition
6

7. SPEECH
•It is a learned process which makes use of the anatomical structures
designed primarily for respiration and deglutition. The production of
speech requires the selective modification and control of an outgoing
airstream. (Beumer)
• "Speech is the use of systematized vocalization to express verbal symbols or words."
(Sheridan)
Sharry J.J Complete denture prosthodontics ; third edition
7

8. Phoneme – the unit of speech by which we distinguish one
utterance from another and which collectively make up the
phonemics of the language.
Merriam-webster dictionary[Online]. Available from:URL:www.merriam-webster.com>dictionary
8

9. The sound made by combining two
vowels, specifically when it starts
as one vowel sound and goes to
another.
9

10. MECHANISM OF SPEECH
PRODUCTION3
12
Gyton C.Text book of medical physiology . 11th ed. Elsevier:Saunders;2006.

11. SPEECH INVOLVES NOT ONLY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BUT ALSO-
Specific speech nervous control centers-
CEREBRAL CORTEX.
Respiratory control centers of the brain.
Articulation and resonance structures of
the mouth and nasal cavity.
13

12. CEREBRAL CORTEX
THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION :
SENSORY
ASPECT
MOTOR ASPECT
14

13. 15

14. RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTRES OF
THE BRAIN.
16

15. MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS
PHONATION ARTICULATION
17

16. PHONATION
•The larynx is especially adapted to act
as a vibrator.
•Vibrating element-vocal folds/vocal
cords.
•The vocal cords protrude from the
lateral walls of the larynx towards
center of the glottis, they are stretched
and positioned by several specific
muscles of the larynx itself.
18

17. •Normal breathing- the cords are wide open to allow easy passage of air.
•Phonation – the cords move together so that passage of air between them will
cause vibration.
19

18. •The pitch of the vibration is determined mainly by the degree of stretch of the
cords, but also by how tightly the cords are approximated to one another and
by the mass of their edges.
20

19. PHYSIOLOGIC VALVES IN SPEECH
PRODUCTION2,4
21
Martone, A. L., Black, J. W.: The phenomenon of function in complete denture prosthodontics. An approach to
prosthodontics through speech science. iv. physiology of speech, J. Pros. Den. 12:409-419, 1962.

20. Speech mechanism includes three principal physiologic
valves
1. VALVE I , THE GLOTTIS
2. VALVE II, THE PALATOPHARANGEAL REGION
3. VALVE III, THE MOUTH
22

21. PHYSIOLOGIC VALVE I
23

22. TRUE VOCAL FOLDS OF LARYNX :- The vibrating mechanism
produces vocal tones, and the true vocal folds serve as a valve in connection
with speech sounds that have tone i.e., The voiced sounds, the outgoing
stream of air passes through the region of the vocal folds without interference
as in normal breathing.
24

23. THE LARYNX, SERVING AS VALVE I IS COMPOSED OF THREE SINGLE CARTILAGES
AND THREE PAIRS OF CARTILAGES.
THEY ARE CONNECTED BY LIGAMENTS AND MOVED BY MUSCLES, THE LARYNX
HAS A MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING THAT IS CONTINUED SUPERIORLY WITH THE
PHARYNX AND INFERIORLY WITH THE TRACHEA.
25

24. When in a position of rest, as in quiet breathing, the free edges of
the folds form an angular opening which has its apex located
anteriorly and its base posteriorly the opening or aperture between
them when they are not approximated is called rima glottidis'.
26

25. When voice is desired, the folds are approximated, and air is
pushed against them from below with sufficient force to blow the
edges of these elastic folds apart. Tension restores the folds to a
closed position. This cycle is repeated. The acoustic output is
called voice.
27

26. PHYSIOLOGIC VALVE II:
Palatopharangeal region:-The pharynx is made up primarily of a
constrictor band of broad, flat muscles inserting into a median raphe
along its posterior wall.
The pharynx may be divided arbitrarily into three parts:
1.The nasal pharynx
2.The oral pharynx
3.The laryngeal pharynx
28

27. 1. The nasal pharynx is a continuation of nasal cavity posteriorly;
it is bounded inferiorly by the soft palate.
2. The oral pharynx is a continuation, inferiorly, of the nasal
pharynx to the laryngeal pharynx, i.e. about the level of hyoid
bone.
29

28. 3. The laryngeal pharynx is the inferior portions of the pharynx. It
extends inferiorly from the oral pharynx and terminates in the
esophagus at about the level of the VIth cervical vertebrae.
30

29. PHYSIOLOGIC VALVE III:
The Mouth:- The mouth is a complicated valve, capable of making
many changes, both in capacity and in size of the orifices.
The three physiologic valves serve to form a number of more specific
articulatory valves, such as:
1. Mandibular lip against the maxillary lip.
2. Mandibular lip against the maxillary teeth
3. Tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge etc. 31

30. COMPONENTS OF SPEECH6
Chierici G, Lawson L. Clinical speech considerations in prosthodmtics:Perspectives of the prosthodontist and speech
pathologist. J Prosthet Dent 1973;29(1):29-39
32

31. COMPONENTS
OF SPEECH
RESPIRATION
PHONATION
RESONATIONS
ARTICULATIONS
NEUROLOGIC
INTEGRATIONS
AUDITION
EMOTIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
33

32. RESPIRATION
•The movement of air in the inspiratory and expiratory
phases is essential to the production of sound.
•Power of this action is generated from intercoastal
muscles and diaphragm.
•Irregularity, disruption, or reduction in the controls
required for these events can deleteriously affect speech
34

33. • Disturbances may be transient,; or they may persist, as in problems
resulting from age, respiratory disorders, or neurologic impairment.
Speech deviations associated with respiratory difficulties may be
reflected in the alteration in speech rate and the superimposition of
respiratory requirements on speech sounds.
35

34. 2. Phonation
•During speech, the breath stream emanating from the lungs courses through
the trachea and into the larynx where sound is produced by vibration of the
vocal cords.
•Disturbances in this system may adversely affect the action of the vocal cords
and cause disorders of voice production.
•For example, patients with certain neurologic disorders which affect the vocal
cords exhibit tremulous voices.
36

35. • Other forms of laryngeal pathology, such as nodules and contact ulcers, can
produce hoarseness, breathiness, or voice weakness
•In the absence of vocal cord pathosis, vocal abuse or misuse may produce
comparable defects. Obviously these voice defects, originating with vocal cord
pathology and/or malfunction, are not affected by prosthetic treatment.
37

36. 3. RESONATION
• It is the resonators that give the characteristic quality to the voice.
•The resonating structures contribute no energy to the stream of air; they act to
conserve and concentrate the energy already present in the laryngeal tone.
38

37. •Congenital defects and acquired disease or injury may produce malfunction of
these structures.
•Depending on the site and extent of the malfunctioning structures, the quality
may be muffled, guttural.
•For example, injury or obstruction of the nasal cavities produces a denasal
quality, resembling a “cold in the head” sound.
39

38. CLINICAL EXPERIENCE has demonstrated the effect of ill-fitting or bulky
dentures upon voice quality. If a patient tends to keep his mouth almost closed when
speaking, the ensuing sound is frequently muffled and/or guttural.
40

39. 4.Articulation
•It is the function of the articulatory mechanism to break up and modify the
laryngeal tones and to create new sounds within the oral cavity. So the final
action of the articulatory apparatus is to articulate, in a fluid sequence all the
sounds which have been synthesized into symbols. Without the articulatory
capacity, the sounds produced would be only of variable pitch, volume, and
quality, like a vowel sound.
41

40. 5. Neural integration
•Speech is integrated by the central nervous system both at the
peripheral and central level.
•Speech is a learned function, and adequate hearing ,vision and a
normal nervous system are required for its full development.
42

41. •For prosthodontists, it is crucial to distinguish speech defects
associated with a neurologic impairment from those related to
dentures.
•The patient’s difficulty in evoking language symbols may be cortical
rather than dental..
•These characteristics warrant referral for neurologic examination rather
than an immediate search for causes related to denture construction.
43

42. 6. Audition
•Audition, or the ability to receive acoustic signals, is vital for normal
speech. Hearing permits receptions and interpretation of acoustic signals
and allows the speaker to monitor and control speech output.
Compromised hearing can block accurate feedback and hence, affect
speech.
44

43. 7. Emotional behaviour
Speech is influenced by the patient’s emotional attitudes toward the denture, the
cosmetic results as a denture wearer. When confronted with changes in the
mouth, some patients react with anxiety and stress, which in turn are generally
reflected in their speech attempts. Moreover, they are dissatisfied with the
appearance of their teeth, they may inhibit lip, tongue, and jaw movements during
speech in an effort to hide the denture.
45

44. CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH1
SPEECH
SURD SONANTS CONSONANTS
Sharry J.J Complete denture prosthodontics ; third edition
46

45. SURD1
•It is any voiceless sound produced by separation of the vocal folds (glottis
open) with no marginal vibration.
•The sound is made by frictions of the air stream as it passes through the
appropriate cavities.
47

46. ENGLISH VS HINDI
48

47. 49

48. SONANTS 1
• Are voiced sounds and include all vowels and vowel like sounds.
•They are produced by vibration of some portions of vocal folds to establish
the original sound wave, which is augmented by cavity resonations.
•The vowels require minimum articulation.
50

49. ENGLISH VS HINDI
51

50. CONSONANTS1
52
They are articulated speech
sounds, and all require
articulation to impede,
constrict, divert, or stop the
air stream at the proper place
and time to produce the
desired sound.

51. CONSONANTAL
ARTICULATION
53
According to type of articulation
Stops
Fricatives
Affricates
Diversions

52. STOPS1
54
Characterized by
stoppage & sudden
release of the
airstream & require
complete occlusion of
the articulators
involved.
1
The Plosives P & B are
produced by closure of
the lips to permit
momentary build up of
the air stream,
followed by a sudden
explosive release.
2
T AND D are produced
by tongue contacting
the hard palate to stop
the air stream before
suddenly releasing it.
3

53. •K sounds are produced by tongue and soft palate closing
the oral cavity at the same time, the soft palate and
pharynx close the nasal cavity to stop the air stream prior
to plosive release.
55

54. • Are produced by the air stream being forced through loosely closed
articulators or a narrow passageway.
• The labiodentals f and v
• The linguo-dental ‘th’
• The sibilants s, z, zh, sh are produced by tongue blade articulating
with the lateral aspects of the hard palate, permitting the air stream
to be forced through the groove created in the tongue apex.
FRICATIVES1
56

55. FRICATIVES1
57

56. AFFRICATIVES1
• J AND CH ARE PRODUCED BY A COMBINATION OF STOP AND FRICTION,
ACCOMPLISHED BY ARTICULATION OF THE TONGUE AND ANTERIOR HARD PALATE.
58

57. 59

59. ‘M’ , ‘N’
SOUND
61

60. ENGLISH CONSONANTS1,7,8
THEIR POSITION AND MODE OF PRODUCTION---
The production of English consonants and involve six
valves below:
1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Linguodental
4. Lingeoalveolar
5. Linguopalatal
6. Linguovelar
Rothman R. Phonetics consideration in denture prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1961;11(2):214-23
62

61. Bilabial Sounds: - The sounds b, p and m are made by
contact of the lips. Insufficient support of lips by teeth or
denture base can cause these sounds to be defective.
Therefore, the anterior-posterior position of the anterior teeth
and the thickness of the labial flange can affect the
production of these sounds
63

62. BILABIAL SOUNDS
DEY A, LI Y. Using English Acoustic Models for Hindi Automatic Speech Recognition. Proceedings of the 3rd
Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP);2012 Dec 123-134;Mumbai
64

63. Labio-dental Sounds: - The labio-dental sounds f and v are made
between the upper incisors and the labio-lingual center to the posterior
third of the lower lip.
• If the upper anterior teeth are too short (set too high up), the V sound
will be more like an 'f.
• If they are too long (set too far down), the f sound will be more like a
v.
65

64. If the lower lip drops away from the lower teeth during speech, the
lower anterior teeth are most probably too far back in the mouth.
If, on the other hand, imprints of the labial surfaces of the lower
anterior teeth are made in the mucous membrane of the lower lip, or if
the lower lip tends to raise the lower denture, are probably too far
forward.
66

65. LABIODENTAL SOUNDS
DEY A, LI Y. Using English Acoustic Models for Hindi Automatic Speech Recognition. Proceedings of the 3rd
Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP);2012 Dec 123-134;Mumbai
67

66. Linguodental Sounds: Dental sounds (eg. Th) are made with the
tip of the tongue extending slightly between the upper and lower
anterior teeth. Careful observation of the amount of tongue that can
be seen with the words - that, these and those will provide
information as to the labio-lingual position of the anterior teeth.
68

67. If 3mm of the tip of the tongue is not visible the anterior teeth are
probably too far forward, or there may be excessive vertical overlap.
If more than 6mm of the tongue extends out between the teeth
when such sounds are made, the teeth are probably too lingual.
69

68. LINGUODENTAL
DEY A, LI Y. Using English Acoustic Models for Hindi Automatic Speech Recognition. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on
South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP);2012 Dec 123-134;Mumbai
70

69. Linguoalveolar Sounds: Alveolar sounds (eg. t,d). The sibilants
(sharp sounds) s, z, sh, ch & j (with ch & j being affricatives) are
alveolar sounds, because the tongue and alveolus forms the
controlling valve.
71

70. LINGUO ALVEOLAR
DEY A, LI Y. Using English Acoustic Models for Hindi Automatic Speech Recognition. Proceedings of the 3rd
Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP);2012 Dec 123-134;Mumbai
72

71. THE S SOUND
Its articulation is mainly influenced by the teeth and palatal part of the
maxillary prosthesis. The inter individual variation in articulatory details
may be great due to individual variation in teeth, palate, lower jaw and
tongue shape and size.
73

72. Articulatory characteristics :
I. The tip of the tongue is placed far forward, coming but never
touching the upper front incisors.
II. The sagittal groove is made in the upper front part of the tongue,
with a small cross sectional area
III. The tongue dorsum is flat.
IV. Normally, the mandible will move forward and upward, with the
teeth almost in contact.
74

73. 75
Auditory characteristics
•The sound is loud, with a light, sibilant (sharp) quality.
Acoustic characteristics
•The comparatively strong sound energy is concentrated to a high
frequency range, with a steep energy cut off at about 3 to 4 khz.

74. Most people make the S sound with the tip of the tongue against the
alveolus in the area of the rugae, but with a small space for air to
escape between the tongue and alveolus.
The tongue's anterior dorsum forms a narrow groove near the
midline, with a cross section of about 10 mm2.
The size and shape of this small space will determine the quality of
the sound.
76

75. •If the opening is too small, a WHISTLE will result.
•If the space is too broad and thin, the S sound will be developed
as sh, somewhat like a LISP.
77

76. •Linguopalatal and linguovelar sounds: the truly palatal sounds (example:
year, she and onion) present less of a problem for dentures. The velar
sounds (k, g and ng) have no effect on dentures, except when the posterior
palatal seal extension encroaches on the soft palate.
78

77. FACTORS IN DENTURE
CONSTRUCTION AFFECTING
PHONATION8
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical Dental Prosthetics. 1st ed. India:CBS Publishers and distributers;1986.
79

78. THE VOWEL SOUNDS
80

79. TONGUE
POSITION
81

80. 82
Lower anterior teeth should be arranged so that
they do not impede the tongue positioning for
these sounds; i.e. they should not be arranged
lingual to the alveolar ridge.
The upper denture base must be kept thin,
and the posterior border should merge into
the soft tissue in order to avoid irritating the
dorsum of the tongue.

81. 1. Denture thickness and peripheral outline
One of the reasons for loss of tone and incorrect articulation of
speech is the decrease of air volume and loss of tongue space in
the oral cavity resulting from unduly thick denture bases.
The periphery of the denture must not be over-extended so as to
encroach upon the movable tissues, since the depth of the sulci will
vary with the movements of the tongue, lips and cheeks during the
production of speech sounds.
83

82. • Performing palatolingual group of sounds
• Consonants T and D, the tongue makes firm contact with the
anterior part of the hard palate, and is suddenly drawn downwards,
producing an explosive sound; any thickening of the denture base
in this region may cause incorrect formation of these sounds..
84

83. • Producing S, C , R and L consonant sounds. contact occurs
between the tongue and the most anterior part of the hard palate,
including the lingual surfaces of the upper and lower incisors to a
slight degree
• Slit-like channel is formed between the tongue and palate through
which the air hisses.
85

84. • Producing Ch and J sounds. the tongue is pressed against a larger
area of the hard palate, and in addition makes contact with the upper
alveolar process bringing about the explosive effect .
•Producing Sh sound is similar information, but the air is allowed to
escape between the tongue and palate without any explosive effect,
and if the palate is too thick in the region of the rugae, it may impair
in the production of these consonants.
86

85. •ACCORDING TO JORDAN15 Matte or non glossy surfaces on
upper denture especially is much more acceptable to patients than a
glossy surface. Improve tongue comfort, but also aids materially in
phonetics because the tongue is able to obtain a degree of traction on
the denture surface, which is similar to that obtained when the tongue is
rubbed against the mucosa.
•There is some evidence that rugae would improve phonetics done by
carving interrugae grooves on the tongue surface of the denture over
the areas where the grooves exist in the mouth.
Jordan l. Are prominent rugae and glossy tongue surfaces on artificial dentures to be desired. J prosthet dent
1953;4(1):52-3
87

86. 2. Vertical dimension
• Formation of the bilabials, P, B and M
• M sound lip contact is passive. For this reason M can be used
as an aid in obtaining the correct vertical height since a
strained appearance during lip contact, or the inability to make
contact, indicates that the record blocks are occluding
prematurely. 88

87. With the C , S and Z sounds the teeth come very close together, and more
especially so in the case of Ch and J; if the vertical dimension is excessive,
the dentures will actually make contact as these consonants are formed, and
the patient will most likely complain of the teeth clicking together.
89

88. •Meyer M silverman11 concluded that the speaking method of
measuring vertical dimension is a physiologic phonetic method
which measures V.D. By mean of the closest speaking space. This
space is measured before the loss of the remaining natural teeth to
give the patient natural V.D. Which can be recorded and used at
later dates. Closest speaking space should be reproduced in full
dentures as in the natural dentition. This space is also the means of
proving that , VD must not be increased.
Silverman MM, Washington. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent 1953;3(2):193-199
90

89. •Pound12 gave the criteria establishing vertical dimension of
occlusion based upon the fact that the body of the mandible
assumes an easily recordable, repetitive horizontal and vertical
position when the patient is at the ‘s’ position during speech. This
controlled method of developing vertical dimension correlates the
posterior speaking space with the placement of the upper and lower
anterior teeth when set to a phonetic standard. This permits the
development of a dependable vertical dimension of occlusion for
most patients.
Pound E. Let /S/ be your guide. J Prosthet Dent 1977:38;482-489
91

90. 3. Occlusal plane
The labiodentals, F and V.
If the occlusal plane is set too high the correct positioning of the lower
lip may be difficult.
or
If the plane is too low, the lip will overlap the labial surfaces of the
upper teeth to a greater extent than is required for normal phonation
and the sound might be affected.
92

91. 4. Anteroposterior position of the incisors
If placed too far front contact of the lower lip with the
incisal and labial surfaces may be difficult, as the lip will tend to pass
outside the teeth; the appearance usually prevents the dentist from
arranging these teeth forward of their natural position.
93

92. If placed too far back some effect may be noticed on the
quality of the linguopalatals S, C (soft) and Z, resulting in a lisp due to
the tongue making contact with the teeth prematurely. The tongue will
more readily accommodate itself to anteroposterior errors in the
setting of the teeth than to vertical errors.
94

93. 6. Post-dam area
•Errors of construction in this region involve the vowels I and E and the
palatolingual consonants K, G and C.
•In the latter group the air blast is checked by the base of the tongue
being raised upwards and backwards to make contact with the soft palate.
• A denture which has a thick base in the post dam area, or a posterior
edge finished square instead of chamfered, will probably irritate the
dorsum of the tongue, impeding speech and possibly producing a feeling
of nausea.
95

94. 7. Width of dental arch
If the teeth are set to an arch which is too narrow the tongue will be
cramped, thus affecting the size and shape of the air channel; this
results in faulty articulation of consonants such as T, D, S, N, K, C,
where the lateral margins of the tongue make contact with the
palatal surfaces of the upper posterior teeth.
96

95. 8. Relationship of the upper and lower anterior teeth
•The chief concern is that of the S sound which requires near contact
of the upper and lower incisors so that the air stream is allowed to
escape through a slight opening between the teeth.
•In abnormal protrusive and retrusive jaw relationships, some difficulty
may be experienced in the formation of this sound.
•The consonants Ch, J and Z require a similar air channel in their
formation.
97

96. 98

97. The primary aim of this study was to assess speech changes in
complete denture patients
1.In the edentulous state,
2.Immediately following denture insertion,
3.Two weeks following the insertion of the dentures, and
4.Twelve weeks following the insertion of the dentures.
99

98. 100
Speech samples
were obtained from
five edentulous
patients.
Four types of
sounds were
assesed s, sh, t, th.

100. •It was concluded that /th/ phoneme would need the attention of
speech therapy, particularly if the patient had been without
teeth over a prolonged period of time in which compensation
for the absence of teeth had occurred.
102

101. 103

102. The purpose of this study was to investigate
( 1) changes in the speech patterns of patients with new complete
dentures before and at various times after insertion of the new
dentures and
(2) any relationship between speech production and the palatal
contour of the denture.
104

103. •Ten edentulous patients wearing satisfactory new complete upper
and lower dentures were selected.
•On the basis of analysis of the data collected, the following
conclusions were made:
1. Most of the patients showed speech improvement when the
dentures were first inserted.
2. With increased length of time of wearing the new dentures, the
speech intelligibility was improved.
3. The speech of patients can be improved by experience with their
new dentures.
105

104. 4. Individual sounds showed different levels of speech intelligibility, and this
level improves with the length of denture usage.
5. Acoustic distortions occurred more frequently in the s, sh, ch, zh, and j
sounds than in the t, n, d, and L sounds.
6. The s sound is a poor prognostic sound for intelligibility of speech.
7. There was a difference in the palatal contour of the complete dentures
and the palates of the subjects with natural teeth. The greatest difference
was on the lingual surface beiow the gingival margin of the teeth.
106

105. 107

106. • THEREFORE, FAULTY PALATAL CONTOURS OF DENTURES OR CHANGES IN THE
DENTAL ARCH WIDTH DUE TO INCORRECT POSITIONING OF THE ARTIFICIAL
TEETH MAY AFFECT THE INTELLIGIBILITY OF THESE SPEECH SOUNDS.
108

107. SPEECH TESTS1
The phonetic aspect of denture construction deserves equal
consideration with esthetics and mechanics and should be checked
at the time of the waxed try in when it is possible to alter palatal
contour to accommodate speech articulation.
First test is of random speech and is best accomplished by
engaging the patient in conversation and obtaining a subjective
speech .
109

108. The second test is to specific speech sounds. This is best
accomplished by having the patient pronounce six or eight words
containing the sound and then combining these words into a
sentence.
In the third test, the patient is asked to read a short paragraph
containing an abundance of s, sh, and ch sounds.
110

109. s and sh Six, sixty, ships, sailed,
Mississippi, sure, sign, sun,
shine.
Sixty-six ships sailed the
Mississippi. Sure sign of
sunshine
t, d, n, and l Locator, located, tornado,
near,Toledo
The locator located the tornado
nearToledo.
ch and j Joe, Joyce, Joined, George,
Charles, church
Joe and Joyce joined George and
Charles at the church.
k Committee, convened,
political, convention,
Connecticut
The committee convened at the
political convention in
Connecticut.
f and v Vivacious,Vivian, lived, five,
fifty-five, fifth, avenue
VivaciousVivian lived at five
fifty-five Fifth Avenue

110. RECENT
ADVANCES20
112
kayelemetrics[Online]. Available from
:URL:www.kayelemetrics.com/index.php?option=com_product&Itemid=3&controller=product&task=learn_more&cid[]=7
3

111. COMPUTERIZED SPEECH LAB (CSL), MODEL
4500 AND 4150B
•PENTAX medical acoustic products offer
high-quality recording for accurate
representation of patient speech and voice,
•Easy-to-use clinical software with numerous
measures of speech and voice quality to
support an evidence-based practice, and
visual and auditory biofeedback to support
acquisition of therapy goals.
113

112. ENGINEERED FOR THE HUMAN VOICE
•PENTAX medical acoustic products are specifically engineered to capture
disordered voice signals. PENTAX acoustic product produces high-quality
recordings by providing signal conditioning and a better signal-to-noise
ratio, resulting in accurate representation of the patient's speech and
voice
114

114. PALATOGRAMS1,13,21
116
Jain ,prasad,ariga; palatogram revisited;contemporary clinical dentistry;jan 2014, 5 (1),138- 141)
A palatogram is a graphic
representation of the area
of the palate contacted by
tongue during a specified
activity, usually
speech(gpt 9).
J. Oakley coles, in 1871,
was the first to use
palatograms

115. INDICATIONS OF PALATOGRAM
• Used with implant - supported maxillary dentures.
• The evaluation of maxillary denture placement in the sensory - or
muscularly impaired patient.
• Evaluation of speech patterns and food bolus management in the
orally disabled or geriatric patient may include palatal contour
assessment
117

116. Equipment necessary for palatogram
1. Non-scented talc.
2. Soft bristle brush for dusting the talc on the palate
3. a glass marking pencil to outline the contact area
118

117. TECHNIQUE OF
OBTAINING
PALATOGRAM TO
SHAPE THE
PALATAL SURFACE
OF DENTURE
119
Jain ,prasad,ariga; palatogram revisited;contemporary clinical dentistry;jan 2014, 5 (1),138- 141)
Step 3 Insertion of coated
maxillary denture
Step
2
Application of recording
medium
Step 1 Verification of recorded
dimensions

118. Step 4: pronunciation of palatolingual consonant sounds and recording
the palatogram.
Step 5: evaluation of recordings
Each individual will produce a similar palatogram for a given sound;
however there will be certain unique characteristics for that particular
person because variations in shape and size of tongue and palatal
arch form. 120

119. “S” sound palatogram using word so Sh sound palatogram using word show
N sound palatogram using word no
G & k sound palatogram using word
give king / kaakka
121

120. CH sound palatogram using word
CHOKE
122

121. VARIOUS OTHER RECORDING MEDIUM
123
1. GOTHIC ARCH TRACING INK.
2. PRESSURE INDICATING MEDIA.
3. POWDERS-GYPSUM PRODUCTS, TALC, ALGINATE.
4. OCCLUDE AEROSOL.
5. IMPRESSION WAXES.

122. PALATOGRAM IN AN ALVEOLECTOMY
PATIENT
124

123. 125

124. PALATOGRAM IN A CASE OF PARTIAL GLOSSECTOMY
Intraoral view showing partial glossectomy Denture base with impression paste.
GopiA. Customizing the palatal contour of a complete denture using a Palatogram in a case of partial glossectomy,
Medical Journal Armed Forces India (2013) 128

125. Final surface after a Palatogram. Denture with customized palatal contour.
129

126. SPEECH PROBLEMS16
Palmer JM. Analysis of speech in prosthodontic practice. J Prosthet Dent 1974;31(6):605-14
130

127. THREE TYPES OF ARTICULATORY ERRORS
substitution
omission
distortion
131

128. Error type example effect
Substitution “Think” for “sink” /TH/ replaces /S/ :
word
Omission “Ink” for “sink” /s/ is omitted : wrong
word
Distortion "Ink"* for “sink” /S/ is distorted : word is
unintelligible
132

129. GENERAL
REMEDIATION
PROCEDURES16

130. Pre-treatment
speech
assessment
Accommodation
period-to four
weeks
Analysis of
static-dynamic
relationships
Structural
(denture)
adjustments
Clinical speech
consultation (if
needed)
134

132. • 1. Sharry J.J complete denture prosthodontics ; third edition
• 2. Merriam-webster dictionary[online]. Available from:url:www.Merriam-webster.Com>dictionary
• 3. Gyton C. Text book of medical physiology . 11th ed. Elsevier:saunders;2006.
• 4. Martone, A. L., Black, J. W.: The phenomenon of function in complete denture prosthodontics. An approach to
prosthodontics through speech science. iv. physiology of speech, J. Pros. Den. 12:409-419, 1962.
• 5. Chierici G, Lawson L. Clinical speech considerations in prosthodmtics:Perspectives of the prosthodontist and
speech pathologist. J Prosthet Dent 1973;29(1):29-39
• 6. Rothman R. Phonetics consideration in denture prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 1961;11(2):214-23
• 7. Dey A, LI Y. Using English Acoustic Models for Hindi Automatic Speech Recognition. Proceedings of the 3rd
Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing (SANLP);2012 Dec 123-134;Mumbai
• 8. Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical Dental Prosthetics. 1st ed. India:CBS Publishers and
Distributers;1986. 136

133. • 9. Jordan l. Are prominent rugae and glossy tongue surfaces on artificial dentures to be desired. J prosthet dent
1953;4(1):52-3
• 10. Silverman MM, Washington. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent
1953;3(2):193-199
• 11. Pound E. Let /S/ be your guide. J Prosthet Dent 1977:38;482-489
• 12.Agnello et al. A study of phonetic changes in edentulous patients following complete denture treatment..J
prosthet dent.1972;27(2);133-9.
• 13. Tanaka H. Speech patterns of edentulous patients and morphology of the palate in relation to phonetics.J
Prosthet Dent.1973;29(1) 16-28.
• 14. Kayelemetrics[Online]. Available from:
URL:www.kayelemetrics.com/index.php?option=com_product&Itemid=3&controller=product&task=learn_more&cid
[]=73
• 15. Jain ,prasad,ariga; palatogram revisited;contemporary clinical dentistry;jan 2014, 5 (1),138- 141)
• 16. Palmer JM. Analysis of speech in prosthodontic practice. J Prosthet Dent 1974;31(6):605-14
• 17. Gopi A. Customizing the palatal contour of a complete denture using a Palatogram in a case of partial
glossectomy, Medical Journal Armed Forces India (2013)
137

134. 138