4. reducing
extraneous
processing
YES NO
1. Coherence Principle
A Cleaner is
responsible for all
basic cleaning in
and around the
facility or office
building.
This can entail
dusting, mopping,
sweeping,
vacuuming, and
cleaning smudges
off windows and
doors.
A Cleaner's duty
5. reducing
extraneous
processing
Adding interesting but irrelevant pictures and words hinder people's understanding
of the material
Including these extraneous materials could restrict the learners from creating
mental frameworks to comprehend and retain the information
Aims to reduce unnecessary cognitive effort from the viewer
that won't be analyzed by the learners
that serves only to add entertainment value to the presentation
that deviates from the primary learning objectives
Multimedia instructors should avoid including information...
People learn better when extraneous material is excluded rather than included
1. Coherence Principle
6. reducing
extraneous
processing
YES NO
2. Signaling Principle
Kangaroos and emus are both featured
on the Australian coat of arms
because they are two of the only
animals that can't walk backwards.
Kangaroos and emus are both featured
on the Australian coat of arms
because they are two of the only
animals that can't walk backwards.
7. reducing
extraneous
processing
A multimedia message is better understood when the text is signaled rather than
nonsignaled
Signals are incorporated to direct the focus of learners towards the relevant
components of the content, or to emphasize the arrangement of the information
Can be overdone; use signals sparingly
Highlight important words or phrases, or use other signals like arrows
Incorporate a preview of the structure of the multimedia presentation and make
sure to reference it when transitioning to a new section
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of the essential
material are added
2. Signaling Principle
8. reducing
extraneous
processing
YES NO
3. Redundancy Principle
Melchora Aquino, also known as Tandang
Sora, provided aid and shelter to Filipino
revolutionaries during the Philippine
Revolution and was known as the "Mother
of Balintawak" for her bravery and
patriotism.
9. reducing
extraneous
processing
The most efficient way for learners to absorb multimedia messages is through a
combination of spoken words and visuals
Incorporating text on the screen may lead to visual overload for the learners as
they try to process both text and visual information simultaneously
Avoid using both graphics and text simultaneously when giving a narrated
presentation
Reduce the amount of text when delivering a presentation with narration
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration,
and printed text
3. Redundancy Principle
11. reducing
extraneous
processing
Multimedia messages are easier to understand if any accompanying text is
positioned in close proximity to the relevant graphics
By doing so, the learners will not have to spend cognitive effort aligning the
meaning of text and images that are spaced far apart on screen
Keep all related text and graphics physically close to each other in frame
Multimedia instructors should...
Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented
near rather than far from each other on the page or screen
4. Spatial Contiguity Principle
13. reducing
extraneous
processing
Narration and visuals/animation should be synchronized
The learners is presented with both visual and auditory information regarding the
process simultaneously
When information is presented in a sequence, the learners may find it challenging
to establish connections between words and pictures due to the constraints of
their working memory
Avoid showing an animation of a process after describing it through narration
Time the narration to coincide with the corresponding animation/visuals
Multimedia instructors should...
Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented
simultaneously rather than successively
5. Temporal Contiguity Principle
16. managing
essential
processing
Dividing or segmenting complicated information into smaller components and
presenting them sequentially
Assists learners in handling the complexity of the presentation's content, to avoid
surpassing the limit of their cognitive capacity
Provide users with the ability to regulate the speed of the lesson, either through
speed controls or through buttons that prompt the next section
Divide lengthy sections of content into smaller, more manageable segments
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn better when a multimedia message is presented in user-paced
segments rather than as a continuous unit
6. Segmenting Principle
17. managing
essential
processing
YES NO
7. Pre-training Principle
"Okay, so
do a
backstitch
here..."
Basic Knitting Terms
CAST ON: Casting on is simply the process
of...
KNIT: The knit stitch is the considered to be
the most basic building block...
PURL: The purl stitch is essentially a
reverse of the knit stitch...
BIND OFF: Binding off simply refers to
ending a project...
WORKING YARN: This is the yarn that you
are actively working with...
18. managing
essential
processing
Reduces cognitive load for the learners and imparts prior knowledge that can
decrease the amount of processing required to comprehend the message
Learners can achieve a more profound understanding of a subject if they possess
prior knowledge of its key terms and attributes
Introduce essential terms and concepts before requiring learners to interact with
the primary lesson material
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn more deeply from a multimedia message when they know the
names and characteristics of the main concepts
7. Pre-training Principle
20. managing
essential
processing
The combination of pictures and on-screen text in multimedia messages can
overload the visual channels of learners
To avoid this, instructors should only speak the words and avoid including them on-
screen
Distributes the cognitive load across both the visual and verbal channels
Employ narration instead of on-screen text when pictures are shown
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn more deeply from pictures and spoken words than from pictures
and printed words
8. Modality Principle
22. fostering
generative
processing
YES NO
9. Multimedia Principle
Vaporization
the liquid state of matter is
turned directly into a gas
Vaporization is the process in
which a liquid changes into its
gaseous state. It occurs during
evaporation, as the liquid absorbs
enough heat energy to break the
intermolecular bonds holding the
liquid molecules together, causing
them to escape into the air as gas
or vapor. This process continues
until all of the liquid has
evaporated or until the
surrounding air becomes
saturated with water vapor.
23. fostering
generative
processing
The combination of words and pictures is more effective in relaying information
than using words alone
Assists learners in visualizing complex ideas and establishing mental associations
between textual and visual elements, which can lead to better comprehension and
retention
Add appropriate pictures/graphics to text
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone
9. Multimedia Principle
24. fostering
generative
processing
YES NO
10. Personalization Principle
Equilibrium
a state where things are evenly
distributed and nothing is changing
Equilibrium
This state is reached when the
system has achieved a balance
between the forces and factors that
tend to cause change and those
that resist change, resulting in a
stable and unchanging system.
25. fostering
generative
processing
Presenting information in a conversational tone can lead to better learning
outcomes and higher levels of engagement among learners
Avoid using language that is too technical or jargon-heavy, as well as lengthy and
complicated words
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn better from multimedia presentations when words are in
conversational style rather than formal style
10. Personalization Principle
27. fostering
generative
processing
Still preliminary
Humans tend to learn more effectively from human narration as compared to
computer-generated narration
Aim to have human narration instead of computer-generated narration to enhance
learning outcomes
Multimedia instructors should...
People learn more deeply when the words in a multimedia message are spoken
by a friendly human voice rather than by a machine voice
11. Voice Principle
29. fostering
generative
processing
Still preliminary
Presenting relevant visuals is more effective for learning than showing an
instructor's talking image
The presence of the instructor's image may lead the learner to engage in
unnecessary cognitive processing
they aim to create a sense of connection and establish their presence
no text or graphics are being used
Including the instructor's image may be appropriate when...
People do not necessarily learn more deeply from a multimedia presentation
when the speaker’s image is on the screen rather than not on the screen
12. Image Principle
30. Reference
MMS 102 2022-05538
What are the 12 Principles of Media Design?
MAYER, R. Multimedia Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
https://discovery.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=1bda6ed6-6456-31ef-9f2a-dc01cf6 4dc61
31. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
