1. Avoiding Packet Dropping
Misbehavior in VANET Using Trust
Based Ant Colony Optimization
Prepared By:
Kishan N. Patel
CSE and IT Department
SVMIT, Bharuch

2. OUTLINES
 Introduction of VANET
 Security in VANET
 Security
 Trust
 Metaheuristic Approach
 Why Metaheuristic ?
 Ant Colony Optimization
 Literature Survey
 Problems
 Trust Based ACO
 Conclusion and Future work
 References
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3. INTRODUCTION OF VANET
 Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) [1] uses cars as mobile nodes in a MANET to create a
mobile network.
 Vehicular ad hoc networks are a subgroup of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).
Fig 1. Vehicular Ad hoc network [1]
 Cars fall out of the signal range and drop out of the network, other cars can join, by connecting
vehicles to one another form a wireless network called “Vehicular Ad Hoc Network”.
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4. SECURITY IN VANET
 The nature of VANETs could lead to malicious attacks.
o Predictable movement of nodes.
 Adversaries could break the system.
o Data sinkholes (black hole).
o Gray hole
 Security measures must be taken to avoid malicious attacks on the system
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5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Public Safety
 Traveller Information Support
 Air pollution emission measurement and reduction.
Disadvantages
 Wasted band width
 Increasing network congestion
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6. SECURITY
 The protection afforded to an automated information system in order to attain
the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and
confidentiality of information system resources (includes hardware, software,
firmware, information/data, and telecommunications).”
6

7. CONFIDENTIALITY, INTEGRITY, AND
AVAILABILITY
 Confidentiality
Preserving the confidentiality of information means preventing unauthorized parties from
accessing the information or perhaps even being aware of the existence of the information.
I.e., secrecy.
 Integrity
Maintaining the integrity of information means that only authorized parties can manipulate
the information and do so only in authorized ways.
 Availability
Resources are available if they are accessible by authorized parties on all appropriate
occasions.
7

8. PACKET DROPPING ATTACK
 Packet dropping attacks are widespread DoS attacks on Ad hoc networks.
Fig 3. Packet dropper behavior [3]
 Packet dropper AODV or Packet dropping attack is the AODV under malicious attack.
 As shown in Figure 4 behavior of the attacker M that drops the packets sent by source A towards
destination C.
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9. WHAT IS TRUST?
 Trust is a particular level of the subjective prob. with which an agent will perform a
particular action, before [we] can monitor such action and in a context in which it
affects [our] own action.
 Trust is context-dependent, dynamic & non-monotonic.
 Types of Trust
 Interpersonal (agent & context specific)
 Structural (system within which trust exists)
 Dispositional (independent of agent & context)
9

10. 10
TWO TYPES OF MODELS
 Trust Management models
◦ Certificate-based
◦ Reputation-based (behavior observed directly or indirectly)
◦ Recommendations: trust information shared among peers

11. TRUST MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
 Individual Initiative
Each agent is responsible for his own fate.
 Global Trust
Each peer in the system has a unique global trust value that other peers can access.
 Federated Trust
Management of trust-related activities across multiple and heterogeneous security domains
and autonomous systems.
Deals with strategies for managing inter-domain behaviors
11

12. METAHEURISTIC APPROACH
 Heuristic [2] means to find or to discover by trial and error. And meta means higher level
and metaheuristics generally perform better than simple heuristics.
 There are two techniques:
1. Online metaheuristic approach
2.Offline metaheuristic approach.
 The main difference between them is the moment when they are applied for solving
problem.
 Metaheuristic Algorithms
1) Ant colony optimization (ACO)
2) Tabu search (TS)
3) Variable neighborhood search (VNS).
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13. WHY METAHEURISTIC REQUIRED ?
 Metaheuristics [2] are used for solving the security and routing problems in ad hoc
networks.
 Security problem in the network may be due to selfish and malicious node.
Metaheuristic approach can be used for overcoming the problem.
 For route optimization e.g selecting the shortest and quality route from source to
destination.
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14. ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION
 The inspiring source of ACO [3] is the foraging behavior of real ants.
 This behavior enables ants to find shortest paths between food sources and their nest.
 While walking from food sources to the nest and vice versa, ants deposit a substance
called pheromone on the ground.
Fig 2. Ant Mechanism [3]
 Once an ant has built a solution, it can retrace the same path backward and update the
pheromone trails of the used component .
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15. LITERATURE SURVEY
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16. Title Mechanism / Algorithm Purpose Methodology
TARA: Trusted Ant Colony Multi
Agent Based Routing Algorithm
for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.[4]
TARA: Trusted Ant Colony Multi
Agent Based Routing Algorithm
To avoid trust value propagation.
To minimize the number of
messages been exchanged. To find
the best route for delivery.
Trust value of each node is
directly aped to the route and no
need to propagate the trust values
like other trusted protocols.
Trust Based QOS Protocol(TBQP)
using Metaheuristic Genetic
Algorithm for Optimizing and
Securing MANET. [5]
Trust Based QOS Protocol
(TBQP) Using Meta-heuristic
Genetic Algorithm.
To provide QOS by selecting the
fittest shortest route among the
number of routes to provide
optimization. Acquaintance
And Authentication of packets for
routing in network.
Intriguing a trust based packet
delivering scheme for detecting
and isolating the malignant nodes
using the routing layer
information. A trust weigh is
maintained and a node is
remunerated by decreasing or
increasing the trust weigh value. If
the trust weigh falls below a trust
threshold, node is marked as
malicious node.
Performance analysis of optimized
Trust AODV using ant
Algorithms. [6]
Ant colony optimization To sustain security against the dos
attacks.
At agents can move freely to find
destination it will update positive
pheromone to the routing table.
The pheromone is deposited if
node is trusted.
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Table 1. Survey of various Metaheuristics

17. Title Mechanism / Algorithm Purpose Methodology
Ant Colony and Load Balancing
Optimizations for AODV Routing
Protocol. [7]
Multi-Route AODV Ant routing
(MRAA)
Load balancing( LBMRAA)
To reduce
the routing overhead, buffer
overflow, end-to-end delay and
increase the performance
Data packets are balanced
over discovered paths and energy
consumption is distributed across
many nodes through network.
Secure Ant-Based Routing
Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Network. [8]
Secure Ant-Based Routing
Protocol(SARP)
To provide Route security in
network.
It uses two paths for data
forwarding to overcome the
problem of node failure and to
increase the efficiency of overall
network.
MANET link Performance using
Ant Colony Optimization and
Particle Swarm Optimization
Algorithms. [9]
Ant colony optimization and
Particle swarm optimization.
Finds the best solution over the
particle’s position and velocity
with the cost and minimum. End-
to-end delay.
Ant Colony Optimization
(ACO) algorithm uses mobile
agents as ants to discover feasible
and best path in a network and
PSO finds the best solution over
the particle’s position and velocity
with the objective of cost and
minimum End-to-end delay.
AntTrust: A Novel Ant Routing
Protocol forWireless Ad-hoc
Network Based on Trust Between
Nodes. [10]
Ant Trust Routing Protocol To increase the security of route.
And malicious manipulations
of data packets.
AntTrust is located precisely in the
context of the security of routing.
It also facilitates malicious
manipulations of data packets.
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[11] [12] [13] [14] ….

18. PROBLEMS IN NETWORK
 Due to the openness in network topology and absence of a centralized administration in
management, they are vulnerable to various attacks from malicious nodes.
 The networks work well only if the nodes are trusty and behave cooperatively.
 Some other problem are:
1) Difficult to evaluate trustworthiness of nodes
2) Security of data transmission
3) Fails to remove malicious nodes during route discovery process and therefore doesn´t succeed
to transfer all data packets.
 Main Objective of Proposed System :
1) To enhance the security
2) To address the packet dropping misbehavior
3) Distinguish malicious nodes
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19. AUXILIARY EXAMPLE
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20. ATTACKER MODEL
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FD
CB
H
K
A
Source
node
Destination
Node
Malicious
node
RREQ
RREQ
RREQ
RREQ
RREQ
RREQ
RRE
P
RREP
RRE
P
RREQ
RREQ
RREP
RREP
C Malicious node
A Source node
K Destination node
Packet Dropping attack model
RRE
P
RRE
P

21. TACO-TRUST BASED ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION
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T.V= Trust value
P.V= Pheromone Value
N.T= Neighbor Table

22. [1] Wang, Yu, and Fan Li. "Vehicular ad hoc networks." Guide to wireless ad hoc networks. Springer
London, 2009. 503-525.
[2] Kishan Patel, Rutvij Jhaveri, “Addressing Packet Dropping Misbehavior using Metaheuristic
Approach: A Survey”, International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication
and Optimization (IEEE EESCO-2015), Issue 3, pages 1036-1041, 24-25 January 2015.
[3] Kishan Patel, Rutvij Jhaveri, “Isolating Packet Dropping Misbehavior in VANET using Ant Colony
Optimization”, International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA-2015), June 20 2015.
[4] Bahaa-Eldin, Ayman M. "TARA: Trusted Ant Colony Multi Agent Based Routing Algorithm for
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." In Bio-inspiring Cyber Security and Cloud Services: Trends and
Innovations, pp. 151-184. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014.
[5] Zafar, Sherin, and M. K. Soni. "Trust based QOS protocol (TBQP) using meta-heuristic genetic
algorithm for optimizing and securing MANET." InOptimization, Reliabilty, and Information
Technology (ICROIT), 2014 International Conference on, pp. 173-177. IEEE, 2014.
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25. THANK YOU
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