It is a process of growing different crops in succession on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an objective to get maximum profit from least investment without impairing the soil fertility

1. Crop Rotation
Dept. of ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
PRESENTED TO :-
Dr . M . K. KIDWAI
PRESENTED BY:-
KESHAV
M.Sc.(F)

2. • It refers to recurrent succession of crops on the same
piece of land either in a year or over a longer period of
time.
• It is a process of growing different crops in succession
on a piece of land in a specific period of time, with an
objective to get maximum profit from least investment
without impairing the soil fertility.
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3. Monoculture: Growing one type of crop on the same
field year after year
Problems that were encountered when the same type of
plant was grown in the field year after year.
1) Some of the nutrients will be depleted more than
others based on the needs of that plant
2) The soil may become contaminated by large
amounts of pests that attack that particular crops

4. • In the rotation of crops, leguminous crops like pulses,
beans, peas, groundnut and Bengal gram are sown in-
between the seasons of cereal crops like wheat, maize and
pearl millet.
• The leguminous plants are grown alternately with non-
leguminous plants to restore the fertility of the soil. When
the cereal crops like rice, wheat, maize are grown in the
soil, it uses up a lot of nitrogenous salts from the soil. If
another crop of cereal is grown in the same soil, the soil
becomes nitrogen deficient. So by rotation a leguminous
crop is grown. There plants have the ability to fix
atmospheric nitrogen to form nitrogen compounds through
the help of certain bacteria present in their root. These
nitrogen compounds go into the soil and make it more
fertile.

5. Started in the 16th century

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7. Crop rotation may be mixed with grazing. First
cows are allowed to graze in the field. Cows
release manure which adds nutrients to the soil
Second year (After the manure has had a chance
to decompose) plants are grown on the cattle
fertilized field

8. Crop Choice is based on…
Environment
1) Soil
2) Climate
3) Precipitation
Financial
1) Market values (sale crops)
2) Economic gains (crops for livestock)

9. 1) It should be adaptable to the existing soil, climatic and
economic factors.
2) The sequence of cropping adopted for any specific area
should be based on proper land utilization. that can be
maintained yields and reduced soil erosion.
3) The rotation should contain a sufficient acreage of soil
improving crops to maintain and also build up the Orgnic
Matter content of the soil.
4) In areas where legumes can be successfully grown, the
rotation should provide for a sufficient acreage of legumes to
maintain the Nitrogen supply of the soil.
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10. 5) The rotation should provide roughage and pasturage for
the live stock kept on farm.
6) It should be so arranged as to help in the control of
weeds, plant disease & insect-pests.
7) The rotation should be arranged as to make for economy
in production & labour utilization exhaustive (potato,
sugarcane) followed by less exhaustive crops (oilseeds
& pulses)
8) The crops with tap roots should be followed by those
which have fibrous root system. This helps in proper &
uniform use of nutrients from the soil & roots do not
compete with each other for uptake of nutrients.

11. 9) The selection of crops should be problem and need/demand
base.
i) According to need of people of the area & family.
ii) On slop lands alternate cropping of erosion promoting and
erosion resisting crops should be adopted.
iii) Under Dry land or limited irrigation, drought tolerant crops
(Jowar, Bajra), in low lying & flood prone areas, water
stagnation tolerant crops (Paddy, Jute) should be adopted.
iv) Crops should suit to the farmer’s financial conditions, soil
& climatic conditions.
10) The crops of the same family should not be grown in
succession because they act like alternate hosts for insect pests
& disease pathogens and weeds associated with crops.

12. 1. There is an overall increase in the yield of crops due
to maintenance of proper physical condition of the
soil and its OM content.
2. Rotation of crops helps in saving on nitrogenous
fertilizers, because leguminous plants grown during
the rotation of crops can fix atmospheric nitrogen in
the soil with the help of nitrogen fixing bacteria.
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13. 3. Rotation of crops help in weed control and pest
control. This is because weeds and pests are very
choosy about the host crop plant, which they attack.
When the crop is changed the cycle is broken.
Hence, pesticide cost is reduced.
4. There is regular flow of income over the year.
5. Proper choice of crops in rotation helps to prevent
soil erosion.
6. It supplies various needs of farmer & his cattle.
7. Crop rotation adds diversity to an operation.

14. 1. Cotton – Groundnut, Sannhemp – Sugarcane – Groundnut.
2. Rice – Gram/ Sunflower.
3. Hy. Jowar – Wheat/ Jowar/ Gram.
4. Jowar – Sunflower – Groundnut.
5. Sunflower – Potato – Groundnut.
6. Groundnut – Wheat – Vegetables.
7. Sorghum – Wheat – Green gram – Cotton – Groundnut.
8. Bajara – cabbage – Groundnut – Cotton – Groundnut.

15. Type Rotations
One-year rotation
1. Maize mustard
2. Rice-wheat
Two-year rotation
1. maize-mustard-sugarcane-fenugreek (methi)
2. Maize-potato-sugarcane-peas
Three-year rotation
1. rice-wheat-mung-mustard-sugarcane-
berseem
2. Cotton-oat-sugarcane-peas-maize-wheat
Selection of crops for
rotation
Vegetables and flowers are grown in areas close to the cities
for higher income.

16. It is the process of growing two or
more crops together in the same
piece of land simultaneously. The
cereals are usually mixed with
legumes viz.
 Jowar or Bajara mixed with
Tur, udid, Green gram, Black
gram, Gran.
 Wheat is mixed with peas,
gram or mustard.
 Cotton is grown mixed with Tur
or sunflower.
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17. 1) To get handy installments of cash returns especially in
irrigated crops,
2) To achieve better distribution of labour throughout the
year,
3) To utilize available space & nutrients to maximum
extent possible,
4) To safe guard against hazards of weather, diseases &
pests,
5) To secure daily requirements like pulses, oilseeds,
fibers, etc.
6) To get balanced cattle feed.

18. In order to obtain the maximum benefit from
the subsidiary crop mixed with the main crop, it
should have the following characteristics:
i) Not abstract the growth of the main crop,
ii) Mature earlier or later than of the main crop,
iii) Preferably be a legume,
iv)Have diffifferent growth habits & nutrient
requirements,
v) Have different rooting depths & ramification
vi) Not be very exacting in climatic requirements.

19. Companion Crops: Different crops are sown in
different rows. E.g.: 6 to 8 rows of cotton + 2 to 3 lines
of Tur, 4 – 6 rows of Jowar + 1 – 2 lines of Tur, Jowar
+ Mung/Urd, Jowar + Safflower.
i) Guard crops: Growing hardy or thorny crops
(Mesta/Safflower) around the main crop
(Jowar/Wheat)
ii) Augmenting crops: Growing sub-groups
(augmenting) to maintain the yield of main crop.
Jowar/Bajara + Cowpea
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20. • Growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same
piece of land (field). There is a crop intensification in both
time and space dimensions. There is intercrop competition
during all or part of crop growth.
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21. • Better use of growth resources including light,
nutrients and water.
• Suppression of weeds
• Reduced plant and disease incidence
• Yield stability
• Ecological stability i.e. improvement of soil health
and agro-ecosystem
• Other e.g. Physical support of one crop to another
and home gardening leading to a more puriform
food supply is a good example of realization of
intercropping advantages.

22. • Labour intensive
• Control of pests and diseases or chemical weed control
may be difficult
• Mechanisation is difficult to realize
• Disadvantages caused by adverse competitive effects or
by allelopathy
Disadvantages of intercropping

23. Sr. NoInter Cropping Mixed Cropping
1
The main object is to utilize
the
space left between two rows
of
main crop
To get at least one crop under
favourable conditions
2
More emphasis is given to the
main crop
All crops are cared equally
3
There is no competition
between
both crops
There is competition between all
crops growing
4
Inter crops are of short
duration
& are harvested much earlier
than main
The crops are almost of the same
duration
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Sowing time may be same or
different
It is same for all crops

24. • It refers to revising a crop with
regrowth coming out of roots or
stalks after harvest of the crop.
E.g.: Sugarcane or Jowar
rattooning.
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