Nanotechnology offers substantial prospects for the development of innovative products and applications in many in sectors.

1. Nanotech Drug Delivery System:
The Perfect Physio-Chemical deal
for Biological Command
KAUSTUBH GURNANI

2. Nanotechnology
– Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale (about 1 to 100 nanometers)
– Nano can refer to technologies, materials, particles, objects – we are focusing on
nanomaterials as these are already being used in workplaces more widely
– A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick, a human hair is around
80,000- 100,000 nanometers wide

3. • How big is a nanometre? It is a million times
smaller than the smallest measurement you
can see on a ruler! It is a millionth of a
millimetre or a billionth of a metre

4. Background
 The words ‘nanoscale, nanoengineering, nanotechnology and nano-object in the
references above have become the modern concept of Feynman’s speech.
 The term nanotechnology was first used in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a researcher
at the University of Tokyo who used it to refer to the ability to engineer materials
at nanoscale.
 In 1970s, NPs and dendrimers were first prepared without the knowledge of
nanotechnological application. In 1980s, the period reported to be the successful
development of micelles as drug delivery system.
 In 1990s, Block co-polymers of polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG-Polylysine have
been invented by Kataoka.
 In 1991, Saumio Iijima discovered carbon nanotubes
 Third generation Nanotechnology use microchips, carbon nanomaterials, micro
needles based transdermal therapeutic systems, layer by layer assembled system
and various microparicles produced by inject technology.

5. 1st Generation (1950-1980) 2nd Generation (1980-2021) 3rd Generation (2010-2040)
Basics of Controlled Release Smart Delivery Systems Modulated Delivery Systems
Oral delivery Twice-a-day, once-
a-day
Zero-order release First-order vs
zero-order
Poorly soluble drug delivery Non-
toxic excipients
Transdermal delivery Once-a-
day, once-a-week
Peptide & protein delivery Long-
term depot using biodegradable
polymers Pulmonary delivery
Peptide & protein delivery Delivery
for >6 months Control of release
kinetics Non-invasive delivery
Drug release mechanisms
Dissolution Diffusion
Osmosis Ion-exchange
Smart polymers &
hydrogels,Environment-
sensitive,Self-regulated release
(working only in vitro)
Smart polymers & hydrogels Signal
specificity & sensitivity Fast
response kinetics (working in vivo)
Nanoparticles Tumor-targeted
delivery Gene delivery
Targeted drug delivery Non-toxic to
non-target cells Overcoming blood-
brain barrier
Successful control of physio
chemical properties of delivery
systems
Inability to overcome biological
barriers
Need to overcome both
physicochemical and biological
barriers
Liposomes - Polymer micelles
Dendrimers Nanoparticles
Nanocrystals - Microparticles
Microchip systems -
Microneedle transdermal delivery
systems Layer-by-layer assembled
systems - Microdispensed
particles
- Nano/micro machines for scale-
up production
The Comparative Account of Three Generation

6. Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery
• Basic Properties
 Carriers should not
cause any side effect
/toxic response in the
recipient organism.
 Bio compatible.
 Chemical stability over
time.
 Encapsulation
Efficiency, and Stability.
 Technologically feasible
and Economically
viable.

7. Nanomaterials
It can be classified in two main
categories
 Nano-structured
 Nano crystalline.
• Nano-structured materials can be subdivided into .
 Non-polymeric nanoparticles include carbon
nanotubes, nanodiamonds, metallic nanoparticles,
quantum dots, and silica-based nanoparticles.
 Polymer-based nanoparticles include micelles,
nanogels, protein nanoparticles dendrimers, and
drug conjugates.
 Lipid-based nanoparticles can be divided into
liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles.

8. Contd..
• Nano Crystalline.
nanocrystalline particles are used for some
clinical applications in combination of
therapeutic agents in crystalline form.

10. Carbon Nanotubes
These are tubular nano structures 1 nm
in diameter and 1–100 nm in length .
It includes
 Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs),
 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs),
 C60 fullerenes.
The SWNTs and MWNTs can enter the
cell by endocytosis or by direct insertion
through the cell membrane.
A new class of anticancer compound
was created that contains both tumor-
targeting antibodies and nanoparticles
called fullerenes (C60).
This delivery system can be loaded with
several molecules of an anticancer drug,
e.g., Taxol
 C60 fullerenes.

11. Nanodiamonds (NDs)
• Nanodiamonds (NDs) having diameter of
less than 100 nm and due to unique
properties, including
• Surface Electrostatic properties.
• Low cytotoxicity by a chemically inert core,
can be utilizes in immobilization of various
types of biomolecules.
• Useful for biomedical applications such as
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
synthesis of contact lenses, and drug
delivery for cancer therapy.

12. Metallic Nanoparticles
• Metallic nanoparticles mostly used in clinical applications are 1–100
nm in size and are made up of Gold , Iron,Nickel ,Cobalt, and their
oxides.
• They provide unique characteristics like stability, biocompatibility and
most useful magnetic properties.
• Used in clinics agents for magnetic resonance imaging super-
paramagnetic properties facilitate the stable delivery of therapeutic
agents to the body/cell and proper accumulation at the target tissue
providing a reproducible and safe treatment approach
• Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are widely used metallic nanoparticles,
especially in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
• AuNPs are used for drug delivery, where (at the targeted site) the
light irradiation can trigger the drug release .

13. Quantum Dots
 Quantum dots (QDs) are nano particles or nanocrystals
with diameters in the range of 2-10 nm.
 These particles consist of a semiconductor inorganic core
such as CdSe and an aqueous organic coated shell such as
ZnS .
 QDs can be used for tracking therapeutic agents within the
cells/tissues
 Although the medical use of QDs is still debated, their
surfaces for versatile bioconjugation, adaptable
photophysical properties for multiplexed detection, and
superior stability for longer investigation periods make
them a superior candidate than other fluorescence agents.

14. Silica-Based Nanoparticles
 Silica-based nanoparticles having
specific surface characteristics, porosity,
and capacity make them very useful for
therapeutic delivery.
 They are refered for their applicability
for designing complex systems and cost-
effectiveness.
 For example silica nanoparticles capped
with β-cyclodextrin (encapsulated
drug)made up with at the acidic tumor
tissue .
 Combination of these nanoparticles with
gold, silver, iron oxide, organic dyes, and
quantum dots facilitates their tracking in
biological systems and used as additives
in pharmaceutical production to improve
the mechanical properties and the
biocompatibility of the product.

15. Polymer-Based Particles
• Dendrimers
 It allows their fabrication in very small
sizes (1–5 nm).
 In clinical applications due to their unique
characteristics of high monodispersity
,compartmentalized structure, and
hyperbranched.
 Useful carrier for concomitant delivery of
biologically active molecules such as
vaccines, drugs, and genes to the target
locations can be made by using complex
or encapsulation

16. Nanoparticles
 Nanoparticles, both natural or synthetic having certain
characteristics, such as biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, non-
toxicity, and biodegradability .
 The polyester forms of synthetic polymers, like polycaprolactone
(PCL), polylactic acid (PLA), and their monomers are used to lower
down the toxic effect and immunogenicity
 In case of, natural polymer-based nanoparticles such as chitosan,
gelatin, albumin, and alginate are considered as the matrix system, in
which the matrix is uniformly dispersed. They can be classified as
nanocapsules or nanospheres depending on their composition.

17. Drug Conjugates
 Polymeric micelles are in <100 nm size and
formed in solution as aggregates.
 The unique structure of polymeric micelles
provides a prominent delivery system for
therapeutic agents, which allows versatile
loading capacity, conjugation of targeted
ligands, and lower rate of dissolution .
 Mostly used in cancer treatment. Polymer-
drug conjugates prove as excellent carriers
with high solubility and stability and promote
an EPR effect in cancer cells .
 Conjugated polymer-drugs has shown
promising sustained drug release, enhanced
drug capacity and increase the bioavailability
of the drug.

18. Protein Nanoparticles
 The VLPs(Virus-like particles) and CPs(caged
proteins are attractive nano-carrier systems for
the development of the vaccines for cancer
because they can induce antigen-specific
immune responses against cancer cells.
 They are isolated proteins from animal or plant
origin such as collagen, gelatin, silk, albumin,
elastin, and soy. Protein polymers are self-
assembled into functional drug delivery carriers
through genetic engineering,with advantages of
polymer-based nanoparticles.
 HIV vaccine made from VLPs led to critical
developments, which accelerated research on
protein nanoparticles for clinical use .

19. Nanogels
 A nanogel with a diameter of less than 100 nm by the International
Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) , is a particle of gel with
colloidal properties that swell when in contact with fluid,.
 The nanogels have added advantages like decreased untimely drug
leakage, encapsulating various therapeutic molecules in the same
formulation, and easy administration through parental or mucosal .
 The nanogels are used in various applications, including biosensors,
biochemical separation, cell culture, bio-catalysis, drug delivery,
antitumor therapy.
 The most widely used applications of nanogels in delivery of therapeutics
such as nucleic acids, vaccines, cytokines, and nasal vaccines.

20. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Liposomes
 Liposomes is regarded as most
suitable intelligent carrier systems
having distinct structure, composition,
size, and flexibility and their ability to
fuse with cell membrane and release
their contents into the cytoplasm .
 The therapeutic molecules can be
loaded into this hollow core for
delivery .
 Cancer diagnostic and therapy,
vaccines, brain-targeted drug delivery,
and anti-microbial therapy .

21. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) size varies from
10 to 1000 nm depending on the production
approach, are aqueous colloidal dispersions
comprised of a lipid matrix .
 SLNs are versatile drug delivery vehicles as
they can be encapsulate very high amounts of
lipophilic drugs as well as hydrophilic drugs
and nucleic acids.
 SLNs act as a carrier for antibodies, magnetic
nanoparticles, pH sensitive lipids/polymers to
modulate targeted delivery, and stimuli-
responsive drug release .
 They are shown to be effective carriers for
cancer, pulmonary, and oral drug delivery
purposes.

22. Nano crystalline Particles
 Nanocrystalline particles, or nanocrystals, size of only a
few nanometers are carrier-free drug particles with a
crystallite.
 It enable the quick absorption of therapeutic agents
due to their fast dissolution, resulting in work fast.
 By modifying the nanocrystal surface, it is possible to
achieve a prolonged or targeted release, allowing for
the use of therapeutic agents in low doses and
decreasing side effects

23. Various NPs and their interaction with
bioactive compound

24. Nanoparticles in Detection and Imaging
 In field of medicine nanotechnologies make their most significant contribution .
 Disease diagnoses are desired to be fast, accurate.
 Using nanotechnology in vivo imaging is technique that identifies signs or symptoms within a patient's live
tissues, without the need to undergo surgery.
 The medical imaging modalities include magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, positron
emission tomography, single photon emission computerized tomography, optical imaging, ultrasound, and
photoacoustic imaging.
 Various cancer therapeutic methods will also be included, like photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy,
chemotherapy, immunotherapy along with recent advances in multimodality imaging, image-guided therapy
and combination therapy.

25.  One of the most promising materials in optical imaging of cancers is Gold nanoshells as they are
heavy metal nanoparticles (dielectric core) encapsulated in gold shells .
 Gold nanoshells are cost-effective, safe due to its non-invasive property and may provide high
resolution imaging.
 Another example Lee et al. encapsulated oleic acid-coated FeO nanoparticles in oleic acid-
conjugated chitosan (oleyl-chitosan) to examine the accretion of these nanoparticles in tumor cells
 Ryu et al designed a CB-sensitive nanoprobe (CB-CNP) comprising a selfsatisfied CB-CNP with a
fluorogenic peptide attached to the tumor-targeting glycol chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) on its
surface.
 Hyaluronic acid (HA) -modified nanoparticles are intriguing for their use in the detection and cure of
cancer.)

26. In situ diagnostic devices.
• It is hypothesized that in the
future, these devices will
incorporate nano-scaled
sensors for chemicals, virus,
bacteria and pH to broaden
their utility and applications.
• These devices are also being
developed as an alternative
safe and precise means of
drug-loaded capsules in drug
delivery systems

27. Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery
Drug loading
A successful nanodelivery system should have a potential drug-loading capacity Drug loading
can be accomplished by two methods
. 1 Passive is (incorporation) method requires the drug to be incorporated at the time of
nanoparticle formulation.
2 Adsorption (self-delivery) /absorption methods _It calls for absorption of the drug after
nanoparticle formation.
Drug release
It release rate depends on:
(1) drug solubility;
(2) desorption of the surface-bound or adsorbed drug
(3) drug diffusion through the nanoparticle matrix
(4) nanoparticle matrix erosion or degradation
(5) the combination of erosion and diffusion processes

28. Targeted drug delivery
It is classified into Active and Passive.
Active targeting requires the therapeutic agent (moieties, such as antibodies and peptides )to
be achieved by conjugating the therapeutic agent or carrier system to a tissue or cell-specific
ligand .
Passive targeting is achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into a macromolecule or
nanoparticle that passively reaches the target site by affinity or binding influenced by
properties like pH, temperature, molecular site and shape.
Nanotechnology-mediated drug delivery system are targeted towards
Cancer disease and its cure.
Blood-brain barrier (BBB )
Active Passive

29. • Smart drugs
– Attack specific antigens
– Immunotoxins that are protein in nature
– Consist of an antibody part and toxic part
Drug Delivery

30. Nanoparticles for drug delivery in Human and
Animals
Targeted Delivery Applications of Therapeutic Nanoparticles
Cancer
 A variety of nanoparticles act as anticancer agent through nano-delivery
systems directly target the cancer cell, delivering the agent at a
controlled rate, and optimizing the therapeutic efficacy .
 Deliver them at the tumor site by active targeting or passive targeting
mechanism].
 NPs are also effective tools for antigen delivery. The antigen is generally in
peptide form that can stimulate an adaptive immune response proved
useful in Melanoma,non cel ling cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer
and cervical cancer.

31. Infectious Diseases
 The use of nano-delivery systems shown promising results
to located the pathogen intracellularly in an active or
latent state, which inhibits the access of anti-microbial
drugs .
 There are many generate nanotechnology-based
formulations against various pathogens, such as bacteria
viruses, fungi, or parasites like E.Coli , C. Albicans, HIV-
infected cells, P. Aeruginosa, Plasmodium sp. S. Aureus,
Ebola virus (EBOV), lung infections.

32. Autoimmune Diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are the main
two diseases being treated using nano-delivery
systems.
 Recently, nano-delivery systems are under
development based on polymeric, and liposomal
nano-carriers to provide a target-specific and
sustained release formulation of anti-HIV drugs.

33. Cardiovascular Diseases
• Utilization of nanoparticle-based formulations to
treat cardiovascular diseases is mostly focused on
targeted delivery and increasing bioavailability for
vascular restenosis.
• NPs like niosome-,chitosan,solid lipid
nanoparticle and liposome magneto-fluorescent
nanoparticlesor ligand-binding polymeric micelles
found to be very useful in cardiovascular disesase.

34. Neurodegenerative Diseases
 Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD),
Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), can be treated with
the help of NPs.Nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches
 Targeted delivery of dopamine using polymeric nanoparticles or
liposomes is one of the nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches in PD
treatment.
 In other neurodegenerative diseases, like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). solid lipid nanoparticles promotes the
delivery of the drug to the CNS (central nervous system), and pH-based
controlled release is achieved with lower random bio distribution in
organs such as the liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, and lung.
.

35. Ocular Diseases
The most widely used nano-delivery systems are
polymeric nanoparticles,chitosan , lipid-based
nanoparticles loaded and liposomes developed for
targeting the drugs to the right compartment of
the eye, initially by increasing residence time on
the tear film and enhancing corneal permeability

36. Pulmonary Diseases
Pulmonary lung diseases include asthma, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic
fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Nanoparticle-based,
natural polymeric nanoparticles such as
gelatin,chitosan, and alginate, as well as synthetic
polymers like poloxamer, PLGA, and PEG, are
widelyused.

37. Regenerative Therapy
 Regenerative therapy is associated with e the repair and
regeneration of tissues by making use of their natural
cellular mechanisms.
 The most commonly used nano-delivery systems for
bone regeneration are synthetic (PLA or PLGA) or natural
polymers (collagen, gelatin, albumin, and chitosan)and
non-polymeric nanoparticles (silica-based, metallic) have
also been used similarities to human bone.

38. NPs in Veterinary Medicine
• Many drug delivery mechanisms based on nanoparticles,for
therapeutic applications to control mcrobial diseases in
Veterinary Medicine including
 Liposomes,
 Polymeric nanoparticles,
 Dendrimers,
 Ceramic-containing capsules,
 Micelles
Nanovaccines
• The nanovaccine is new era vaccination
technique
Disease diagnostics
 The use of quantum dots in small animal models for
in vivo imaging.
 Nuclear medicine offers these molecular imaging
methods by observing the body delivery of radio
pharmaceutical compounds (gamma and
positronemitters) delivered to the patient and can be
visualized by SPECT or PET scanners .

39. Major Nanoparticles used in Drug
Delivery System in plants
Recently, nanotechnology is gaining interest
also in plant science, due to the need to
develop miniaturized efficient systems
To improve seed germination,
Growth
 Plant protection to abiotic and biotic stresses

40. Key properties of nanoparticles used
for agricultural applications
• Pre requisite for carrier
 The materials used as carriers should not cause any adverse response in
the recipient organism.
 The complex material should be bio compatible.
 The mechanical properties of the polymer must give protection for
prolonged time to its cargo allowing chemical stability over time.
 The encapsulation efficiency, and stability. technologically feasible and
economically viable.
 The materials to act as nano-carriers should be carefully selected since
they not only must meet the technical criteria to address mandatory
regulations prior to being commercialized .

41. Characteristics of an ideal nano-carrier
for Agricultural purposes.
Fabrication conditions Encapsulation
properties
Release profile
Mild conditions Stable Controlled
Scalable No early cargo
release/leakage
Targeted
Low-cost Non-toxic Stimuli sensitive (pH,light,
temperature
Reproducible Biodegradable
Low batch-to batch Eco-compatible Water
soluble

43. NMs Crops Beneficial effects
Ag Wheat(Triticum aestivum)
Brassica (Brassica juncea)
Cowpea (Vigna sinensis)
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-
graecum)
Asian rice Oryza sativa
Pennisetum glaucum
Plum fruit
The optimum growth promotion and increased root nodulation were observed at
50ppm treatment in cowpea, while improved shoot parameters were recorded at
75ppm in Brassica. Enhancement in plant growth and diosgenin synthesisAccelerates
root growth.branched root system enhanced through the treatment of 30 μg/mLBetter
germinationA great potential against foliar and soil-borne plant pathogens
SiO2 Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Potato
Lentil (lens
culnaris Medik.)
(seeds)
Cherrytomatoes
(Solanum
lycopersicum
Zea mays
Maize seed
Wheatgrass (seeds)
Increase in leaf dry and fresh weight already reduced by salt stress.Increase in the
chlorophyll content reduced in salinity stress Increase in proline content induction in
plantalready increased under salinity stress due to tolerance.Significant improvement 0f
germination percentage,seedling shoot traits and root length by the applicationof SiO2
NPs under salinity stress condition.sImprovement of photosynthesis rate, total
chlorophyll content, mesophyll conductance, Enhancement of root growthPromoted
germination,Increase in the germination of tall wheatgrass from 58 % in control group to
86.3 and 85.7 percent in 40 and 60mg/l
TiO2 Spinach Spinacia oleraces
parsley (Petroselinum crispum
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
mung bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris
(bean)andTriticum aestivum
(wheat)), Zea mays Wheat
seeds
Transgenic tobacco
Improvement of growth of the spinach ,acceleration of the synthesis of chlorophyll, and
promotion of the photosynthesis rate;
Nano-anatase treatmentenhances the absorption of N,Ca,K itrogen,calcium, Mg,
Increase in ear weight per square meter, Increase in ear number,Increase in number of
seeds

44. Fe, and Mg Cherry-tomatoplants
(Solanum
Lycopersicumvar.cerasiforme)
.
Both chlorosis and epinasty were restored in nutrient deficient
plantsStrengthening of turgor pressure in the leavesEmergence of
secondary symptom-free leafletsRestoring plant vitality and
reduction of necrosisFoliarly-treated plants reached 75% of their
healthygrowth size
Fe2O3 Soybean (Glycine max (L.)
Merr.)
Significant positive eff ect on root elongation.-enhanced
photosynthetic parameters when sprayed foliarly at the eight-
trifoliate leaf stage-increase in net photosynthetic rate,
stomatalconductance, and transpiration rates.The shoot dry weight
was significantly increased
CuO Elodeadensa Stimulated photosynthesis up to 0.25mg/L level Catalase and
superoxidedismutase activities in plants treated with nanoparticles
increased by a factor of 1.5–2.0
ZnO Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L). NPs at 1000 ppm there is promotion of both seed germination and
seedling vigor early flowering and higher leaf chlorophyll content.-
Increase in stem ,root growth and pod yield.
N zeolite Zea Mays reduced N leaching and enhanced and durable Nitrogen uptake
(nHA)
Glycine max improved calcium uptake
K zeolite Chrysanthemum reduced K leaching and enhanced leaf K content
Mg NPs Vigna unguiculata enhanced Mg uptake
MWCNTs Tomato enhances nutrient uptake and transport

45. Nanoparticles and Agricultural
prospects
Nanofertilizers, Growth
stimulators,
Nanopesticides, agents
Nano-encapsulated slow
release nutrients and
fertilizers

46. • Biosensor
• Gene therapy for Soil remediation
• Water management, Weed
management.

47. • Nano biosensors for
detection of biotic and abiotic
stress
• Nanosensors can be used to
monitor plant growth
regulators and soil conditions
• Nanoherbicides and nanotech
based organic farming

48. Potential application in Pesticides Sector

49. Nanoparticle applications:
regulations required and reality
• Potential risks of nanotechnologies
• Potential risks of nanotechnologies
are
(i)Health
(ii)Environment
(iiI)Society

50. Nanomaterials Possible Risks
Carbon nanomaterials, silica nanoparticle Pulmonary inflammation, granulomas, and
fibrosis
Carbon, silver and gold nanomaterials Distribution into other organs including the
central nervous system
Quantum dots, carbon and
TiO2 nanoparticles
Skin penetration
MnO2, TiO2, and carbon nanoparticles May enter brain through nasal epithelium
olfactory neurons
TiO2, Al2O3, carbon black, Co, and Ni
nanoparticles
May be more toxic than micron sized
particles

51. Risk Some risk factors
Risks due to inhalation of the agent  Toxicity of the nanomaterial
 Physicochemical characteristics of the nanomaterial
 Environmental concentration
 Exposure time
 Particularly sensitive workers
 Inappropriate selection and/or use of RPE
Risks due to absorption through the skin  Location and extent of the contact with the skin
 Toxicity of the nanomaterial via the skin
 Duration and frequency of contact
 Particularly sensitive workers
 Inappropriate selection and/or use of RPE
Risks due to contact with the skin or eyes  Inappropriate selection and/or use of RPE
 Inappropriate work procedure
 Incorrect transfer procedure
Risks due to ingestion  Toxicity of the nanomaterial
 Potential toxicity of the nanomaterial
 Incorrect personal hygiene habits
 Possibility of eating, drinking or smoking in the workplace
 Particularly sensitive workers
Risks of fire and/or explosion  Physical state (ultrafine dust)
 Pressure/temperature
 Flammability/calorific value
 Airborne concentration
 Sources of ignition
Risks due to hazardous chemical reactions  Chemical reactivity and instability of hazardous chemical agents
 Inadequate cooling systems
 Unreliable system for controlling key variables in the reaction (pressure, temperature
and flow control)

53. Conclusion and future prospects
 Nanotechnology offers substantial prospects for the development of innovative
products and applications in many in
 Biotechnological,
 Medicinal and pharmaceutical industries ,
 Agri industrial sectors, including agricultural production, animal feed and
treatment, food processing and food contact materials.
 Healthcare procedures, from diagnosis to therapeutic interventions and follow-up
monitoring.
 .Expected benefits of such products include increased efficacy of pharmacetiual
,agrochemicals through nano-encapsulation, enhanced bioavailability of nutrients
or more secure packaging material through microbial nanoparticles. The prospect
of nanotechnology lies within using the right nanomaterials and reducing any
possible harmful effects.
 It is important to note that, risk evaluations are required before new nano-based
products are approved for clinical and commercial use, as with any other product,
to minimise any potential hazards to human health and the environment. A full life
cycle evaluation is required to more accurately ascertain the sustainability and
safety of their use long term.

54. THANKS