advanced techniques of nanoscience in cancer therapy

1. PRESENTED BY-
T N PURNIMA
18031S0315
M.Pharm 1st year (II-sem)
Department of Pharmaceutics
Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, IST,JNTUH
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2. • What is nanotechnology?
• Applications of nanotechnology
• What is cancer?
• Causes of cancer
• Types of cancer
• Stages of cancer
• Treatment of cancer
• Nanotechnology in the treatment of cancer
• List of clinically approved drugs
• Conclusion
• References
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3.  Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers.
 Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of
extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields,
such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.
Nano refers to the
10-9 power, or one
billionth. For
comparison, a
human hair is
about 100,000
nanometers thick.
DNA Sample:
Approx. 2 nm
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4. • The word nano is derived from the Greek “nanos” (or Latin “nanus”)
means “DWARF”, and the word “Science”.
Physicist Richard Feynman,
The father of nanotechnology.
Professor Norio Taniguchi
coined the term nanotechnology
in 1974
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5. APPROACHES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
 There are two basic approaches for creating Nano devices
 The top-down approach involves molding or etching materials into smaller
components.
 The bottom-up approach involves assembling structures atom- by-atom or
molecule-by-molecule, and may prove useful in manufacturing devices
used in medicine.
The top-down approach
The bottom-up approach
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6. APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Applications of Nanotechnology includes:
 Nanomedicine
 Nano biotechnology
 Green nanotechnology
 Energy applications of nanotechnology
 Industrial applications of nanotechnology
 Potential applications of carbon nanotubes
 Nanoart
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7.  Cancer, also known as a malignant tumor or malignant neoplasm, is a
group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
 It may be either benign or malignant in nature.
 Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods
of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more
common than others.
 Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body
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8. • PROPERTIES OF CANCER CELLS
• Cancer cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells
• When cells divide at an accelerated rate they form a mass of tissue called
tumor.
• Their rapid rate of growth causes them to intake an abnormal amount of
nutrients (i.e., folic acid)
• Nanoparticles can be used to target bio- markers or antigens that are highly
specific to Cancer cells
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9. CAUSES OF CANCER
•Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as
carcinogenic.
 Some of these agents can be:
 Chemicals
 Diet and exercise
 Infection
 Radiation
 Heredity
 Physical agents
 Hormone
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10. TYPES OF CANCER
There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans, but the
most common once are:-
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11. STAGES OF CANCER
 Stage I cancers are localized to one part of the body; usually
curable.
 Stage II cancers are locally advanced.
 Stage III cancers are also locally advanced.
 Stage IV means the cancer has spread to other parts of your body.
It's also called advanced or metastatic cancer
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12. TREATMENT OF CANCER
 Surgery:-Surgery can be used to
diagnose, treat, or even help
prevent cancer in some cases.
Most people with cancer will have
some type of surgery.
 Chemotherapy:-Chemotherapy
(chemo) is the use of medicines or
drugs to treat cancer.
 Radiation therapy:-Radiation
therapy uses high-energy particles
or waves to destroy or damage
cancer cells. It is one of the most
common treatments for cancer,
either by itself or along with other
forms of treatment.
 Immunotherapy:-
Immunotherapy is treatment that
uses your body's own immune
system to help fight cancer.
 Targeted therapy:-Targeted
therapy is a newer type of cancer
treatment that uses drugs or other
substances to more precisely
identify and attack cancer cells,
usually while doing little damage
to normal cells.
 Stem cell transplant:-
(peripheral blood, bone marrow,
and cord blood transplant) use to
treat cancer.
 Hyperthermia:-The idea of using
heat to treat cancer has been
around for some time, but early
attempts had mixed results. Today,
newer tools allow more precise
delivery of heat, and hyperthermia
is being studied for use against
many types of cancer.
 Blood Product Donation and
Transfusion
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13. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE TREATMENT OF
CANCER
ADVANTAGES OF NANOPARTICLES DISADVANTAGES OF THE CONVENTIONAL
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. Entry into tissues at the molecular level 1. Drug resistance
2. Increased drug localisation and cellular
uptake
2. Lack of drug solubility
3. Feasibility to programme nanoparticles
for recognising cancerous cells
3. Serious side effects of chemotherapy
4. Selective and accurate drug delivery,
and avoiding interaction with healthy cells
4. Poor targeting of heterogenic tumours
5. Direct and selective targeting of the drug
to cancerous cells (both active and passive
targeting)
5. Nonspecific targeting of conventional
delivery
6. Larger surface area with modifiable
optical, electronic, magnetic and biologic
properties vis-à vis macroparticles.
6. Inability of the drug to enter the core of
tumours, resulting in impaired treatment
with reduced dose and low survival rate
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14. Representation of nanomaterials, including organic and
inorganic nanoparticles, applied for cancer therapy.
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15. MECHANISM OF TARGETING
Nanoparticles target tumour cells in two ways:
 Passive targeting: This term refers to the accumulation of the drug in areas
around the tumour with leaky vasculature; it also known as the enhanced
permeation and retention (EPR) effect.
 Active targeting: This term refers to specific interactions between the
drug/drug carrier and target cells, usually through specific ligand receptor
interactions or antibody-antigen recognition, for intracellular localisation of
the drug.
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16. NANOPORE
 Nanopores are the tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through one
strand at a time, will make DNA sequencing more efficient.
 As DNApasses through a nanopore, scientists can monitor the shape
and electrical properties of each base, or letter, on the strand.
 Because these properties are unique for each of the four bases that
make up the genetic code, scientists can use the passage of DNA
through a nanopore to decipher the encoded information, including
errors in the code known to be associated with cancer.
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18. NANOTUBE
 Another nanodevice that will help identify DNAchanges associated with
cancer is the nanotube.
 Nanotubes are carbon rods about half the diameter of a molecule of DNA
that not only can detect the presence of altered genes, but they may help
researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes.
 To prepare DNAfor nanotube analysis, we must attach a bulky molecule to
regions of the DNAthat are associated with cancer. They can design tags
that seek out specific mutations in the DNAand bind to them.
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19.  Once the mutation has been tagged, researchers use a nanotube tip
resembling the needle on a record player to trace the physical shape of
DNAand pinpoint the mutated regions.
 The nanotube creates a map showing the shape of the DNA molecule,
including the tags identifying important mutations
 Since the location of mutations can influence the effects they have on a cell,
these techniques will be important in predicting disease.
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20. Carbon
nanotubes
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21. QUANTUM DOTS
 Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by
ultraviolet light.
 Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to specific
DNA sequences. By combining different sized quantum dots within a single
bead, we can create probes that release distinct colors and intensities of
light.
 When the crystals are stimulated by UV light, each bead emits light that
serves as a sort of spectral bar code, identifying a particular region of DNA.
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22.  To detect cancer, we can design quantum dots that bind to sequences of
DNA that are associated with the disease.
 When the quantum dots are stimulated with light, they emit their unique bar
codes, or labels, making the critical, cancer-associated DNA sequences
visible.
 Another advantage of quantum dots is that they can be used in the body,
eliminating the need for biopsy.
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24. DENDRIMERS
 Dendrimers are highly branched, star-shaped macromolecules with
nanometer-scale dimensions.
 Dendrimers are defined by three components: a central core, an interior
dendritic structure (the branches), and an exterior surface with functional
surface groups
 They could load drugs and gene molecules through simple electrostatic
interactions, encapsulations and covalent conjugations.
 Dendrimers possess empty internal cavities and an extremely higher
density of surface functional group (-NH2 or -COOH), which makes them
become attractive carriers for anticancer therapeutics.
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25. There are three methods for using dendrimers in drug delivery:-
 First, the drug is covalently attached to the periphery of the dendrimer to
form dendrimer prodrugs
 Second the drug is coordinated to the outer functional groups via ionic
interactions
 Third the dendrimer acts as a unimolecular micelle by encapsulating a
pharmaceutical through the formation of a dendrimer-drug
supramolecular assembly.
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27. LIPOSOMES
 Liposomes are self-assembling NPs with closed membrane structures. They
are formed by dispersion of phospholipids featured with hydrophobic
anionic/cationic long chain tails and hydrophilic heads .
 Their specific structures enable water-soluble drugs to be entrapped in their
aqueous core, while lipophilic drugs in the lipid bilayer.
 In addition, liposomes can effectively load various bioactive molecules,
including enzymes and nucleic acids
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28. • They have been proven to be beneficial for therapeutic compound
stabilization, cellular and tissue uptake of therapeutic compounds and bio-
distribution of compounds to target sites in vivo
• Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as
by sonication and ethanol injection technique).
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30. NANOSHELLS/ GOLD NANOMATERIALS
 Nanoshells are miniscule beads coated with gold. By manipulating the
thickness of the layers making up the nanoshells. They have designed these
beads to absorb specific wavelengths of light.
 The most useful nanoshells are those that absorb near- infrared light,
which can easily penetrate several centimeters of human tissue.
 The absorption of light by the nanoshells creates an intense heat that is
lethal to cells.
 These gold nanoshells are shuttled into tumors by the use of phagocytosis.
Phagocytes engulf the nanoshells through the cell membrane to form an
internal phagosome, or macrophage.
 Nanoparticle-based therapeutics have been successfully delivered, taken up
passively into tumors without the assistance of antibodies.
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32. SILICA NANOPARTICLES
 Silica is known for its compatibility in biological systems.
 The particle size, shape, porosity and surface chemistry of silica NPs can be
successfully controlled during the synthesis process.
 It has been found that silica-based NPs with a special nanostructure can be
used to encapsulate various antitumor agents for cancer therapies.
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33.  Two major types of silica-based NPs have been successfully synthesized
and studied. One is solid silica NPs (SiNPs) and the other is mesoporous
silica NPs (MSNs).
 There are two main methods that are widely used to synthesize SiNPs,
including the Stober method and the reverse microemulsion method
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34. NANOROBOT
 AKorean research team has successfully developed bacteriobots that can
diagnose and treat cancer.
 This bacteria-based robot is expected to be utilized to develop new
treatments for cancer and various microrobots or nanorobots for medical
purposes in the future.
 Bacteriobots are made up of bacteria and 3µm-sized microstructures filled
with anticancer drugs.
 Genetically-modified non-toxic bacteria move inside tissues or blood with
flagella, and find tumors by pushing microstructures and targeting certain
drugs secreted by cancer cells.
 Upon the arrival of bacteriobots in the tumor region, anticancer drugs that
come from microstructures are spread onto the surface of tumor
NANOROBOT
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35. LIST OF CLINICALLYAPPROVED DRUGS
PRODUCT NAME DRUG INDICATIONS
Doxil®/Caelyx® (Janssen
Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA)
Doxorubicin Ovarian cancer, metastatic
breast cancer and multiple
myeloma
Myocet® (Enzon
Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA)
Doxorubicin Metastatic breast cancer
Lipusu® (Luye Pharma
Group Ltd, Shanghai,
China)
Paclitaxel Solid tumors
Marqibo® (Talon
Therapeutics, CA, USA)
Vincristine Acute lymphoblastic
leukemia
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36. CONCLUSION
Over the past 150 years, many innovative and groundbreaking techniques
have been developed in order to treat cancer. But these approaches has its
own series of undesirable side effects that are both dangerous and
damaging to the overall health of the patient.
There have been significant improvements largely due to breakthroughs,
both, in the bottom-up and in the top- down nanotechnology. we will make
early detection, prevention and treatment with a high degree of accuracy
and ease possible that is effective and can be made it safe.
Different types of Cancer cells have unique properties that can be
exploited by nanoparticles to target the Cancer cells
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37. REFERENCES
1. A Review article by Qing Zhoua, Li Zhanga and Hong Wua,* on
Nanomaterials for cancer therapies
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ntrev.2017.6.issue-5/ntrev-2016-
0102/ntrev-2016-0102.xml
2. https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer
4. http://www.omicsonline.org/nanotechnology-in-cancer-treatment- 2155-
983X.1000107.pdf
5. http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/2459/%E2%80%9Cbacteri
obot%E2%80%9D-korea-develops-first-cancer-treating-nanorobot
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA
7. http://ijpsr.com/bft-article/use-of-liposomes-in-cancer-therapy-a-
review/?view=fulltext
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