nanoscience ppt.ppt of biophysics and nanotechnology
1. Central university of haryana
Presented By : Sweta nayak
Roll No. : 221253
TOPIC : Opportunities and promises of Nanobiotechnology
Course Name: Biophysics and Nanosciences
Presented To: Dr. Ram Gopal Nitharwal
2. contents
• Introduction
• Opportunities of Nanobiotechnology
• Drug Delivery
• Diagnostic Imaging
• Tissue Engineering
• Food Science
• Protein Chips
• Future prospective
3. introduction
While biotechnology deals with metabolic and other physiological processes of biological
subjects including microorganisms, in combination with nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology
can play a vital role in developing and implementing many useful tools in the study of life.
It involves the integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology to create nanoscale devices,
materials, and systems for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases.
Nanobiotechnology is a branch of biotechnology that involves the use of nanoscale materials
and techniques to study biological systems and develop new medical technologies.
5. Drug delivery
Nanotechnologies are making a compelling contribution in this area through
the development of novel modes for drug delivery, and some of these methods
have proven effective in a clinical setting and are clinically used
LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY
Drug Encapsulation: In this step, the drug of interest is encapsulated within
the aqueous core of liposomes or within the lipid bilayer, depending on the
drug's solubility.
Targeting: To ensure targeted delivery, liposomes can be modified with ligands
or antibodies that recognize specific receptors or biomarkers on the surface of
target cells or tissues. This is called active targeting.
Circulation: Liposomes, being nanoscale in size, can circulate in the
bloodstream for an extended period. This prolonged circulation allows them
to reach the target site while minimizing drug exposure to healthy tissues.
6. Accumulation: If the liposomes are actively targeted or rely on the
EPR effect, they will accumulate at the desired location, such as a
tumor site.
Controlled Release: Once at the target site, liposomes can
release the encapsulated drug in a controlled and sustained
manner. This controlled release profile ensures that
therapeutic concentrations of the drug are maintained over
time.
• For example, doxorubicin a drug which exhibits high toxicity, can be delivered directly to tumor
cells using liposomes (Doxil®) without affecting the heart or kidneys.
• Additionally, paclitaxel incorporated with polymeric mPEG-PLA micelles (Genexol-PM®) are used
in chemotherapeutic treatment of metastatic breast cancers
7.
8. Diagnostic imaging
Imaging techniques such as X-ray, ultrasound,
computed tomography, nuclear medicine and
magnetic resonance imaging are widely used in
biochemical and medical research.
The particular area is where nanotechnologies make
their most significant contribution in the field of
medicine, by developing more powerful contrast
agents for almost all imaging techniques, as
nanomaterials exhibit lower toxicity, and enhanced
permeability and retention effects in tissues.
The size of the nanoparticles significantly influences its
biodistribution, blood circulation half-life, cellular
uptake, tissue penetration and targeting.
9.
10. The use of nanoparticles in X-rays has some limitations.
In order to enhance the contrast, a number of heavy atoms must be
delivered into the target site without causing any toxic reactions.
This can be achieved using stable and inert surface atoms, such as gold
and silver. Hence, gold nano-shells have garnered significant attention,
due to its low toxicity.
Gold nano-shells are widely employed by researchers as contrast agents
in the Optical Coherence Tomography of cancer cells, as the optical
resonance of gold nano-shells can be adjusted accurately over a wide
range, including near-infrared, where tissue transmissivity is higher.
11.
12. Tissue engineering
Nanoparticles have been used to serve various
functions in TE, ranging from enhancement of
biological, electrical and mechanical properties to gene
delivery, DNA transfection, viral transduction and
patterning of cells, to facilitate the growth of various
types of tissues to molecular detection and biosensing.
The development of nerve tissue engineering brings
hope to the therapy for neurological diseases. One of
the typical alternative methods for repairing nerve
defects is designing a reasonable nanomaterial to
regulate the ECM microenvironment and cell
behaviour , thus accelerating nerve regeneration.
Different polymers for neural tissue engineering have
been utilized, and the experimental results are
exciting, containing human neural stem cell
differentiation, neural gap bridging and neurite
outgrowth.
13. At present, commonly regulated agents for nerve tissue engineering include
polymer scaffolds, hydrogels, NPs and nerve conduits, etc.
No matter which material is used, its features must be met: biocompatibility,
biodegradability, permeability or porosity, infection resistance, good mechanical
properties and electrical conductivity.
Carbon-based nanomaterials also play critical roles in the field of neural tissue
engineering. Studies have found that carbon-based nanomaterials show great
potential when interacting with neurons and neural tissue.
Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene (G) are excellent representatives of
carbon-based nanomaterials.
Electrical stimulation is beneficial to the regeneration of neurons, which has been
proven; excellent electrical conductivity, flexibility and mechanical strength cause
G-based materials to perform well in neural tissue engineering, and G-based
materials can also accelerate the neuron cell differentiation and proliferation
14.
15. Food science
Nanotechnology in Food Processing
• Nanotechnology increasing the shelf-life of different kinds of
food materials and also help brought down the extent of
wastage of food due to microbial infestation.
• Nowadays nanocarriers are being utilized as delivery systems
to carry food additives in food products without disturbing their
basic morphology.
• Nanoparticles have better properties for encapsulation and
release efficiency than traditional encapsulation systems.
Nanoencapsulations mask odors or tastes, control interactions
of active ingredients with the food matrix, control the release
of the active agents, ensure availability at a target time and
specific rate, and protect them from moisture.
• Moreover, these delivery systems possess the ability to
penetrate deeply into tissues due to their smaller size and thus
allow efficient delivery of active compounds to target sites in
the body
16. Nutritional Value
• A majority of bioactive compounds such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins are
sensitive to high acidic environment and enzyme activity of the stomach and duodenum.
• Encapsulation of these bioactive compounds not only enables them to resist such adverse
conditions but also allows them to assimilate readily in food products, which is quite hard to
achieve in non-capsulated form due to low water-solubility of these bioactive compounds.
• Nanoparticles-based tiny edible capsules with the aim to improve delivery of medicines, vitamins
or fragile micronutrients in the daily foods are being created to provide significant health benefits
17. Preservation or Shelf-Life
• In functional foods where bioactive component often gets
degraded and eventually led to inactivation due to the hostile
environment, nanoencapsulation of these bioactive
components extends the shelf-life of food products by slowing
down the degradation processes or prevents degradation until
the product is delivered at the target site.
• Moreover, the edible nano-coatings on various food materials
could provide a barrier to moisture and gas exchange and
deliver colors, flavors, antioxidants, enzymes, and anti-
browning agents and could also increase the shelf-life of
manufactured foods, even after the packaging is opened
• One example is bottles made with nanocomposites that
minimize the leakage of carbon dioxide out of the bottle; this
increases the shelf life of carbonated beverages without having
to use heavier glass bottles or more expensive cans.
18.
19. Protein chips
• Proteins play the central role in establishing the biological phenotype of organisms
in healthy and diseased states and are more indicative of functionality.
• Protein chips can be treated with chemical groups, or small modular protein
components, that can specifically bind to proteins containing a certain structural or
biochemical motif .
• Two companies currently operating in this application space are Agilent Inc. and
NanoInk Inc.
• Agilent uses a non-contact ink-jet technology to produce microarrays by printing
oligos and whole cDNAs onto glass slides at the nanoscale.
• NanoInk uses dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) technology to assemble structure on
a nanoscale of measurement
20. Future prospective
The future prospects of nanobiotechnology are incredibly promising, as this
interdisciplinary field continues to advance and offer innovative solutions to
a wide range of challenges in healthcare, environmental sustainability, and
beyond.
• Personalized Medicine: Nanobiotechnology will enable more precise
and personalized healthcare. Tailored therapies and drug delivery
systems will be designed to match an individual's genetics, making
treatments more effective with fewer side effects.
• Advanced Drug Delivery: Nanoscale drug delivery systems will
become even more sophisticated, with the potential for on-demand, site-
specific drug release. This could revolutionize how diseases are treated
and managed.
21. Food Safety and
Quality: Nanosensors
and nanobiotechnology
will enhance food safety
measures by providing
rapid and sensitive
detection of
contaminants and
pathogens.
Biological Research:
Nanobiotechnology will
continue to
revolutionize biological
research by enabling
more precise and
detailed studies of
cellular and molecular
processes, deepening
our understanding of
life at the nanoscale.
Ethical and Safety
Considerations: As
nanobiotechnology
evolves, there will be a
growing need to
address ethical, safety,
and regulatory
concerns. Ensuring
responsible
development and use of
nanobiotechnological
advances will be crucial.
Emerging Technologies:
Emerging technologies
like CRISPR-Cas9 and
gene editing, combined
with
nanobiotechnology, will
offer new avenues for
treating genetic
diseases and developing
novel therapies.
