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Nanomedicine
- 1. NAN0-MEDICINE Dr. Renu Yadav Resident Pharmacology
- 2. Outline • Introduction • History • Nanoscale • Advantages • Application • Conclusion (estimated time : 1 hour)
- 3. Definition As per US national Nanotechnology Initiative: Nanotechnology involves ‘research and technology development at the atomic , molecular or macromolecular levels in the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 nm range ‘ European science foundation (ESF): ‘The science and technology of diagnosing , treating and preventing disease and traumatic injuries of relieving pain and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of human body’
- 4. Bhasma , an ayurvedic metallic/mineral preparation are claimed to be biologically produced nanoparticles (ethno-medicine) History
- 5. On December 29, 1959, physicist Richard Feyman gave a lecture on “there’s plenty of room at the bottom” This lecture was the birth of the idea and study of nanotechnology.
- 6. Hollywood provided a glimpse of the future of nanoscience with film in 1966 “fantastic voyage”
- 7. The Lycurgus cup 4th – century Roman glass cup Red – when light from behind Green – light from front .
- 8. Nano-scale
- 9. A simple example of nano
- 10. Why Nano? 1. Surface area to volume ratio increases Greater amount of a substance comes in contact with surrounding material.
- 11. 2. Quantum effects begins to dominate the behaviour of the matter at nanoscale For eg : Bulk gold is shiny yellow metal, but changes colour and property when goes nanoparticle
- 12. • Forest fires • Sea spray • Volcanic ash • Viruses • Cooking smoke • Diesel exhaust • Welding fumes • Industrial effluents
- 13. Human origin (engineered) • Metals • Quantum dots • Buckyballs/nano tubes • Sunscreen pigments • Nano-capsules
- 14. Nanomaterials are divided into 3 categories One dimension Two dimension Three dimension
- 15. How are nanoparticles made? • Top-down approach • Bottom-up approach
- 16. DNA origami • Area of current research • DNA is used as structural material rather than carrier of biological information, to make structures like 2 dimentional periodic lattice • DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary 2 or 3 dimentional shapes at the nanoscale
- 18. Types
- 20. Diagnostic uses 1. As imaging agent Advantage : - Better contrast, - Controlled biodistribution - Multi-model imaging for USG, MRI, PET, SPECT Example : quantum diodes (QD)
- 21. 2. For diagnosis of cancer Example : -Gold NPs as bio-barcode assay provides a very accurate -diagnostic tool for prostatic cancer. 3. For infectious diseases Example : -fluorescent silica NPs (FSNPs) -liposome based systems -single quantum nanosensor -dendrimer-encapsulated contrast NP based MRI
- 22. Therapeutic uses 1. Treating infectious and non infectious diseases - Nanosized streptomycin and doxycycline - isobutyl cyanoacrylate loaded with ampicillin - PLGA containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide for MDR TB - NP containing nanopore type II diabetes
- 24. Types of cancel cell target using nanotechnology
- 25. Taking advantage of – EPR effect • Tumour tissue suffer from enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) • Nanoparticles injected in the blood permeate through blood vessels towards tumorous tissue wherein they accumulate.
- 26. STEALTH technology • In EPR effect, immune system can attack the nanoparticles • In order to prevent this, cover the nanoparticle with a layer of PEG – STEALTH technology. • Advantage - Increase solubility - decrease accessibility for proteolytic enzymes and antibodies
- 27. Thermal ablation of cancer cells by nanoshells • Nanoshells have metallic outer layer, and silica as core • Targeted to cancer cells either through EPR or some molecular coating on shells • Nanoshells are heated with external energy source , killing the cancer cells
- 29. 3. Tissue engineering and prosthetic implants Tissue engineering is a method Nanotechnology is a tool
- 30. Uses in dermatology and cosmetology 1. Sunscreen 2. Moisturizer 3. Phototherapy 4. Antiseptics 5. Antiaging
- 31. Role in vaccine development Advantages • Improved the solubility of hydrophobic antigens, • Less post-vaccinal side effects • Afford a controlled sustainable release of the antigens, • Target directly the lymph nodes or reticuloendothelial tissues • require smaller volumes • less number of doses • More immunogenic
- 32. First successful nanomedicine : Abraxane
- 33. Abraxane - (paclitaxel) • Abraxane is a nab (nanoparticle albumin-bound technology) • FDA approved in January , 2005 for metastatic breast cancer.
- 35. Nanomedicine in COVID-19 • Various nanomaterials such as quantum dots can be used as biosensors to diagnose COVID-19 • Nano-carrier based antiviral drug delivery. • Nano-masks, having extra layers of nanofibers and nanoscale pores, can prevent entering pathogens from the respiratory system (<50nm) • Lab or surgical aprons, with hydrophobic and antimicrobial activity. • Metallic nanoparticles, particularly silver (Ag) nanoparticles, may be used as a powerful and wide-spectrum antiviral agent
- 36. Nanotechnology in organ printing
- 37. Nano-toxicology • Nanotechnology is a double edged sword. • Readily inhaled and ingested • Gain access to the tissues that larger particle can’t • Can cross BBB
- 38. Conclusion • Nanotechnology has lead to a medical revolution • Various nanomaterials depending on the physical and chemical properties of their surface have been applied for varieties of biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, optical imaging, bioimaging, biosensing, and bone grafting
- 39. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- Atleast 1 dimension in the range of 1-100. Nano is Greek word – dwarf or small One billionth of a metre.
- This effect is achieved by making the glass with tiny proportions of nanoparticles of gold and silver “ dispersed” in colloidal form throughout the glass material.
- Population of india is 1 billion, each Indian is nano in comparison with the total population.
- faster, lighter, can go small spaces, cheaper, energy efficient, Eg; DISPIRIN DISSOLUTES FASTER WHEN CRUSHED. - i.e interacts faster and efficiently with surrounding molecules.
- Change in physical property like melting point, reactivity, conductivity, strength and optical properties.
- Only one parameter either length, breadth or height eg; films, layers, coatings It has only length and breadth eg; nanotubes, nanofibers, nanowires all l,b,h. eg; NP, nanoshells, nanorings
- Bigger size to smaller size. Like a sculpture. Using bricks to make a building
- Websites for making nanostructures using DNA
- Due to the leakage in capillaries built in the cancer tissues, the NPs tend to accumulate in the tumor interstitial spaces. This allows the diagnosis of very small lesions which cannot be detected by classical imaging agents QD - They can be utilized as fluorescent probes and highly sensitive low-cost biosensors
- It is estimated that the cancer cells require about 10 years since their first appearance before they can be diagnosed by conventional methods. Late diagnosis of cancer usually complicates the case and worsens the prognosis Nanosensor cihps - carry special antibodies against markers provides an early and sensitive diagnostic tool for cancer FSNP –for diag MTB, salmonella typhymurium, s. aureus For food based infections Cholera, botulinum HIV, HVB,HCV For early detection of renal failure – creatinine levels
- Polylactic glycolic acid
- Conventional drug resistance – inc metabolism, mutation of drug target receptor, efflux pump inc, changes in tumour microenvt, to tolerate hypoxia, higher DNA repair capacity Most anticancer drugs are hydrophobic in nature Inhalational drugs for lung cancer Multiple drugs in same nano-carriers
- Active – special antibody or peptides which can bind to cancer cells
- NP provides a scaffold for stem cells – resembles ECM With the aid of NP, it is estimated that artificial organs can be manufactured to replace damaged organ or tissue. Bone grafting, conventional suffer from implant material failureafter 10-15 years Can be loaded with antimicrobial drugs to prevent post-op infection.
- Usual microparticles are visible as chalky layer,When these are broken down to the nano-scale particles, their texture changes making them appear invisible and hence cosmetically more acceptable. Nanoparticles of compounds like titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have capability to reflect, adsorb or disperse UV- radiation These are the cornerstones in the management of various skin disorders viz., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, ichthyosis, etc. One of the important drawbacks of the conventional emollients is their inability to sufficiently deliver components such as ceramides to the active site. nanoemulsions can adequately replace the ceramides of a diseased skin especially in atopic dermatitis Targeting melanosomes with short pulses of Lasers has been used in dermatology for treating hyperpigmentation disorders of skin like melasma. Immune conjugates of gold nanoparticles and iron oxide microparticles are being studied as light absorbers for specific cell targeting. When a laser pulse is generated, these particles absorb light and liberate this absorbed energy in the form of heat radiation which causes a high temperature in the tissue leading to microscopic tissue rupture and cell damage Various substances have been employed as antiseptics in nano-formulations like Chlorhexidine gluconate, naked TiO2, silver, etc
- NP provide many advantages compared with conventional vaccines. Successful trials to develop spore based anti- bacillus subtilis and anti-claustridium tetani vaccines were published
- modifying its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics properties and resulting in dose reduction, reduced toxicity, and improved drug bioavailability and maintenance of the suppression of viral spread Controlled/sustained drug-releasing nanocarriers are the best solution to mitigate the risk effects of poor patient compliance and viral rebound during the treatment of viral infections
- At first, researchers scan the patient’s organ to determine personalised size and shape. Then they create a scaffold to give cells something to grow on in three dimensions and add cells from the patient to this scaffold
- Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity.
- DNA origami is the nanoscale folding of DNA to create arbitrary 2 and 3 dimentional shapes at the nanoscale.
- Hydrophobic hides inside and phillic outside.