Attended “Third Annual National Conference on Urban Resilience to Climate: Building Climate- Resilient, Migrant-Friendly Cities and Towns”, 18 to 20 November 2018 presented research paper on “Housing Problems of Climate Migrant Poor People: A Study in Dhaka City” organized by ICCCAD.

1. THIRD ANNUAL NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON URBAN RESILIENCETO CLIMATE: BUILDING CLIMATE- RESILIENT, MIGRANT-FRIENDLYCITIES ANDTOWNS
18TO 20 NOVEMBER 2018
VENUE: INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS BANGLADESH (IAB), AGARGAON, DHAKA
Housing Problems of Climate Migrant Poor
People: A Study in Dhaka City
Karisma Amjad
PhD Fellow
Institute of SocialWelfare and Research
University of Dhaka

2. Introduction
Bangladesh is widely recognised to be one of the most climate vulnerable countries
in the world (Khan, 2010). However, climate change affects some regions more
than the others. Northwestern and Southwestern Bangladesh are more vulnerable
to the climate change induced environmental disasters as North gets severe
droughts and South gets floods, cyclones, tidal surges, and saline intrusion (Akter,
2009). Bangladesh went through six severe floods in last 25 years causing 45 million
people to be internally displaced (IOM, 2010). Prasad et al. (2009) estimated that
each year 400,000 migrants arrive in Dhaka from rural and coastal areas of the
country and the main reason for such a huge influx has been identified to be the
climate-related disasters (Adri,2014). Now it has more than 1.7 crore people are
living in this city. Housing problem is the acute problem of this city (Search English,
2017). It is estimated that by 2020 the world slum population will reach 1.4 billion
(UN-HABITAT, 209).

3. Objectives of the Study
1. To identify the current socio economic situation and vulnerability of
those who have migrated as a slam dwellers.
2. To make out the reasons of migration for the settlement of urban slam.
3. To know their basic requirements according to their standard of
livelihood.
4. To give recommendations how to make planed migration and
upliftment of their housing facilities.

4. Rationale of the Study
• Due to widespread problems of climate migrant it is now a national concern of the
developing countries such Bangladesh. This study represents the relationship between
socio economic condition and climate migrant housing problems of Dhaka city in
Bangladesh context. Furthermore, these are some rationales which cannot ignore:
• This study will be more useful for academic purpose in worldwide.
• This research will be helpful for taking preventive measurement against climate
migrant’s problems of housing.
• The policy makers of Bangladesh may be benefited from this study for developing
policy against climate migrant’s housing problems.
• This study on ageing will be tool for the societal progress, provided the Bangladeshi
policy makers to come up with appropriate policy responses to activate the potential
of climate migrant’s housing problems.
• This study will further be intended to serve as a baseline for the development more
specification from the policy perspective for the ageing population in Bangladesh.

5. Methodology of the Study
• The Main Research Method: It was a quantitative study carried out from May to August 2018.
•The Research Site: General information collected from 4 slums like Korail, Beltola, Uttara and
Abdullahpur Chairbanbari Slum area of Dhaka where people migrated for climate change.
•Main Data Collection Technique: A multi data collection technique implied such as face to face
interview with the community people. A purposive sampling used to select four slums in Dhaka
city. A total of 50 participants were interviewed. The respondents belonged to the age 20 years and
above using a semi-structured interview Schedule.
•Data Analysis: All respondents data outcome have been analyzed by applying statistical
technique, frequency distribution.
•Data Presentation: Data were presented to use different data presentation such as multi variant
table and figurers (pie chart, bar chart etc).

6. Theoretical and Analytical Framework
There are three concepts that are continuously reoccurring in the methodological literature and also used in
the analytical framework developed for the purpose of this study.These are:
1. Climate change migration, 2. Livelihood, 3. Coping strategy
Climate Change and Migration Coalition Coetzee Livelihood Framework DFID’s Livelihood Framework
(Alex Randall)

7. Analytical Framework of the Study
•Based on the DFID and Coetzee livelihood framework we have developed a model that assesses
impact of climate change on the urban poor’s livelihood and is shown in Figure
Figure:Analytical framework for climate change migrant housing problem on livelihood of the urban poor
•The trend of climate change migration is collected from the secondary source. The cause of
climate change migration and housing problem on livelihood asset is collected from the slum
dwellers. In the framework social capital is used as a positive impact as friends, relatives and
neighbours are found first for immediate coping mechanism.

8. Analysis of the Study
Frequency distribution of the
respondents according to the Reasons of
Migration
Source: field survey, 2018
During the study it has been seen that 60%
of the respondent migrated because of
flood and 10% of the respondents migrated
because of cyclone. On the other hand, 5%
respondents migrated because of Draught
which create no agricultural work available
during the off-season (Monga period).
Among the respondents 5% of them
migrated for the reason of river erosion.
Distribution of the respondents
according to Age and Sex
Source: field survey, 2018
The study found that the maximum
migrated respondent’s were male whose
age between 36 to 40 years.

9. Continue…
Distribution of the respondents according
to house types, owner and rents
Source: field survey, 2018
Maximum respondent’s house made by cemented
floor, tin wall and tin/CIS Shed. However, 15.15%
of households provided 3100 to 3500 taka for rent
of their house both at Korail, Belpara and Uttara
slum.
Distribution of the respondents according
to various problems in house and
surrounding
Source: field survey, 2018
The respondents who live in Uttara, karail, Belpara or
Abdullahpur slum maximum respondents 98% face
problem in water logos then face difficulties in mosquito
(92%), Bugs (90%), lode shading (63%) and sleeping
(80%). There is no fixed place for waste disposal and have
no drainage facility in every slum. Exposure to such dirty
environment is very risky for children as they spend most
of their time playing outside.

10. Continue…
Frequency distribution of the
respondents according to Source of
Electricity and category of Fuel
Source: field survey, 2018
80% respondents used illegal electricity line. A
family has to pay Tk 170 per month for using a light
bulb andTk 170 for an electric fan.
The Chart shows that the respondent’s used Clay
burner was 20% in Uttara and Abullahpur Chairman
Bari slum, while used supply Gas line who stayed at
Beltola and Korail slum was 60%.
Frequency distribution of the
respondents according to Source and
Quality of Water, Category of Sanitation
and Number of family using Latrine
Source: field survey, 2018
The respondent’s get water from WASA was 66% in
Korail, Belpara and Abullahpur Chairman Bari slum.
However, rest of the respondents (20%) used Deep tube
well who live in Uttara slum. The respondents speak out
the bad test and yellow color about the water who lived
in Abdullahpure chairman bari slum.
Some of them use hanging latrine and sanitary latrine
but too much unhealthy while used one latrine whereas
(9 to 11) respondents family members.

11. Continue….
Frequency distribution of the
respondent’s opinion about Assistance
which help not to migrate with family
because of climate change
Source: field survey, 2018
Most of respondents give opinion that help from
GO/NGO in disaster time, rehabilitation service and
Grands in aid by GO/ is the basic resistance which help
not to migrant with family because of climate change.
In addition, some of the respondents give priority to
give help from GO/NGO in disaster off time, remodeler
in agriculture, job facilities and easy getting of medical
facility need to help not to migrant with family because
of climate change.
Frequency distribution of the
respondent’s opinion about the
development of their livelihood
Source: field survey, 2018
Most of respondents think that grands in Aid by GO;
disaster pre, post and on time assistance development
and disaster censuses program formulation is the basic
requirement for their standard of leaving and
development their livelihood. Besides, some of the
respondents give priority to give resilient rehabilitation
system, price reducing of daily products, increase
employment facility, free medical facility, free education
facility, recreation facility and development in
communication also need to development of their
livelihood.

12. Findings of the Study
First of all, the study represents maximum respondents migrated because of Cyclone, flood,
River erosion and no agricultural work available during the off-season (Monga period).
Maxium rate of migration from their home land more than before.
The study found that the maximum migrated respondent’s were male whose age between
36 to 40 years. Maximum respondent’s house made by cemented floor, tin wall and tin/CIS
Shed. However, 15.15% of households provided 3100 to 3500 taka for rent of their house both
at Korail, Belpara and Uttara slum. the respondents who live in Uttara, karail, Belpara or
Abdullahpur slum maximum respondents 98% face problem in water logos then face
difficulties in mosquito (92%), Bugs (90%), lode shading (63%) and sleeping (80%). Some of
them use hanging latrine and sanitary latrine but too much unhealthy while used one latrine
whereas (9 to 11) respondents family members. There is no fixed place for waste disposal and
have no drainage facility in every slum. Exposure to such dirty environment is very risky for
children as they spend most of their time playing outside. Besides, they did not get proper
health treatment facility surrounding their slum.
Last of all, the study that respondents give opinion that help from GO/NGO in disaster time,
rehabilitation service and Grands in aid by GO/ is the basic resistance which help not to
migrant with family because of climate change. In addition, Planed housing system and give
priority to provide resilient rehabilitation system can help to make planned migration.

13. Limitation of the Study
We are tried to best ensure conduct research accurately. But we are not far from
limitation.
1. It was difficult to access to get information sometimes because of giving respondents
own suitable place and time.
2. The respondents of sampled were not found outspoken and failed to adequately reveal
the fact lying at times.
3. On the other hand, fifty respondents are not enough for representing the actual
scenario of this study.
4. It is expected that the result of this research would be more effective and widely
applied if could access and implementing areas of the housing problem of the Climate
Migrant poor people in Dhaka City.

14. Recommendation
• Destruction of squatter settlements should be limited to necessary actions of
redevelopment or infrastructure building and should be accompanied by relocation
plans for evicted squatters.
• Decentralization of slum settlements to nearby cities can be considered.
• Those moving from a rural to urban setting require a different set of skills to find
employment, while more capital is required for urban living costs.
• If the National Housing Authority continues to be the overseer of the National Housing
Strategy, it would be more effective if they focus on a policy and regulatory role rather
than implementing housing projects.
• The promotion of long-term financing facility and a national savings scheme for
housing should be introduced.

15. Continue…
• There should be a coordination between DCC, RAJUK—the planning authority, concerned ministries and
utility agencies in urban projects, while administrative procedures should be decentralized to ensure
transparency in the implementation of the housing projects.
• Private sector should be given responsibility to construct housing units for medium or high income
households while low-income housing projects could be done by a specific entity, as RAJUK failed to
focus on the housing for the poor.
• GO and NGOs should take infrastructure development and income generating activities for the people
in the climate affected areas.
• NGOs have not been active in the housing sector in urban areas. It would be useful to foster the piloting
of additional programmes aimed at improving land and housing conditions for the poor with careful
monitoring and evaluation so they can be scaled up over time.
• NGOs can play an important role to promote urban farming on rooftop of a house and provide food and
income for many poor households.
• To solve the messy living condition in Dhaka city, policymakers have huge responsibility to develop a
legal framework and strategic planning for reducing shortage of housing and for providing secure
healthy urban living environment in the Dhaka megacity.

16. THANKS