how to prepare the dissertation ppt

1. WELCOME

2. Dissertation Presentation on
“A Comparative study to assess the knowledge and
attitudes regarding water conservation methods
among population of rural and urban areas of Guntur
district, Andhra Pradesh in view of developing an
information booklet”.
JUPUDI ANUSHA

3. INTRODUCTION

4. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is essential to life because it heavily influences public health and
living standard. However, water is unequally distributed throughout the
world. At present, approximately 1.2 billion people live-in areas
wherein water is scarce and 1.6 billion people face economic water
shortage1.
Therefore, the World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s
Fund, various governments, and public and private sector entities have
exerted intensive efforts to provide sufficient water supply to residents,
particularly in rural areas in developing countries. Over 2 billion
people have gained access to improved water supplies since 19902.

5. Cont........
The percentage of the world’s population that has access to drinking water has
increased from 77% to 89% between 1990 and 2010. This percentage is
expected to increase further to 92% by 2015 to meet the drinking-water target of
the Millennium Development Goals, i.e., halve the proportion of the population
without sustainable access to safe drinking water (compared to base year 1990)
by 2015.
Meanwhile, the United Nations estimates that the domestic water consumption
of developing countries is expected to increase by over 50% because of
improvements in water supply, living standards, and water appliances. As a
result, given the unpredictable global demand for water, serious and chronic
water shortages may still persist in developing countries3.

6. NEED FOR THE STUDY
Water is the very basis of life and is the foundation for human survival and
development. Sustainable and equitable use of water over millennia has been
ensured by cultural adaptation to water availability through water conservation
technologies, agricultural systems and cropping patterns adapted to different
climatic zones, and conservation-based life styles1.
But in the last few decades the consequences of population growth,
industrialization and urbanization, and the associated consumerist culture,
have interfered with the natural hydrological cycle of rainfall, soil moisture,
groundwater, surface water and storage of all sizes. This has led to overuse,
abuse and pollution of our vital water resources and has disturbed the quality
and the natural cleansing capacity of water4.

7. Cont………..
Current empirical evidence suggests that climate change affect both the
quantity and quality of available freshwater resources mainly through reduced
groundwater recharge and lowering of water tables. Therefore the introduction
of demand management interventions is likely to impact on households, an
understanding of public attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of household
water use is important for successfully communicating with the public.
There is no research carried out regarding water conservation methods in this
geographical location. The research in the present study aimed at assessing the
knowledge and attitudes of people regarding water conservation methods
household water use and in general, with the purpose of informing
management strategies and enabling successful communication with the
public through information booklet5.

8. Objectives of the study
1. To assess the knowledge and attitudes regarding water conservation methods
among population of rural and urban areas
2. To compare the knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation methods
between the urban and rural population
3. To find out the association between knowledge and attitudes of population
regarding water conservation methods in rural and urban areas.
4. To determine the association between rural and urban areas of population and
knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation methods and selected
baseline variables.
5. To develop and distribute informational booklet regarding water conservation
methods.

9. Hypothesis of study
 H1 - There will be a significant difference between knowledge and attitudes
of population regarding water conservation methods.
 H2 - There will be a significant difference between knowledge and attitudes
of the rural and urban population regarding water conservation methods
 H3 - There will be association of knowledge and attitudes of urban and
rural population with their selected demographic variables

10. Operational definitions.
1. Knowledge: In this study the Knowledge refers to level of understanding
and awareness of population regarding water conservation methods and
measured by their responses to the questionnaire.
2. Attitude: In the present study the attitudes refers to the beliefs and
opinions of population regarding water conservation methods measured
by their responses to attitude items on likert scale.
3. Water conservation Methods: In the present study it refers to a process
of preservation, control, development of water resources both surface and
ground water.

11. Independent
variables
Dependent Variables
Physical facilities Age
Level of knowledge Sex
Attitudes Marital status
Size of the family
Number of children
Socio economic status
Religion
Ownership of the
house
Selected variables

12. Assumptions
Increased knowledge and attitude among rural and urban people can
bring about better knowledge regarding water conservation methods.
Limitations
The study is limited only to the selected population of Rural and
urban areas of Guntur district.

13. Perceived susceptibility
to threat or danger
associated with non-
compliance to water
conservation methods
Perceived seriousness of
threat related to water
scarcity if not adopted
water conservation
methods
Individual perception Modifying factors
Likelihood of
action
Perceived benefits
Enhance knowledge
and attitude regarding
water conservation
methods. Prevent form
water scarcity and can
meet future needs
Cues to action: Information regarding
water conservation methods through
various sources, Informational booklet
consisting information regarding water
conservation methods.
Perceived threat
Scarcity or unavailability
of water to meet daily
needs
Projected Outcome
Enhanced knowledge and
attitudes of rural and urban
population regarding water
conservation methods by
reading information booklet and
adopt these methods.
Demographic variables ; Age, gender, educational and marital
status ,type of family, size of family, occupation, type of house
and area of residence
Socio psychological variable; family income, ownership of
the house, ownership of the land, Sources of information and
knowledge and attitudes regarding water conservation
methods.
Fig No 1: Conceptual frame work based on Rosen stock, Becker and Maiman 1975
Health Belief Model
Conceptual frame work

14. Review of literature

15. The review of the literature for this study is presented under the
following areas.
i) Studies related to knowledge towards water conservation methods.
ii) Studies related to attitude regarding water conservation methods.
Studies related to knowledge towards water conservation methods
A study was done to assess the knowledge level of people regarding rain
water harvesting. For this study, four villages i.e. Chowdhariwas, Balawas,
Balsamand and Paniharchak were selected from Hisar district of Haryana
state. A sample of thirty women respondents were taken randomly from a
cluster of these villages. Forty-three percent of the respondents belonged to
middle age group (25-50 years), (60.00%) were housewives and family
occupationwas farming (76.67%).


16. cont.....
Pre and post-exposure knowledge of respondents was found out and overall,
gain in knowledge regarding rainwater harvesting was found to be high.
ii) Studies related to attitude regarding water conservation methods.
A study was conducted on teacher’s knowledge and attitude toward water
conservation in Ladak. A large percentage of teachers had favorable attitudes.
Teachers’ overall attitude scores ranged from 17 to 24, with a mean of (20.78 ±
1.25). More than half of the teachers (62.5%) scored above 20, which indicated
favorable attitudes. Female teachers (21.12 ±0.86) held more favorable attitudes
compared with male teachers (20.61± 1.40).Similarly, attitude scores were
higher for native teachers (20.82 6±1.24) than for non-native teachers (19.91
6±1.31).

17. METHODOLOGY

18.  Research approach The research approach aims at the data to be collected,
how to analyze them and suggests possible conclusion to be drawn. The
choice of an appropriate approach depends on the purpose of the study
 Research design In the present study the researcher has adopted a
comparative descriptive study to provide a context for interpreting the results.
In the present study the researcher has developed comparisons between two
groups that is rural and urban population to find out knowledge and attitude
on water conservation methods and the differences that exist between the two
set of population.
Methodology is most important in research, as it is the frame work for
conducting a study. It indicates the general pattern for organizing the
procedure to gather the valid and reliable data for an investigation.

19.  Setting of the study
A rural community of Pedaparimi village from Thullur mandal, Guntur district
and urban community of Israel pet, located at Guntur, Andhra Pradesh .
The data collection tool consists of 3 sections.
Section – A
It consists 16 items of baseline variables such as sample code, age, Gender,
education, marital status, type of family, size of family, occupation, Income, type
of house, ownership of the house, ownership of land, area of residence,
information regarding water conservation methods, sources of getting information.
Section – B It consists of 25 multiple choice questions on knowledge regarding
water conservation. Each correct response is assigned a score of 1,2 and 3 and the
maximum score was 46. The subjects who got score of 75% - 100% were
considered as

20. cont……
having good knowledge, and scores of 51% - 74% were considered as
average knowledge and scores of 0% - 50% were considered as having
poor knowledge.
Section – c
It consists of 20 favorable statements of attitudes regarding water
conservation methods. Each statement has 3 point scale ranging from agree,
neutral and disagree. Each point of scale carries a score. Agree is given
highest score 2, neutral 1, disagree 0. The maximum score was 40.

21. Low knowledge Highly
favorable attitudes
High knowledge Unfavorable
attitudes
Research approach: Quantitative non experimental
Descriptive study
Purpose of the study
Assessment of knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation methods
Study setting The rural community of Pedaparimi and
the urban area of Israel pet
The urban community of israiel pet
Target population
Males and females aged between 2o to 50 yrs
Accessible population People
Living in the rural community of Pedaparimi , the urban area of Israel pet
t
Sample size
75 samples from rural setup
75 samples from urban setup
Sampling technique
Purposive sampling technique
Data collection instrument consist of
Socio-Demographic variables, knowledge questionnaire and Attitude scale
Moderate knowledge moderately
favorable attitudes
Data Analysis and Interpretation by using descriptive and inferential statistics
Figure No: 2 Schematic representation of research design

22. Reliability
The reliability of the tool was established by using test-retest method. Ten
males and females aged between 20to 50 yrs, living in urban area of RTC
colony, Guntur, were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria
for checking the reliability. They were given a tool which consists of semi
structured questionnaire, knowledge questionnaire, likert’s attitudes scale
regarding water conservation methods.
A test and retest was taken with a gap of five days. The correlation of
coefficient was computed and obtained values r=0.53 for knowledge
questionnaire, r=0.56 for attitudes scale showed that moderately reliability.
Results of the pilot study
The significant association between knowledge and attitudes of the rural
and urban population was computed by using un paired t-test.

23. cont….
The obtained ‘t’ values were not found be significant in both aspects i.e.,
association between the rural and urban population knowledge (t=2.72,
p<0.05) and attitude (t=1.63, p<0.05).
The comparison between knowledge and attitudes of urban and rural population
was computed by using paired t-test. The obtained t-values were found to be
significant in both aspects i.e., rural (t=1.49, p>0.10), urban (t=2.284, p>0.10).
Content Validity
Content validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is
intended to measure. In order to ensure the content validity, the tool was
submitted to the eight experts out of which six experts from the field of
community health nursing and two from field of medicine.

24. Data collection methods
A formal written permission was obtained from the medical officers of rural and
urban health centers of Guntur district, A. P. to conduct the study in selected
community areas. The data was collected from 1st February to 29th February
2016, for a period of 1 month. In the rural area of Pedaparimi village the data
was gathered from 1st February to 15th February 2016. A group of 75 males and
female peoples were selected by using purposive sampling technique based on
inclusion and exclusion criteria.
In the urban area of Israelpet, Guntur the data was collected from 16th February
to 29th February. A group of 75 males and female samples were selected by
using purposive sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria
followed by brief introduction and a verbal consent was taken and collected
data.

25. Analysis and
interpretation

26. This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected from
150 subjects to assess the knowledge and attitudes regarding water
conservation methods among population of rural and urban areas of Guntur
district. Analysis was done based on the objectives of the study.
Objectives and statistics used
The findings of the study were analyzed and presented in the following
sections based on the objectives of the study:
Section-A: Description of base variables by using frequency and
percentages.
Section-B: Assessment of the knowledge and attitudes regarding water
conservation methods among population of rural and urban areas by using
frequency, percentages, mean, range of score and standard deviation.

27. Section-C: Comparison of the knowledge and attitude regarding water
conservation methods between the urban and rural population by using
unpaired t-test.
Section-D: Find out the association between knowledge and attitudes of
population regarding water conservation methods in rural and urban areas by
using paired t-test.
Section-E: Analysis to determine the association between rural and urban
areas of population and knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation
methods and selected baseline variables.
The data were analyzed as follows
 The descriptive statistical methods were under taken to describe the socio
demographic data. These include:

28.  Frequency, percentage, range, mean and standard deviation for qualitative
variables.
 Inferential statistics were used to analysis knowledge and attitude
scores: such as
 Unpaired ‘t’ test was used to find out the difference between rural and urban
people scores of knowledge, attitudes, regarding water conservation methds.
Paired ‘t’ test was used to compare the knowledge and attitudes of urban
and rural population.
 Chi-square was used to determine the association between knowledge and
attitudes of population of urban and rural areas regarding water
conservation methods with selected baseline variables.

29. Section-A
Presentation of socio demographic variables in the form of diagrams and
tables representing frequency and percentages.
Major findings of the Demographic variables
Most of the respondents were (47%) of samples in the urban area and (33%) of
the samples in rural area belongs to the age group of 20-25 years.
 Majority (86%) of respondents from urban area were females, (78%) of
respondents from rural area.
 About (38%) of the respondents were non-formal education in rural area and
(54%) were urban area.
Just more than (53%) of subjects in the urban area and (51%) in rural area
were self employed.
About (47%) of the subjects were getting information regarding water
conservation methods through print materials in urban area, (34%) of samples in
rural area.
.

30. 33%
32%
21%
14%
47%
20%
12%
21%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20-25 26-30 31-45 46-50
Percentage
Age in years
Distribution of the samples based on age
Rural
Urban

31. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Less than 5 acres 5-10 acres More than 10 acres nill
33%
44%
1%
22%
58%
8% 8%
26%
Percentage
Ownership of land
Distribution of the subjects according to their ownership of land holding
Rural
Urban

32. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Rain harvesting
method
Domestic method agriculture method Soil conservation
method
Nill
16%
12%
0% 0%
72%
39%
21%
8%
0%
32%
Percentage
water conservation methods
Distribution of the respondents based on water conservation methods
Rural
Urban

33. 34%
32%
21%
13%
47%
20%
12%
21%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Print Materials Mass media Advertisement Experience from friends
and neighbors
Percentage
Sources
Distribution of the subjects based on sources of getting information
Rural
Urban

34. Section-B:Assessment of knowledge and attitudes of the subjects regarding
water conservation methods among the population in rural and urban areas
Table.No-1: Range of score, mean and standard deviation of knowledge of the
population in rural and urban areas regarding water conservation methods.
The maximum score for knowledge variable was 46 and the range of scores
for rural population was 12-33, with mean score of (24.53+4.63). While the
urban peoples’ scores ranged from 9-34 with mean score of (22.79+5.64).This
shows that subjects were having below average knowledge regarding water
conservation methods in both the areas.
.
Reference Group
Maximum
score
Range of score Mean S.D
Rural respondents
46
12-33 24.53 4.63
Urban respondents 9-34 22.79 5.64
n1=75, n2=75
Reference Group
Maximum
score
Range of score Mean S.D
Rural respondents
46
12-33 24.53 4.63
Urban respondents 9-34 22.79 5.64

35. Table no-2: Distribution of the samples according to the level of knowledge
among rural population regarding water conservation methods. n1=75
Level of knowledge Scores Frequency Percentage
High knowledge
(76-100%) 35-40
2 2.6
Moderate knowledge
(51-75)
22-34 32 45.3
Low knowledge
(0-50%)
14-21 41 54.6
The above table reveals that majority 41 (54.6%) of rural subjects were having
low knowledge regarding water conservation methods only 34 (45.3%) of rural
respondents having moderate knowledge and none of them having high
knowledge about water conservation methods.

36. Table no-3: Distribution of the samples according to the level of knowledge
among urban population regarding water conservation methods.
n2=75
Level of knowledge Scores Frequency Percentage
High knowledge
(76-100%)
35-40 12 16
Moderate knowledge
(51-75)
22-34 30 40
Low knowledge
(0-50%)
14-21 33 44
The above table presents that majority 33 (44%) of urban respondents were
having low knowledge regarding water conservation methods whereas
30(40%) were having moderate knowledge and only 12 (16%) were having
high knowledge.

37. Table.No-4: Range of score, mean and standard deviation of attitudes of
the population in rural and urban areas regarding water conservation
methods.
Reference Group
Maximum
score
Range of
score
Mean S.D
Rural population
40
15-28 23.8 3.53
Urban population 17-30 23.35 3.24
n1=75, n2=75
The above table represents that the maximum score for attitude scale was 40
and the range of scores among rural population was 15-28 with mean score of
(23.8±3.53). Whereas among the urban subjects the range of score was 17-30
with mean score of (23.35±3.24).This shows that subjects have moderately
favorable attitude towards water conservation methods.

38. .
Table no-5: Distribution of the samples according to their Attitude level
among rural population regarding water conservation methods.
Attitude level Scores Frequency Percentage
High favorable attitudes
(76-100%) 30-40 18 24
Moderately favorable
attitudes
(51-75%)
20-29 26 34.6
Un favorable attitudes
(0-50%)
0-19 31 41.3
n1=75
The above table describes that majority31 (41.3%) of rural subjects were
having un favorable attitudes regarding water conservation methods. While 26
(34.6%) were having moderately favorable attitude, only 18 (24%) were having
high favorable attitude.

39. Table no-6: Distribution of the samples according to their Attitude level
among urban population regarding water conservation methods.
n1=75, n2=75
Attitude level Scores Frequency Percentage
High favorable attitudes
(76-100%) 30-40
25 33.3
Moderately favorable
attitudes
(51-75)
20-29 34 45.3
Un favorable attitudes
(0-50%) 0-19 16 21.3
The above table point up that majority 34 (45.3%) of urban samples were
having moderately favorable attitudes regarding water conservation
methods, while 25 (33.3%) were having high favorable attitude, only
186(21.3%) were having un favorable attitude

40. Section-C:
Comparison of the knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation
methods between the urban and rural population.
Table no-7: Comparison between knowledge and attitude of rural
population regarding water conservation methods. n1=75
Knowledge and
attitude variable
Mean
Mean
difference
S.D
Un Paired t-test
value
Knowledge 24.53
0.73
4.63 t= 1.09
df=148
p<0.05NS
Attitude 23.8 3.53
The obtained calculated ‘t’ value was 1.09, which is less than the table value of 1.96. It
determines that there was no significant difference between knowledge and attitudes of
rural respondents regarding water conservation methods. Therefore the research
hypothesis H1 was rejected.

41. .
Table no-8: Comparison between knowledge and attitudes of urban
population regarding water conservation methods.
n2=75
Knowledge and attitude
variable
Mean
Mean
difference
S.D
Un Paired t-
test value
Knowledge 22.79 0.56 2.39
t= 0.75
df=148
p<0.05
Attitude 23.75 3.24
The obtained calculated ‘t ’value was 0.75, which was lesser than the table
value of 1.96. It shows that there was no significant difference between
knowledge and attitudes of urban respondents regarding water
conservation methods. Therefore the research hypothesis H1 was rejected.

42. Section-D
Association between knowledge and attitudes of population regarding water
conservation methods among rural and urban population by using paired ‘t’ test.
Table no-9: Association between knowledge and attitudes of population regarding
water conservation methods among rural and urban areas.
n1=75,n2=75
Variables
Reference
group
Mean S.D
Paired ‘t’
value
Level
of
signific
ance
Knowledge
Rural
population
24.53 4.63
t=2.39
df=149
P<0.05*
Urban
population
22.79 5.64
Attitude
Rural
population
23.80 3.53
t=1.79
df=149
P<0.10*
Urban
population
23.35 3.24

43. The data presented in above table reveals that the obtained calculated ‘t’ value for
knowledge variable was 2.39, which is greater than the table value of 1.96 at
p<0.05 level of significance. It concludes that there was significant difference
between knowledge of rural and urban respondents.
For attitude variable the attained calculated value was 1.79, which is greater than
the table value of 1.64 at (p<0.10). It shows that there was significant difference
between Attitudes of rural and urban respondents. Hence, the research hypothesis
H2 was accepted

44. . Section-E
Analysis to determine the association between rural and urban areas of
population and knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation
methods and selected socio demographic variables.
Association between levels of knowledge and socio demographic variables
among rural population.
The chi square test was computed to know the association between rural
respondents’ knowledge scores and selected demographic variables like age,
education status and occupation.
There was no significant association exist between selected variables and their
knowledge which indicates irrespective of age, education and occupation there
was not much difference in their knowledge regarding water conservation
methods among rural respondents.

45. Association between the levels of attitude and socio demographic variables
among rural population.
The chi square test was computed to know the association between attitude and
selected demographic variables between rural population like age, education
status and occupation.
There was significant association (0.035) between attitude and their age. while
there was no significant association found between attitude and education,
occupation.

46. .
Association between levels of knowledge and socio demographic variables
among urban population.
There was significant association between knowledge and their age, (0.017,
p<0.05) education (0.043). Whereas there was no significant association found
between knowledge and occupation (0.209, p>0.05).
Association between levels of attitude and socio demographic variables
among urban population.
There was no significant association exist between selected variables and their
attitude which indicates irrespective of age (0.539,p>0.05),education
(0.574,p>0.05)and occupation (0.531,p>0.05)there was not much difference in
their attitude regarding water conservation methods among urban respondents.

47. Discussion

48. The discussion of the findings was much more subjective in nature than the
presentation of findings. The discussion of the findings of a study allows the
researcher to make interpretation of the findings. The discussion section of qualitative
report is not so much designed to give meaning to the results but to summarize them,
link them to other research findings to give better interpretation.
Objectives of the study
The findings of the study were discussed under the following based on the
objectives of the study:
•Discussion about demographic variables of the samples.
•Discussion related to knowledge and attitudes of subjects regarding water
conservation methods among population of rural and urban areas.
•Discussion on association between knowledge and attitude regarding water
conservation methods between the rural and urban population.

49. •Discussion as regards to comparison of knowledge and attitudes of samples
regarding water conservation methods among rural and urban population.
• Discussion with reference to association between rural and urban population
about their knowledge and attitude regarding water conservation methods and with
selected demographic variables.
1. Discussion about demographic variables of the samples
The present study findings revealed that the about (47%) of urban and (33%) of
rural respondents were between the age group of 20-25 years. A similar study
conducted in Haryana on Knowledge Level of People Regarding Rain Water
among residence of four villages, where most (43%) of the subjects belong to age
group of 25-50 years. In the same study the majority (60%) of the subjects were
housewives. In the present study findings also had the majority (86%) of the
subjects from rural and (78%) from urban areas were females.

50. The findings of the present study depicts that just more than half (58%) of
the respondents in urban area were having less than 5 acres of land, while
(33%) of subjects in rural area.
Similarly, A study done at Hisar on knowledge level of people regarding
water conservation showed that majority (60%) of the respondents were
having 5-10 acres of land.
2. Discussion related to knowledge and attitudes of subjects regarding
water conservation methods among population of rural and urban
areas.
The present study findings revealed that the overall knowledge mean score
of urban respondents was (22.79 ± 5.64). While about 33(44%) of
respondents were having low knowledge, 30(40%) were having moderate
knowledge and only 12(16%) were having high knowledge regarding WCM

51. cont…….
among urban population. The knowledge mean score for rural area
respondents was (24.53±4.63), while 41(54.6%) of respondents were having
low knowledge, 32(45.3%) moderate knowledge and only 2(2.6%) were
having high knowledge.
A similar study conducted in Ladakh among government school teachers,
where their knowledge mean score was 8.11± 2.02 and range of score 3-12,
where more than half of the respondents (61.3%) had a score of 8 or higher
regarding water conservation methods.
Regarding attitudes of subjects towards water conservation methods, a study
conducted in ladak had reported that the majority (62.5%) of respondents were
having favorable attitude regarding water conservation methods with mean
score of (20.78±1.25).

52. In contrast the present study findings shows that just about 31(41.3%) of the
respondents form rural area were having unfavorable attitudes, 26(34.6%) were
having moderately favorable attitude, and only 18 (24%) were having highly
favorable attitudes towards water conservation methods with mean score of
(23.85±3.53). The attitude mean score of urban area respondents was
(23.35±3.24), while 34(45.3%) of the subjects were having moderately
favorable attitudes, 25 (33.3%) were having highly favorable attitudes, only
16(21.3%) were having unfavorable attitude.
3. Discussion as regards to comparison of knowledge and attitudes of samples
regarding water conservation methods among rural and urban population
The present study findings depicted that the obtained ‘t’ value for
knowledge was (t=2.39, p<0.05*) which suggests that there was significant
difference between knowledge of rural and urban respondents.

53. For attitude variable the obtained calculated value was (t=1.79, p<0.10) which
showed that there was significant difference between attitudes of rural and
urban respondents. Hence, the research hypothesis (H1) i.e., there will be a
significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes of population regarding
water conservation methods was accepted.
4. Discussion on association of knowledge and attitudes regarding water
conservation methods between the rural and urban population.
The present study findings revealed that, the computed‘t’ values for
knowledge and attitude of rural population was (t=1.09, p<0.05) which
showed that there was no significant difference existed. Similarly an
obtained‘t’ value between knowledge and attitudes of urban respondents
was (t=0.75, p<0.05) and it shows that there was no significant difference.

54. A study conducted in Ladak among government teachers regarding water
conservation and wildlife, a significant positive correlation was observed between
teachers knowledge and attitude scores. This correlation though weak (r=0.242,
p=0.000), contributes to the literature on the positive relation between knowledge
and attitude.
It was found that there was significant association between knowledge and their
age at (0.017, p<0.05) and education (0.043, p<0.05) There was no significant
association between selected variables and their attitude among urban
respondents. In rural area, it was found that there was no significant association
exist between selected demographic variables and their knowledge, attitudes of
rural respondents with any of the selected demographic variables at (p<0.05)
level of significance.

55. A similar study was carried out at Maharashtra on knowledge of soil and
water conservation practices among the farmers. Where the correlation and
co-efficient of independent variables between knowledge and education
(r=o.580**, p<0.01) was found statistically significant.
5. Discussion with reference to association between rural and urban
population about their knowledge and attitude regarding water
conservation methods and with selected demographic variables.
It was found that there was significant association between knowledge and
their age at (0.017, p<0.05) and education (0.043, p<0.05).
There was no significant association between selected variables and
their attitude among urban respondents. In rural area, it was found
that there was no significant association exist between selected
demographic variables and their knowledge, attitudes of rural
respondents with any of the selected demographic variables at (p<0.05)
level of significance.

56. A similar study was carried out at Maharashtra on knowledge of soil and water
conservation practices among the farmers. Where the correlation and co-efficient
of independent variables between knowledge and education (r=o.580**, p<0.01)
was found statistically significant.

57. Summary, conclusion, Limitations,
Implications and Recommendations

58. This chapter deals with the summary of the study and its major findings.
The present study is intended to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding
water conservation methods among population of rural and urban areas of
Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.
Implications of the study to nursing
The findings indicates that there was definite need to suggest some measures
to be implemented by teaching institutions, administrators, and researchers
for the development of knowledge and attitude and educate the public
regarding water conservation methods.
A ) Nursing service
The nurse practitioners can conduct awareness programs using the material
prepared by the researcher for the present study on various aspects of water
conservation methods in their clinical practice areas.

59. b) Nursing administration.
Nurse administrator should take interest in providing wide information of
different types of water conservation methods, benefits of water
conservation and government policies on water conservation. Nurses should
plan and organize health education programs in community, community
health centers, primary health centers, and in sub centers on various
thoughts about water conservation within their locality.
c) Nursing education.
Nursing education can modify the behavior and bring changes in life.
Nursing education should prepare nurses for imparting information
effectively, efficiently to the people of community.

60. d) Nursing research.
The research should be focused more and more to impart the knowledge and
attitudes regarding water conservation methods. More studies need to be
undertaken regarding water conservation, especially on importance,
individual responsibilities, Government responsibilities and government
policies need to be focused as water scarcity was increase. This will
improve the knowledge and attitudes of people hence reduce the water
shortage in future. The research findings would help to enlarge the
knowledge of nurses and to focus on evidence based practice.

61. Recommendations
 Keeping in view the findings of the present study the following
recommendations were made.
 A qualitative study on knowledge and attitudes and practices regarding
water conservation methods can be done.
 A similar study can be carried out among teachers and health workers.
 Focus group discussion can be undertaken to elicit the current issues with
regard to water shortage and their practices with regard to conservation.
 An experimental study can be done among domestic and agricultural areas
on different methods of water conservation methods.
 Pre experimental study can be taken up to evaluate the effectiveness of
informational booklet.

62. Bibliography

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