The survey report summarizes the socio-economic conditions of ultra-poor households in Char Montaz Union. Key findings include: 1) Over 83% of households are male-headed and 16.3% are female-headed, with some women taking on responsibility after husband's death or abandonment. 2) 64 households have 5-8 members but only one earning member, making it difficult to escape poverty. Some families believe more children will result in male earners. 3) 11.4% of household members have disabilities, burdening ultra-poor families further. 4) Major occupations include skilled day labor (46.34%), fishing (29.27%), and garment work in cities (

1. 1
Survey Report
on
Socio-economic Condition of Ultra Poor in Char Montaz Union
Transformation of Extreme Poor (TEP) Project
Survey Team:
 Md. Reajul Islam
 Md. Sirajul Haque
 Mst. Fatema Khatun
 Mst. Fahima Khatun
 Mst. Parvin Akter
 Mst. Jesmin Akter

2. 2
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving us capability to complete this survey on socio-economic condition
of ultra poor in char montaz Union of Rangabali upazila.
We would like to thank our hon’ble Executive Director Sayed Nurul Alam and respective personnel of HIDA to permit
us to conduct this survey. Also we would like to thank our Program Manager and supervisor of this survey,
Mohammad Hossain who gives a great support in preparing Questionnaire and all possible instruction in conducting
the survey. Also A great thank is deserved by CLH Project Team in Galachipa Project office and Char Montaz. All CHO
(Community Health Organization) and CHW (Community Health Worker) who give us support to complete this
survey perfectly deserve thanks from heart. And CHO members who help us to apply the sampling approaches
perfectly.
And also we would like to thank the respective members of charmontaz union as well as people of char montaz.
Thanking
Md. Reajul Islam
Monitoring & Evaluation Officer
South Asia Partnership Bangladesh

3. 3
Content
SN Subject Page
a Acknowledgement 02
b Content 03
c List of Table 04
d List of figure 04
e List of Map 04
f Acronyms 05
g Glossary 05
h Abstract 06
1 Introduction 07
2 Scope of Survey 07
3 Methodology 08
4 Literature Review 08
5 Survey Area 10
6 Findings and Discussion 11
6.1 Sex of House hold Head 11
6.2 Number of Member in per HHs 12
6.3 Disable Member in HHs 12
6.4 Main Earning Member Occupation 13
6.5 Child Labor 14
6.6 Monthly Income 14
6.7 Ownership of Land 15
6.8 Condition of House 15
6.9 Existence of Solar Electricity 16
6.10 Other Source of Income 16
6.11 Last month Expenditure 17
6.12 Loan Information 17
6.13 Use of Loan Money 18
6.14 Meal Frequency in a day 18
6.15 Sickness information 19
6.16 Health Service Institution 19
6.17 Sanitation Information 20
8 Case Study 21
9 Conclusion 22
10 Reference 23

4. 4
List of Table
Table No. Subject Page No.
01 Sex of House hold Head 11
02 Disable Member in HHs 12
03 Child Labor 14
04 Ownership of Land 15
05 Existence of Solar Electricity 16
06 Other Source of Income 16
07 Loan Information 17
08 Use of Loan Money 18
09 Meal Frequency in a day 18
10 Sickness information 19
11 Health Service Institution 19
12 Sanitation Information 20
List of figure
Figure Subject Page No.
01 Number of Member in per HHs 11
02 Main Earning Member Occupation 13
03 Monthly Income 14
04 Condition of House 15
05 Last month Expenditure 17
List of Map
 Map 1- Study Area 10

5. 5
Acronyms
 CLHP Community Led Health Project
 FGD Focus Group Discussion
 HHs Households
 NGOs Non-Government Organizations
 PSC Primary School Certificate
 SAP-BD South Asia Partnership Bangladesh
 UFWC Union Family and Welfare Centre
 VGD Vulnerable Group Development
 VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding
Glossary
 Adrasha Gram A small village created by govt. for extreme poor communities
 Bhola A name of District
 Dadon One kind of loan with high interest 15% per six months
 Khas Land A govt. Properties land
 Kobiraj Traditional doctor
 Monga Seasonal Hunger
 Montaz A union name
 Mouza denotes village of a union
 Potti(Fish) Fish wholesaling area
 Upazilla small parts of districts

6. 6
Abstract
The world's poorest people lack both capital and skills and are trapped in low return occupations and
besides they are also trapped in poverty in such a way that they consumed poverty by their labor. The
paper has revealed the socio-economic condition of people in char montaz mostly those are passing their
life in extreme poverty. Poverty is a throne that always scratched their back to lead this life. In char
Montaz, the socio-economic condition of the ultra poor people revealed fascinating information regarding
them. People are living in extreme poverty because of their family size, superstition, debit, and also for
geographical morsel. It is learnt from this survey the extreme poor has a huge loan from the Mohajon and
different NGOs. By the study also reveals that the natural calamity is a great responsible to create them in
this condition. The percentage is 89% which creates poverty in that area. The study is also revealed that
most of the people of ultra poor are illiterate and the family size is extensively large. So the socio-economic
condition of the ultra poor actually leads to think the cause of poverty differently.
Key Words: Socio-economic condition, Poverty, Ultra Poor, Asset transfer, Superstition.

7. 7
1. Introduction
The world's poor lack both capital and skills (Banerjee and Duflo 2007). They also tend to be employed in
low return and often insecure occupations. This is true for both developed and developing countries. These
simple observations have informed how we think about poverty. One strand of work examines
mechanisms via which expanded access to capital can enable individuals to alter their occupational and
production choices and exit poverty (Banerjee and Newman 1993, Besley 1995). Another strand focuses on
human capital formation and on how limited education and skills constrain the occupational and
production opportunities of the poor (Becker 1964, Schultz 1980, 1993). To shed light on these issues, we
conduct a randomized evaluation of an entrepreneurship program in Bangladesh – a program that offers
both training and assets to the poorest women in rural communities, typified by being largely asset less
and low skilled, and generally stuck in low return and insecure occupations. The char montaz is a great
disaster prone area. Char Montaz is one of such char area where people living with mouth and more than
57% people in living in disaster vulnerable position in this cases. The area is covered more than 5137 HHs
in 9 Mouja of that area. Most of the people in the area are living in vulnerable situation. That means they
always try to fight with disaster and try to cope with as such condition. Poverty is the living virus at the
area every corner of the union this virus assaulted the people condition. Among this people some people
are passing a miserable condition. Most of the people in the area is fisherman and these fisherman are
morsel with Mohajon by Dadon activities. It leads them to become poor and the people who are day labor
are getting only 4 month for their work because in rainy season most of the area is inundated. So they can
get any opportunities of work. The study tries to reveal those snaps from the area.
2. Scope of Survey
The scope of the survey is not limited to indicator measurement requirements of the project. The survey
will also seek to better understand livelihood issues of the ultra poor households of the char regions. The
study has been also explored different aspects of food security (availability, access and utilization
patterns), households' exposure to development processes and ability to negotiate for services and rights,
vulnerability to climate changes etc. The study has been produced analysis by sex and gender to
understand the social and cultural underpinnings of the studied issues. The study also revealed the health
and sanitation issues of the ultra poor communities in the selected area. Finally, the study findings have
been represented the working areas of CLHP covering Char Montaz Union. The quantitative findings will
ensure representation value of the findings, while the qualitative findings will have indicative values.

8. 8
3. Methodology
The survey has been employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. Under quantitative method a
structured questionnaire has been administered at project targeted households in Char Montaz. ). The
quantitative findings of the baseline survey have been presented various food and livelihood security
related findings at 92% confidence level. Under qualitative method the survey has been obtained
information on selected topics to interpret and identify causal relations of the important variables.
Different participatory tools (FGD, Social Map etc.) have been used to collect information from
communities and households. Under quantitative method, a fixed number of households will be chosen
through using appropriate sampling techniques. The sample population will be constituted of 118 extreme
poor households, who are the ultimate beneficiary households of the project. These project beneficiaries
are almost homogenous in terms of socio-economic and other livelihood parameters with a little variation
depending on geographical locations and exposure to development interventions.
4. Literature Review
Extreme Poverty is a vital issue in the present world. Different scholar has given their valuable opinion
regarding this issue in the context of livelihood approach of development. Their understanding and notion
on transformation of extreme poor is very valuable. In the following some literature has been employed to
understand the root issue in the context of Bangladesh.
Sen and Hulme (2004) analyze the changing geography of chronic and extreme poverty in Bangladesh,
particularly with respect to adverse agricultural environments. They find that adverse environments and
remoteness still have an impact on poverty distributions, but that their influence is decreasing as non-farm
livelihood strategies are increasing, as water management improves in drought-prone areas, and salinity-
prone areas are put to new uses. In addition, great variations are found within geographic regions due to
other factors.
Uma Kothari (2002) examines the relationship between chronic poverty and migration, and how migration
may sometimes exacerbate as well as relieve poverty depending upon a person’s position in the household
and society. Kothari suggests that among the poor there are those who are ‘at the extreme margins of
exclusion’ (2002:14) who because of a combination of factors are the most socially excluded and are
`unable, unless forced, to choose migration as a way of mediating their excessive marginality’.
Care Bangladesh (2010) poverty is underpinned by the lack of regional economic development, a backward
agrarian economy (with 60 percent of households earning their livelihoods through agriculture-related
activities), and a high incidence of landlessness (over 40 percent). Here, seasonal hunger (monga), is an

9. 9
annual phenomena that occurs in the lean season during the last stages of the gestation period of rice, and
is almost symptomatic of poverty. Such hunger occurs when all food supplies and cash has been
exhausted, forcing the sale of assets and increased indebtedness, leading households into a spiral of
poverty. This phenomenon however, is not simply an outcome of „market failures‟, but an expression of
the loss of social entitlements (reciprocal exchange relations between relatives, the larger kin group,
neighbours, or friends), a loss of access to common or public resources, as well as public goods and
services (such as relief, VGD/VGF, old age pension funds, etc).2 The psychological effects of this „social
exclusion‟ are profound and give rise to hopelessness and resignation. In this context, achieving impact
that transforms the lives of the poor and marginalized, requires a process through which their
marginalization (or social poverty) - an integral part of the „human condition‟ of the poor in Bangladesh -
can be addressed, so that gains in the economic realm can be sustained
Unnayon Onnesha (2012) in their study in Ultra Poor reports that the average expenditure on various
fundamental human rights of the respondents is found high compared to the national statistics. However,
they have little access or lower quality services regarding those matter. The high incidence of lower
poverty indicates structural bottle reckless faced by the inhabitants, coupled with shocks as well as
emanating from disasters and climate-change induced vulnerabilities. This warrants a different public
provisioning of public goods, besides addressing structural causes and climate-induced vulnerabilities. The
non availability of basic service such as education and health infrastructure grasped income related to
other areas because of costs associated with accessing those services due to remoteness. The food
inflation has a significant impact on them either requiring them to excessive exploitation of labor or
reduction in consumption due to lack of public food distribution system.

10. 10
5. Study Area
Map-1: Study Area

11. 11
In char Montaz , our study area was given in following –
Figure 1- Study Area in Char Montaz
Through FGD and snowball sampling technique the study area has been selected and in this case Char
Anda and Bailabunia found more ultra poor communities in compare to other areas.
6. Findings and Discussion
Char Montaz is an isolated area where most of the people living by fishing. It is a poorer community of
community. The socio-economic condition of the area is so miserable for those who have nothing and
migrated from other upazilla and living this char more than 7 to 8 years. It is a char area so most of the
people have migrated from Bhola and other area. In below it is explained the major findings of the study.
6.1 Sex of Household Head
In the table 6.1, it has shown that most of the
household is followed by male headed family.
Only 16.3 percent HHs are in Female Headed.
That makes a clear indication that male headed
family in the char montaz is dominated more
and the percent of Ultra poor in male headed family increase because of sickness of only earning member.
And the female headed family is comprised for dying only member in the family as such the female
Category Frequency Percent
Male 103 83.7
Female 20 16.3
Total 123 100.0
Table 1- Sex of HHs Head

12. 12
member has to take the responsibilities in her shoulder. But in few cases found that the husband has
escaped by falling them behind and some cases found divorcee in the study. These cases also occurred for
geographical location. For fishing, some people visit this char and marry here and after some time they
have put her behind and escaped. This is a day to day event in this char area.
6.2 Member in per household
Figure-2 Number of member in per HHs
It is very alarming by the data of figure 2, Most of the family who are in extreme poor is very high. 64 HHs
has 5-8 members in their household. But earning member is remaining one in those families that leads
them to fall in the morsel of poverty easily. It is also found by the study that people still are in persuading
to enlarge family by the desire of male child. As such 9 Families who have more 9 members in their family
also believes in this to get male child and also increasing earning member by male child.
6.3 Disable Member in HHs
Table 2- Disable member in HHs
In table 2, it is revealed that 11.4 percent people are in Disabilities within 123 HHs. In some family found
the head of HHs are in disabilities. So these actually lead them to fall in extreme poverty.
6.4 Main Earning Member Occupation
Disable Member Frequency Percent
Yes 14 11.4
No 109 88.6
Total 123 100.0

13. 13
Figure 3- Occupation of the respondents
In figure 3 it has showed that 46.34 percent people are involved in skilled labor activities. It is also found
from the study that this skilled labor continue their activities only for four month after that they have no
work to do that call misery for them. 29.27 percent Fishermen who also work in other boat or some have
their own boat work only six or seven months in year. Because of disaster season they cannot go for
fishing. 1.63 percent people went to Dhaka and Chittagong and work in garments sector still can make a
little support to the family for expensive life city area. Some women who have lost their husband or have
sick husband in house break out to work in other HHs for food and a few money. 3.25 percent people who
are in extreme position in poverty collect raw paddy which has been fallen at the time of harvesting the
crops. These people have nothing and they have no abilities to work also. By collecting this from the field,
they have to pass their life in year. So overall, actually ultra poor have no specific occupation to do, they
have no skill also they only remain searching for doing something to fill their stomach.
6.5 Child Labor
Number of child involve in labor Family Frequency Percent
0 104 84.6
1 11 8.9

14. 14
2 6 4.9
3 1 .8
4 1 .8
Total 123 100.0
Table 3- Child Labor in family
Among 123 HHs 8.9 percent HHs has minimum one child in labor. Empirically, it is found that family
member themselves persuade them to involve in work for the condition of family. In char Rustom such
kind of case has been indentified that child who has given PSC examination and scored 4.83 out of 5. But
she cannot continue her study. Her family is bound to send her in working. The only earning member
cannot continue the expense of family. This kind of cases is available in this area. Parent thinks that
working is more important that study and for this they have sent their child in working before reaching 12
years. There has lot of family in char montaz who prefer working than study. So the percentage is
increasing day by day.
6.6 Month income per HHs
Figure 4- Monthly income of the respondents
In figure 3, it is showed that 26.02 percent HHs has income in the range of 3100-4000. Mostly this income
is belongs to day labor because during season they have earned 200 tk per day and worked 20 days in
month respectively. But after the season they are suffered most and these category people are more
vulnerable. The respondent whose income is in range of 4100-6000 is belonging to fisherman. Fishermen

15. 15
earn more than a day labor. As char montaz is a perfect place fishing business they got the benefit in these
cases. The respondents whose income is more than 6100 has more earning member in the family. It is
found form the study that 8 percent family persuades their child to work for more income. In some family
has worked more than 3 children whose age is not more than 13 years. By this way, these people have
created insecure the future of the child. The respondents whose income is less than three thousands
belong to domestic work or the main earning member is sick. The empirical situation of these families is
very miser. They have leaded only 2 times meal in a day. Some people have no income at all they have
worked other hose for food.
6.7 Ownership of Land
Ownership of Land Frequency Percent
Yes 37 30.1
No 86 69.9
Total 123 100.0
Table 4- Ownership of land
In table 4, it has revealed that more than 69.9 percent people have no land to live or cultivation as well.
Actually these people have no recorded land but they have live the govt. land more than 15 years. Some
people stay there more than 25 years also. But they have not got the ownership of this Khas land. Other
30.1 percent have only the living land but they have no cultivation land.
6.8 Condition of House
Figure 5- Condition of respondent’s house
In figure 4, it is exposed that 51.79 percent people are staying in a dilapidated house. As they are
conducting their life in hand to mouth so they have hardly abilities to repair their house perfectly for stay.
Char montaz is a disaster prone area and these 51.79 percent people are the most vulnerable in that

16. 16
situation. Basically these houses are belonging to the lady labor whose daily life is so miserable. Besides
the tin shade house belongs to the people who live in Adrasha Gram or some people got tin from relief of
recent disaster.
6.9 Existence of Solar Electricity
Table 5- Existence of Electricity and manage it from where
In table 5, it is showed that 19.5 percent HHs has used electricity by taking loan from different Solar NGOs.
By giving monthly installments they have managed this from their house.
6.10 Other source of Income
Source of income Frequency Percent Types of other source of income Frequency Percent
yes 26 21.1 Domestic vegetable Cultivation 12 9.8
No 97 78.9 Swing 3 2.4
Domestic birds rearing 9 7.3
Others 2 1.6
N/A 97 78.9
Total 123 100.0 Total 123 100.0
Table 6- Source of income and its types
In table 6, it is showed that 21.1 percent HHs involving other sources of income. 9.8 percent people are
involved in domestic vegetable cultivation. The percentage of domestic bird rearing is in tolerable
position. By this source they have got not more than 1000 taka in a month.
6.11 Last month expenditure
Existence of electricity Frequency Percent Manage the electricity Frequen
cy
Percent
Yes 24 19.5 No 99 80.5
No 99 80.5 NGOs by taking loan 24 19.5
Total 123 100.0 Total 123 100.0

17. 17
Figure 6- Last Month expenditure
In figure 5, it is revealed that 43.90 percent HHs monthly expense is in the range of 2100-4000 taka. It has
a relation with monthly income. Mostly day labor who conducts their life in hand to mouth is belonging to
this stage. Fishermen expenditure higher than those day labors as such 40 percent people is expense in the
range of 4100-6000 taka. The HHs whose have more members for earning, expense quite high 3.25
percent.
6.12 Loan information
Have Loan Frequency Percent Brower Organization Frequency Percent
Yes 85 69.1 Relatives 4 3.3
No 38 30.9 Mohajon 36 29.3
NGOs 44 35.8
Bank 1 .8
N/A 38 30.9
Total 123 100.0 Total 123 100.0
Table 7- Loan information of the respondents

18. 18
In table 7, it is produced that 69.1 percent HHs has loan from different organization and communities.
From different Micro- credit institution, 35 percent people have taken loan. Basically in char montaz, SAP-
BD and Grameen Bank disburse loan to the respondents. Besides 29.3 percent people are taken loan from
Mohajon which they called Dadon. It is very high interest loan. In 15 percent interest, they have taken loan
in terms of 6 months period. This loan is easy to get so poor communities take this loan in case of crisis and
doctor expense. Some HHs has taken loan from relatives without interest.
6.13 Use of Loan Money
Use of Loan money Frequency Percent
Not Applicable 38 30.9
small Business 7 5.7
Land Purchasing 1 .8
Repair or construction of house 6 4.9
Give marry any member of HHs 10 8.1
Doctor Expense 28 22.8
Repaying Loan 13 10.6
Purchasing earning Element 17 13.8
Others 1 .8
Purchasing Livestock 1 .8
send someone in abroad 1 .8
Total 123 100.0
Table 8- Use of loan money
In table 8, it is showed that 22.8 percent HHs has used this money for doctor expense. For doctor expense,
most of the families take loan from Mohazon. Besides, 13.8 percent uses loan for purchasing earning
materials.
6.14 Meal Frequency in a day
Meal in day Frequency Percent
Two 44 35.8
Three 79 64.2
Total 123 100.0
Table 9- Meal Frequency in a day
In table 9, it is found that 35.8 percent HHs has taken only two time meal in a day. Mostly they have taken
meal in drawn and go for work. After returning from work in evening, they have taken another meal. In
other cases, some people have to manage this on the basis of their income. Other 64.2 percent people get
three time meal.

19. 19
6.15 Sickness Information
Sickness in family within last
6 consecutive months
Frequency Percent sick person Frequency Percent
Yes 119 96.7 N/A 4 3.3
No 4 3.3 Aged male 22 17.8
Aged
Female
32 26.01
Adult Male 14 11.38
Adult
Female
18 14.63
Adolescent
Boy
3 2.4
Adolescent
Girl
6 4.8
Child 39 31.7
Total 123 100.0 Total 123 100.0
Table 10- Sickness information
In table 10, it is showed that 96.7 percent HHs has got in sickness within last 6 consecutive months. And
among them 31.7 percent is child and 26.01 percent is aged female. Percentage of female is high in this
case, for complication in family and lot of birth as well as early marriage is key responsible issues in these
cases.
6.16 Health Service Institution
Health service institution Frequency Percent
Upazilla health complex 4 3.3
Community Clinic 3 2.4
UFWC 2 1.6
SAP-BD Health Complex 8 6.5
village doctor 38 30.9
Dispensary 63 51.2
kobiraj 5 4.1
Total 123 100.0
Table 11- health service institution
From table 11, it is found that 51.2 percent HHs got health service from the Dispensary or pharmacy. They
mostly rely on it because their availabilities in every bazer and they can easily got their health service from
there. Besides, 30.9 percent people got health service from village doctor. And 6.5 Percent people got
health service from SAP-BD health Complex. It is found fro they study that Many Non CHO member doesn’t
about the CLHP heath service.

20. 20
6.17 Sanitation information
Have latrine Frequency Percent
yes 26 21.1
no 97 78.9
Total 123 100.0
Table 12- Sanitation Information
In table 12, it is showed that 21.1 percent HHs have latrine. But it is found that 17 of them have no water
seal. Other 78.9 percent still defecate in open space.
Besides, it is also found from the study that 99 percent HHs drink tube well water but 1 percent who have
to drink pond water because in his house, there has no body to bring water from far area.

21. 21
7. Case Study
Case Study-1: Shilpi’s toiling days
Shilpi, 33 years old woman lives in bailabunia village of
char montaz union. From the dawn of her life, she only
saw the toughness of life and scratch of toiling food.
Hardly can she identify as 36 years woman, the
toughness of life has snatched everything from her life.
At the age of 13, she got married a person of 40 years
named Alamgir Hawlader living in Ranggabali. Alamgir
has another wife in Ranggabli that was unknown to shilpi
parents. However, after 4 years, Alamgir escaped away from the village and at that time shilpi had two
children. At that time, one of her relatives took him Dhaka for giving him job. But she was fallen on the
trap of smugglers and they tried to take her to India. But audacious Shilpi jumped from the train with her
child and she was serious injured for this. She and her child were being admitted in hospital by the
cooperation of police. Still now, one of her hand is broken. After getting well, she came again to char
montaz and stay in tong char area of bailabunia village. After coming in char montaz, she started domestic
work at other house and some time selling vegetable in village. By this hard work she gave marriage of his
daughter but fate also play with her daughter also. Her husband also escaped away from the village
keeping a child behind. As it is the toiling day of Shilpi has no end. Still she worked for giving food of her
children and children in law.
Case Study -2 Grueling Food of Moyan’s Family
Food, an important element for surviving any animal
becomes very precious sometime to get a grain of food.
Moyna Begum, 26 years old women lives in South Char
Montaz union. At the age of 14, she is married a 38 years old
man named Harun Shikder. Harun Shikder is a day labor. He
works in other fields. He got 150 taka daily and he could
work 20 days in a month. But this 20 days is not consecutive
rather it is only for three to four months. After that, there
has no work . Harun and Moyna have 3 children, two girls a
boy. Besides at this seasonal some time have no work. So he
can not earn. Without earning there, their hearth remains empty. For this reason, Moyna works in fish
potti to cut or select better fish. By this way, she earns 50 taka and contributes to family income slightly.
But some the potti was remaining closed for upstream. They hardly eat three times in a day. They have to
struggle a lot to a grain of grueling food.

22. 22
8. Conclusion
In the swan song it can be said that the socio-economic condition of ultra poor is beyond explanation.
Their toiling days is also beyond enumeration. The study discussed in this review identifies various causes
or ‘drivers’ of poverty in Char Montaz, these include sickness, ecological disaster, inequitable gender
relations, social inequality and exclusion, and the insecurities caused by corruption and crime. These
factors have a profound impact on people’s vulnerability, their lack of security and the risks to which
people are exposed. Vulnerability is, therefore, an important concept in the discussions of poverty. This
implies an orientation to people’s future risks and an assessment of the types of risk they face and the
severity of the impact of adverse events on their lives. These helpless people always become out of the
mainstreaming and suffer from the behind. Their screaming is not reached at the duty bearer solvent
people. By the study it is perfectly revealed that the empirical situation of ultra poor in char montaz. Most
of the male headed families, who are sick, are now passing miserable conditions in his life. Most of the
Ultra poor people are involve in low income only. And their expenditure is very high. By giving a perfect
livelihood support leads to make their condition changed. Some respondents are very eager to cultivate
livestock which is common in that area. Many women want to learn different types of hand loom, craft
training. Besides this ultra poor have to make sanitation system. Most of the respondent don’t use sanitary
latrine for defecation. A proper step is required to transform them.

23. 23
9. Reference
 Banerjee and Duflo, (2007) Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. Earthscan, London.
 Banerjee, Newman 1993, Besly 1995 Households, Livelihoods and Urban Poverty, Urban Governance,
Partnerships and Poverty Theme Paper 3, International Development Department,
 Becker and Schultz 1993 Civil Society and Pro poor Initiatives in Rural Bangladesh: Finding a Workable
Strategy. World Development, 33(6): 921-936.
 CARE, 2010a. Assets and Access: a Livelihoods Study in South East Bangladesh, CARE, Dhaka.
 Sen, B. and Hulme, D., 2004. The State of the Poorest 2004/2005: Chronic Poverty in Bangladesh - Tales of
Ascent, Descent, Marginality and Persistence - Overview. Working paper 43, Dhaka/Manchester: Bangladesh
Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), IDPM/Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC), Working paper 43,
 Umma Kothari 2002. Poverty Data and Measurement. In: World Bank (Editor), Poverty Reduction Strategy
Sourcebook. World Bank, Washington.
 Unnayon Onnesha 2004. Measuring Livelihood Impacts: a Review of Livelihoods Indicators, Dhaka.